Environment Model Answers

(Environment Model Answer)
UPSC Mains - English Medium

By Sudarshan Gurjar
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(Environment Model Answer) UPSC Mains - English Medium

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q1. Discuss in detail the photochemical smog emphasizing its
formation, effects and mitigation. Explain the 1999 Gothenburg
Protocol. 2022
Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants that are formed when nitrogen

oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react to sunlight, creating a
brown haze above cities. It tends to occur more often in summer, because that is
when we have the most sunlight.
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Primary pollutants -
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The two major primary pollutants, nitrogen oxides and VOCs, combine to change
in sunlight in a series of chemical reactions, to create what are known as
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secondary pollutants.
Secondary pollutants -
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The secondary pollutant that causes the most concern is the ozone that forms at
ground level. While ozone is produced naturally in the upper atmosphere, it is a
dangerous substance when found at ground level. Many other hazardous
substances are also formed, such as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).
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Formation -
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Photochemical smog forms from a complex process, however the source of it is

quite apparent. The largest contributor is automobiles, while coal-fired power
plants and some other power plants also produce the necessary pollutants to
facilitate its production. Due to its abundance in areas of warmer temperatures,
photochemical smog is most common in the summer.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Nitrogen oxides produced by the car engine are introduced into the atmosphere,
which may combine with water to form nitric acid or react with sunlight to
produce singular oxygen atoms, which then combine with molecular oxygen to
produce ozone.
The nitric acid may precipitate to the Earth resulting in acid rain, or remain in the
smog. Due to the direct production of it by vehicles, the smog forms over cities
where many people may encounter its adverse health effects.
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Hotter days mean more photochemical smog, especially in the densely
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populated cities. As more and more urban populations arise around the globe,
this problem is only expected to increase.
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Effects -
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Photochemical smog can have an effect on the environment, on people’s health
and even on various materials. The main visible effect is the brown haze that can
be seen above many cities. The brown tinge is caused by very small liquid and
solid particles scattering the light.
1. Plants - Chemicals such as nitrogen oxides, ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate
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(PAN) can have harmful effects on plants. These substances can reduce or
even stop growth in plants by reducing photosynthesis. Ozone, even in
small quantities, can achieve this, but PAN is even more toxic to plants
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than ozone.
2. Health - The biggest concern about photochemical smog is the effect it
has on people’s health. The effects of the major primary and secondary
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pollutants in smog are -

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Pollutants Effects
Nitrogen Oxides • can contribute to problems with

heart and lungs
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• links to decreased resistance to

infection
Volatile Organic Compounds • eye irritation

• respiratory problems
• some compounds are carcinogenic
Ozone • eye irritation

• respiratory problems (particularly for
conditions such as asthma)

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) • eye irritation
• respiratory problems
Mitigation -
1. Implementing stricter vehicle emissions standards and promoting the use

of cleaner and fuel-efficient vehicles can significantly reduce the
emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
2. Encouraging the use of public transportation, carpooling, and promoting
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non-motorized transportation options like cycling and walking.
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3. Industries should adopt advanced emission control technologies to limit
the release of pollutants into the atmosphere. This includes using cleaner
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fuels, improving combustion efficiency, and installing pollution control
devices.
4. Implementing smog alerts and traffic management measures during peak
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smog episodes can help reduce emissions.
5. Increasing the number of green spaces and parks in urban areas can help
absorb pollutants and improve air quality.
6. Transitioning to cleaner and renewable energy sources for electricity
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generation, such as solar, wind, and hydro power.
7. Implementing systems to capture and recover volatile organic compounds
from industrial processes.
8. Planting trees and expanding forest cover can help absorb pollutants.
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9. Educating the public about the causes and effects of photochemical smog
can lead to increased awareness and support for air quality improvement
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measures.
10. Air pollution is often a transboundary issue. International cooperation and
agreements can help address cross-border pollution and promote
collective efforts to mitigate photochemical smog.
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Gothenburg Protocol
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Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone was

adopted in Gothenburg in 1999.
The Protocol sets national emission ceilings for 2010 up to 2020 for four
pollutants: sulphur (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and ammonia (NH3). These ceilings were negotiated on the basis of
scientific assessments of pollution effects and abatement options. Parties
whose emissions have a more severe environmental or health impact and whose
emissions are relatively cheap to reduce have to make the biggest cuts.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
The Protocol was amended in 2012 to include national emission reduction
commitments to be achieved by 2020 and beyond. The revised Protocol is also
the first binding agreement to include emission reduction commitments for fine
particulate matter. Also for the first time, the Parties have broken new ground in
international air pollution policy by specifically including the short-lived climate
pollutant black carbon (or soot) as a component of particular matter. Reducing
particulate matter (including black carbon) through the implementation of the
Protocol is thus a major step in reducing air pollution, while at the same time
facilitating climate co-benefits.
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Combating photochemical smog requires a comprehensive approach involving
government regulations, public participation, and technological advancements.
By implementing a combination of these strategies, it is possible to reduce the
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formation and impact of photochemical smog and improve overall air quality.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q2. Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from
renewable energy by 2030 ? Justify your answer. How will the shift
of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above
objective? Explain. 2022
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India has been making significant strides in renewable energy adoption in
recent years.It stands 4th globally in Renewable Energy Installed Capacity
(including Large Hydro), 4th in Wind Power capacity & 4th in Solar Power
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capacity (as per REN21 Renewables 2022 Global Status Report. India has set
ambitious renewable energy targets and has been implementing various policies
and initiatives to promote the development of renewable energy sources. India’s
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installed non-fossil fuel capacity has increased 396% in the last 8.5 years and
stands at more than 178.79 Giga Watts (including large Hydro), which is about
43% of the country’s total capacity (as on May 2023). India saw the highest year
on year growth in renewable energy additions of 9.83% in 2022.
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India has set a target to reduce the carbon intensity of the nation’s economy by
less than 45% by the end of the decade by increasing the installed capacity to
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500GW and achieve 50 percent cumulative electric power installed by 2030 from
renewables.
However achieving such ambitious targets implies average annual deployment
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of 25GW solar and 11GW of wind which is challenging due to -
1. Problem of land acquisition - It's not that easy to get land anywhere, with
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the possible exception of parts of Kutch or parts of Jaisalmer. That’s why

offshore wind is appealing because at some stage we will hit a natural
barrier of how much can be set up onshore.
2. Industry may also face shortage of engineering, procurement and
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construction (EPC) capabilities.

3. India has practically no capacities in solar materials, except solar modules
and cells. For all critical solar value chain raw materials, India is heavily
dependent on imports.
4. A major limitation is also posed by India’s grid infrastructure, which
requires a significant revamp to accommodate the fluctuating and
intermittent nature of power from renewables.
5. Given the poor financial condition of Indian distributors, there is a risk of
late or incomplete payments.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
6. Inefficiencies due to a lack of infrastructure and distribution are major
obstacles to foreign investment. It also takes a long time to obtain permits
to build and operate powerline evacuation infrastructure.
According to the CEEW report -

● Subsidies on fossils was nine times more than on clean energy.
● Renewable energy subsidies in India have fallen by 59% in 2022
● To achieve the 2030 clean energy targets, more subsidy support will be
needed to scale up solar manufacturing, green hydrogen, and promising
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decentralized renewable energy technologies.
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A shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables may help achieve the above
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objective.
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1. Shifting subsidies towards renewable energy projects can make them
more financially attractive to investors and developers. Subsidies can help
reduce the initial investment costs and improve the financial viability of
renewable energy projects.
2. Fossil fuels have historically received significant subsidies, making them
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more competitive in terms of pricing. By redirecting subsidies to
renewables, it can help level the playing field.
3. Redirecting subsidies to renewables can help reduce India's dependence
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on fossil fuels, promoting energy security and sustainability.

4. By promoting renewable energy sources through subsidies, India can
significantly reduce its greenhouse gas emissions and reach 500 GW of
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non-fossil power capacity by 2030 and net zero emissions by 2070.
Growth Drivers and Way Forward -

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1. Proposed solar cities and parks - Solar city per state-approved and
approved setting up 59 solar parks of 40 GW across the nation. The
government is also giving a push to Floating PV Projects.
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2. National Green Hydrogen Mission - To incentivise the commercial

production of green hydrogen and make India a net exporter of the fuel.
3. Off-shore Wind Energy - The medium and long term target for off-shore
wind power capacity additions, which are 5 GW by 2022 and 30 GW by
2030.
4. Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy - In 2018, national policy was announced to
promote large grid-connected wind-solar PV hybrid system for efficient
utilization of transmission infrastructure and land

By Sudarshan Gurjar
While the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables can be a crucial step
in achieving India's renewable energy targets, it is essential to complement this
measure with other supportive policies, such as renewable energy mandates,
grid integration reforms, energy storage development, and continued research
and development in clean energy technologies. Additionally, the successful
realization of India's renewable energy goals will also depend on factors such as
technological advancements, regulatory support, private sector investments,
and international collaborations.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q3. Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global
climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of
greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the
Kyoto Protocol, 1997. 2022
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Global warming is the phenomenon of increasing average air temperatures near
the surface of Earth over the past one to two centuries.
The IPCC’s Sixth Assessment report, published in 2021, found that human
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emissions of heat-trapping gases have already warmed the climate by nearly 2
degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) since pre-Industrial times. The global
average temperature is expected to reach or exceed 1.5 degrees C within the
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next few decades.
Effects of Global Warming -

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1. Hotter temperatures -As greenhouse gas concentrations rise, so does the
global surface temperature. Since the 1980s, each decade has been
warmer than the previous one. Wildfires start more easily and spread
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more rapidly when conditions are hotter. Temperatures in the Arctic have
warmed at least twice as fast as the global average.
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2. More severe storms - Destructive storms have become more intense and
more frequent in many regions. As temperatures rise, more moisture
evaporates, which exacerbates extreme rainfall and flooding, causing
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more destructive storms. Cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons feed on

warm waters at the ocean surface. Such storms often destroy homes and
communities, causing deaths and huge economic losses.
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3. Increased drought - Climate change is changing water availability, making

it scarcer in more regions. Global warming exacerbates water shortages in
already water-stressed regions and is leading to an increased risk of
agricultural droughts affecting crops, and ecological droughts increasing
the vulnerability of ecosystems. Droughts can also stir destructive sand
and dust storms that can move billions of tons of sand across continents.
Deserts are expanding, reducing land for growing food.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
4. Loss of species - Climate change poses risks to the survival of species on
land and in the ocean. These risks increase as temperatures climb.
Exacerbated by climate change, the world is losing species at a rate 1,000
times greater than at any other time in recorded human history. One
million species are at risk of becoming extinct within the next few
decades. Forest fires, extreme weather, and invasive pests and diseases
are among many threats related to climate change.
5. Not enough food - Changes in the climate and increases in extreme
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weather events are among the reasons behind a global rise in hunger and
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poor nutrition. Fisheries, crops, and livestock may be destroyed or become
less productive. Arctic regions have disrupted food supplies from herding,
hunting, and fishing.
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6. More health risks - Climate change is the single biggest health threat
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facing humanity. Climate impacts are already harming health, through air
pollution, disease, extreme weather events, forced displacement,
pressures on mental health, and increased hunger and poor nutrition in
places where people cannot grow or find sufficient food. Every year,
environmental factors take the lives of around 13 million people.
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7. Poverty and displacement - Climate change increases the factors that put
and keep people in poverty. Floods may sweep away urban slums,
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destroying homes and livelihoods. Heat can make it difficult to work in

outdoor jobs. Water scarcity may affect crops. Over the past decade
weather-related events displaced an estimated 23.1 million people on
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average each year, leaving many more vulnerable to poverty.
Control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause
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global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997 -
● Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention

on Climate Change by committing industrialized countries and economies
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in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in

accordance with agreed individual targets.
● The Kyoto protocol targets emission of six gases which includes Carbon
Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (NO2), Sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6), group of hydrocarbons (HCFs), and groups of per fluorocarbons
(PFCs).
● The Kyoto Protocol introduced market-based mechanisms, such as the
Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation, to allow

By Sudarshan Gurjar
countries to meet their emission reduction targets through international
cooperation. These mechanisms enable developed countries to invest in
emission reduction projects in other countries and earn emission
reduction credits in return.
● Other control measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions include the
promotion and use of renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar,
hydro, and geothermals, implementing energy efficiency measures in
various sectors, including industry, transportation, and buildings, and the
implementation of carbon pricing schemes, which put a price on carbon
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emissions and incentivize businesses and individuals to reduce their
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emissions.
While we cannot stop global warming overnight, we can slow the rate and limit
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the amount of global warming by reducing human emissions of heat-trapping
gases and soot. Addressing global warming would require concerted efforts at
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the global, national, and local levels to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions,
adapt to the changing climate, and foster sustainable practices.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q4. Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at
world leaders Summit of the COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference
in Glassgow in November, 2021. When was this idea first floated in
the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? 2021
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India established the Green Grids Initiative-One Sun One World One Grid
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(GGI-OSOWOG) project in collaboration with the United Kingdom. It is an
initiative to introduce a transnational electricity grid that supplies power
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worldwide. The goal of this project is to connect energy systems across borders
in order to accelerate the transition to renewable energy.
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Purpose -
1. OSOWOG aims to provide power to about 140 countries through a

common grid that will ensure the transfer of clean and efficient solar
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power. This will, in a way, create a global system that will allow clean
energy to be distributed anywhere, at any time.
2. Help countries reduce dependency on coal for fulfilling energy demand in
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times when renewable energy is not available.

3. This will also help all of the members in attracting investments in
renewable energy sources as well as maximizing the use of skills,
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technology, and finances. The resulting economic gains would have a

positive influence on poverty reduction and assistance in addressing
water, sanitation, food, and other socio-economic challenges.
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4. It intends to address the high cost of energy storage. The OSOWOG effort
may be a way to reduce the demand for storage, lowering the price of the
energy transition in the process.
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The idea for this initiative was first proposed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi,
during the assembly of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) 2018.
Conclusion
In a country like India, where it took a long time to connect all the regions of the
country through a national grid, the adoption of 'one world, one grid' that
involves international trade will be a complicated task. Experts have also pointed
out that transmission across large distances can be potentially expensive.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
However, they have stated that the initial step of OSWOG will be the transport of
solar energy across neighbouring countries where building political consensus
between the two parties could be a difficult task. But future renewable-based
energy systems worldwide will depend on this step since it will allow for sharing
and balancing renewable energy across international borders. Additionally, it will
make it possible to quickly seize opportunities to learn lessons from global
events and share renewable energy sources to lower the world's carbon
footprint and protect societies from pandemics. Completing this project would
strengthen India's status as the world leader in the ISA and support the Indian
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economy.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q5. Describe the key points of the revised Global Air-Quality
Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health
Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in
2005? What changes in India's National Clean Air Programme are
required to achieve these revised standards? 2021
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WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) provide recommendations on air
quality guideline levels as well as interim targets for six key air pollutants. They
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also offer qualitative statements on good practices for the management of
certain types of particulate matter (PM), for example, black carbon/elemental
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carbon, ultrafine particles, and particles originating from sand and dust storms,
for which there is insufficient quantitative evidence to derive AQG levels.
Since the last 2005 global update, there has been a marked increase in the
quality and quantity of evidence that shows how air pollution affects different
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aspects of health. For that reason, and after a systematic review of the
accumulated evidence, several of the updated AQG values are now lower than 15
years ago. There are also now clearer insights about sources of emissions and
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the contribution of air pollutants to the global burden of disease.
Recommended 2021 AQG levels compared to 2005 air quality guidelines -

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Compared to previous WHO guidelines, the new AQGs:

By Sudarshan Gurjar
● use new methods for evidence synthesis and guideline development
● reinforce evidence on health effects
● provide higher certainty in the evidence of health effects occurring at
lower levels than previously understood
● offer additional AQG levels, such as for peak season O₃ and 24-hour NO₂
and CO, as well as some new interim targets
● offer new good practice statements on the management of certain types
of PM (black carbon/elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, and particles
originating from sand and dust storms).
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India’s National Clean Air Programme - Launched by Ministry of Environment,
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Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)) in January, 2019 with an aim to improve
air quality in 131 cities in 24 States/UTs by engaging all stakeholders. The
programme envisages to achieve reductions up to 40% or achievement of
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National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter10 (PM 10)
concentrations by 2025-26.
Changes required in India's National Clean Air Programme to achieve WHO’s

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revised standards -
1. India’s air pollution standards are more relaxed in comparison to WHO’s

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prescribed guidelines. Thus, efforts are needed to make the guidelines

more stringent with revised targets.
2. While many of the policies and programmes under NAPCC are already
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part of the actions under NCAP, India may need a change in direction,
enhancement of scope, and effectiveness and an accelerated
implementation of time-bound plans.
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3. The most baffling part of NCAP is the absence of a robust fiscal and
funding strategy. The pollution reduction target in the cities is not ‘legally
binding’ on respective states.
4. A reduction of merely 20-30% from the 2017 level by 2024 will not be
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sufficient to bring the air quality to the desired level, i.e., the targets under
the action plan are less ambitious.
Way Forward
Air pollution, presently one of the biggest environmental challenges, has

become a significant health concern for developing countries like India. Air
pollution emission issues are associated with many sectors, which inter-alia
includes power, transport, industry, construction, and agriculture etc. India

By Sudarshan Gurjar
needs to have collaborative, multi-scale and cross-sectoral coordination between
the concerned central ministries, state governments and local bodies. We need
to mainstream and integrate the existing policies and programmes including the
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and other initiatives of
Government of India in reference to climate changes.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q6. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the
Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the
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commitments made by India in this conference? 2021
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The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, more commonly referred
to as COP26, was the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference, held at in
Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom. The conference was the first since the Paris
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Agreement of COP21 that expected parties to make enhanced commitments
towards mitigating climate change. The Paris Agreement requires parties to
carry out a process known as the 'ratchet mechanism' every five years to provide
improved national pledges.
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The result of COP26 was the Glasgow Climate Pact, negotiated through
consensus of the representatives of the 197 attending parties. Owing to late
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interventions from India and China that weakened a move to end coal power
and fossil fuel subsidies, the conference ended with the adoption of a less
stringent resolution than some anticipated.
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Outcomes of COP26 -
1. The pact reaffirms the Paris Agreement temperature goal of holding the
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increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above

pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase
to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial level.
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2. Recognized that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep and
sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including
reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030.
3. The pact asks nations to consider further actions to curb potent non-CO2
gases, such as methane and phase down use of unabated coal power,
rather than to phase it out.
4. Accelerating efforts towards phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.
5. New pledges for financial help for climate change mitigation and
adaptation were announced.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
6. This COP finally recognized the importance of nature for both reducing
emissions and building resilience to the impacts of climate change.
Commitments made by India in this conference -
The Government of India articulated and put across the concerns of developing
countries at the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP26) to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Further,
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India presented the following five nectar elements (Panchamrit) of India’s
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climate action -
● Reach 500GWNon-fossil energy capacity by 2030.
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● 50 per cent of its energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030.
● Reduction of total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes from
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now to 2030.
● Reduction of the carbon intensity of the economy by 45 per cent by 2030,
over 2005 levels.
● Achieving the target of net zero emissions by 2070.
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Conclusion
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In a time marked by uncertainty, mistrust and escalating climate impacts, COP26

has affirmed just how essential collective global action is to address the climate
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crisis. While we are not yet on track, the progress made over the last year and at
the climate summit offered bright spots and a strong foundation to build upon.
This progress also demonstrates that the Paris Agreement mechanisms to
strengthen ambition and finance are working, albeit imperfectly and not yet at
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the pace we need.
In the year ahead, major emitters need to ramp up their 2030 emissions
reduction targets to align with 1.5 degrees C, more robust approaches are
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needed to hold all actors accountable for the many commitments made in
Glasgow, and much more attention is needed on how to meet the urgent needs
of climate-vulnerable countries to help them deal with climate impacts and
transition to net-zero economies. The Glasgow Climate Pact outlines the key
steps to do so. But it is only once this is achieved that we will truly have a shot at
reaching the 1.5 degrees C goal and building a safer and more just future for us
all.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q7. How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006?
2020
Environment Impact Assessment can be defined as “the process of identifying,
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predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant
effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and
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commitments made.” The entire EIA procedure can be attributed as the
outcome of the 1992 Rio Declaration, which emphasized the need for direct
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public participation in the decision-making process pertaining to environmental
issues.
EIA was first introduced in 1978 with regard to the various river valley projects all
over the country and later expanded to include various other developmental
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procedures in its scope. EIA is now mandatory for over 30 classes of projects.
The EIA Notification, 2006 provides for a 4-stage procedure for obtaining
environmental clearances -
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1. SCREENING - Applicable for projects falling into Category B, this stage
involves proper and methodological screening by the SEAC for
determining whether a project requires further detailed study into the
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environmental factors, depending on its nature and location before

furnishing an EIA Report necessary for obtaining a clearance. Based on
whether such an EIA Report is required for projects, they are further
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classified into two categories- B1 and B2, where the former mandatorily
requires an EIA report, and the latter does not.
2. SCOPING - The EAC and SEACs with regard to projects falling under
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categories A and B1 respectively, devise detailed Terms of Reference,

addressing the environmental concerns for the formation of a detailed EIA
Report; which are formulated after conducting site inspections and taking
into account the details furnished by the applicants and shall be conveyed
to the applicants within 60 days from the date of submitting the
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application. These Terms of Reference are to be displayed on the website

of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the concerned
SEAC.
3. PUBLIC CONSULTATION - As the name suggests, it involves addressing

the concerns of those affected locally or who have a considerable stake in
the environmental impact of the project or activity in question by
conducting a public hearing (organized by the Pollution Control Boards of
different states and Union Territories) and taking written responses from
the concerned stakeholders. However, no such public consultation is

By Sudarshan Gurjar
required for the class of projects belonging to Category B2, and also in the
expansion of Roads and Highways, which do not involve any further
acquisition of land.
4. APPRAISAL - It refers to the detailed scrutiny by the EAC and SEACs of the
application, EIA Report, Outcome of public consultations, and the public
hearing proceedings within 60 days of the submission of the final EIA
Report. After due deliberation, the concerned Appraisal Committee can
either make recommendations to the regulatory authority for the grant or
rejection of the environmental clearance sought, with reasons for the
same.
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The draft of EIA 2020 (Amendment) proposed certain changes to the 2006
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Notification in order to make the entire process transparent and applicant
friendly, which were described to be ‘diluting’ the existing environmental
regulations and shrink the scope of EIA, by environmentalists in and around the
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country.
1. The new draft provides for the definition of many terms related to EIA,
reducing ambiguity in the existing law to a certain extent.
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2. The new rules provide for an ‘ex post facto clearance’ route under which
certain projects can go ahead with the construction without obtaining the
necessary clearance, subject to the payment of fines in cases of violations,
subsequently. Such clearances in the past have been termed to be illegal by the
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courts in various decisions.
3. The period of time given to the public to file its concerns regarding the project
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has been reduced to 20 days, as against the 60 days provided by the 2006
notification.
4. A new category of projects have been instituted under the head of ‘Projects
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Involving Strategic Considerations,’ which have been kept outside the purview of
public consultations. Once a project is labeled to be strategic, no information
regarding it shall be made public as a matter of right. Any violations taking place
can only be reported suo moto by the appraisal/ regulatory authority, the
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government, or the proponents themselves.
5. Monitoring requirements of environmental clearances have been relaxed by

allowing the submission of annual compliance reports instead of the previously
mandated half-yearly ones.
Conclusion
The deadly gas leak at the LG Polymer Plant in Vizag in May 2020, which took as
many as twelve lives, along with harming hundreds, was found to be operating
without environmental clearances. The already deteriorating and ecologically
By Sudarshan Gurjar
sensitive region of the Western Ghats has been bombarded with proposed
projects which would lead to a significant loss of green cover, compromising the
sustenance of River Cauvery in the region. These are certain occasions which
serve as reminders for the strengthening the existing environmental regulations
for the benefit of the public and preservation of the environment for future
generations.
As has been the aim and intention of environmental legislation throughout the
world and in India, to promote and uphold the balance between development
and preservation of the environment, it becomes increasingly important to
realize the importance of environmental impact assessment towards achieving
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the goal of sustainable development.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q8. What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launched
by the Government of India for water conservation and water
security? 2020
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Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) is a time-bound and mission-mode water conservation
campaign, launched by the Ministry of Jal Shakti in 2019.
It is a campaign for water conservation and water security in India’s most
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water-stressed districts through a collaborative effort of various ministries of the
Government of India and state governments.
This program has been carried out in two phases - One in 2019 and the other in
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2021 under the theme “Catch the Rain; Where it falls, When it falls”
Features of Jal Shakti Abhiyan 2019 -
Launched in 256 water stressed districts of the country to promote water

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resource management by focusing on accelerated implementation of five
targeted interventions -
● Water conservation and rainwater harvesting,

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● Renovation of traditional and other water bodies,

● Reuse of water and recharging of structures,
● Watershed development
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● Intensive afforestation.
Along with this it focuses on -

● Integrated demand and supply-side management of water at the local
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level, including the creation of local infrastructure for source sustainability

using rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge and management of
household wastewater for reuse.
● The special interventions included development of Block Water
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Conservation Plans and District Water Conservation Plans, Krishi Vigyan

Kendra Melas, Urban Wastewater Reuse and 3D contour mapping of all
villages.
Features of Jal Shakti Abhiyan, 2021 “Catch the Rain”
1. Nudge the states and all stakeholders to create Rain Water Harvesting
Structures (RWHS) suitable to the climatic conditions and sub-soil strata,
with people’s active participation.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
2. It is planned to set up Jal Shakti Kendras (JSKs) at each District
Headquarter. (JSK) will be “Knowledge Centers” for disseminating
information related to water conservation techniques and will provide
technical guidance to people.
3. Enumeration, Making Inventory and GIS Mapping of all Water Bodies
4. Each district in the country has been requested to prepare scientific water
conservation plans with the help of remote sensing images from NRSA
and GIS mapping technology for identification of existing
water-bodies/Water Harvesting Structures (WHS) and for planning future
WHS.
5. Krishi Vigyan Kendra Melas to promote efficient water use for irrigation
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(Per Drop More Crop), and better choice of crops for water conservation.
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6. In urban areas, plans/approvals with time bound targets to be developed
for waste water reuse for industrial and agriculture purposes.
Municipalities to pass by-laws for the separation of grey water and black
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water.
7. Each concerned district across the Himalayas, Western Ghats, Eastern
Ghats, Aravallis and other such mountain ranges for water security in the
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mountain regions participatory Springshed Management Plan shall be
prepared in time bound manner.
Conclusion
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As per NITI Aayog’s report of 2019:
● Around 45% of the population in India is facing high to severe water stress
● 21 Indian cities will run out of their main source of water i.e. groundwater
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by 2020
● Nearly 40 % of the population will have absolutely no access to drinking
water by 2030
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● 6% of India’s GDP will be lost by 2050 due to the water crisis.

A campaign like Jal Shakti Abhiyan is a much needed step for water security in
India and requires collaborative efforts along with a monitoring mechanism
through various ministries of central and state governments. Officers,
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groundwater experts and scientists from central government shall work

together with state and district officials to save India from becoming a water
stressed nation.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q9. Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight
in contrast to the conventional energy generation. What are the
initiatives offered by our Government for this purpose?
2020
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Solar energy is any type of energy generated by the sun. It uses the sun’s light
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and heat to generate renewable or ‘green’ power. The most common form of
solar energy is harnessed by solar panels, or photovoltaic cells. With atleast 300
days of good sunlight across almost the whole country, India has great potential
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to harness solar energy.
Benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight rather than conventional -
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1. Solar energy is a natural and freely available source of energy.
2. It is one of the clean energy and sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.
3. Solar energy can reduce transmission and distribution losses associated
with traditional electricity transmission lines.
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4. Since the sun shines across the globe, it makes every country a potential
energy producer, thus allowing for greater energy independence and
security.
5. Solar energy has the potential for decentralized production through
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off-grid plants, which is important for remote areas where traditional

energy lines may not be economically feasible.
6. There is no fuel combustion
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7. Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells for generating electricity do not require any
water thus saving cost and reducing water stress.
8. Annual energy costs are saved
9. Solar energy has diverse applications, including water distillation,
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powering small electronic devices, and large-scale electricity generation.
Drawbacks of Conventional Sources of Energy -

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Conventional Sources of Energy are energy sources that are not renewable, such
as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and hydroelectricity.
1. Conventional sources of energy such as coal, oil, and natural gas are a
major contributor to pollution and climate change. They release harmful
chemicals and greenhouse gases into the air, which can harm the
environment and human health.
2. They Are non-renewable, which means they will eventually run out. Once
the resources are depleted, they cannot be replaced.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
3. They have a high carbon footprint, which means they emit large amounts
of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This contributes to climate change
and global warming.
4. They can be costly to extract and transport, and the price of these energy
sources can fluctuate dramatically.
5. Because conventional sources of energy are often located in specific
regions of the world, the control and distribution of these resources can
lead to geopolitical issues and conflicts.
Initiatives offered by Government to accelerate solar energy generation in India -
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1. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy which is the nodal agency for
the renewable sector in India has established institutions such as the
National Institute of Solar Energy and the Indian Renewable Energy
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Development Agency to promote research and development and provide
loans for renewable energy projects.
2. International Solar Alliance - Conceived as a joint initiative by India and
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France to mobilize efforts against climate change through deployment of
solar energy solutions.
3. National Solar Mission - Launched in 2010 is one of the efforts to achieve
40% of installed electric power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030.
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Its main focus is in the direction to harness the country’s estimated solar
energy potential of about 750 GW solar power.
4. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan
(PM-KUSUM) - Aims at furthering the production of solar power in India
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and also give the benefits of solar farming to farmers.

5. Off-Grid Solar PV Applications Programme - For Solar Street Lights, Solar
Study Lamps and Solar Power Packs which is currently in its 3rd Phase
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and has also reached North-Eastern States.

6. Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY)’ is meant to install solar street lights.
7. Rooftop Solar programme to accelerate the deployment of solar rooftop
systems.
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8. Development of Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects

facilitating large scale grid-connected solar power projects and setting up
12 GW Grid- Connected Solar PV Power Projects with domestic cells by
Public Sector Undertakings.
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As a renewable source of power, solar energy has an important role in reducing

greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change, which is critical to
protecting humans, wildlife, and ecosystems. Solar energy can also improve air
quality and reduce water use from energy production. A home that is supported
by solar power can help in reducing pollution by decreasing the emission of
carbon dioxide by 100 tonnes in the time span of 30 years. Government should
involve private sector in development and deployment of solar energy in
India.We also need to increase investment in renewable energy infrastructure,

By Sudarshan Gurjar
including transmission and distribution networks, as well as in research and
development of new solar technologies.
Q10. What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme
(NCAP) initiated by the Government of India? 2020
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India is committed to create a clean environment and pollution free air and
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water. In fact, it is mandated in our constitution. However, a vast country and an
emerging economy like India, faces enormous challenges with its burgeoning
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population and widespread poverty. India has been going through a phase of
accelerated industrial activities for the past three decades. The associated
growth in terms of industrialization and urbanization has led to manifold
increase in pollution issues, more specifically air pollution issues. In recent years,
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medium and small towns and cities have also witnessed an increase in pollution,
thus getting fast reflected in the non-attainment cities of India.
To tackle problems of increasing air pollution and controlling the deteriorating

air quality of the country in a comprehensive manner, the Central Government
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launched the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) as a long-term, time-bound,
national level strategy. It targets to achieve a 20% to 30% reduction in Particulate
Matter concentrations by 2024 keeping 2017 as the base year for the comparison
of concentration.
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Features of National Clean Air Programme -

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1. Identification of 122 non-attainment cities across the country based on the

2014-2018 Air Quality data
2. Preparation of the city specific action plans including measures to
strengthen the monitoring network, reduce vehicular/industrial emissions,
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increase public awareness etc.

3. Implementation of the city specific action plans to be regularly monitored
by Committees at Central and State level namely Steering Committee,
Monitoring Committee and Implementation Committee.
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4. Facilitating collaborative, multi-scale and cross-sectoral coordination

between the relevant central ministries, state governments and local
bodies.
5. Establishing a right mix with the existing policies and programmes which
include the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and other
government initiatives related to climate change.
6. constant change, activity and progress to get evolved based on the
additional scientific and technical information as they emerge;
7. Increasing number of monitoring stations in the country including rural
monitoring stations, technology support;

By Sudarshan Gurjar
8. Emphasis on awareness and capacity building initiatives;
9. Setting up of certification agencies for monitoring equipment, source
apportionment studies, emphasis on enforcement, specific sectoral
interventions etc.
The Central Pollution Control board shall, in consonance with the Air (Prevention
and control of Pollution) Act, 1981, and in particular with the provision of Section
16(2)(b) of the Act, execute the nation-wide programme for the prevention,
control, and abetment of air pollution within the framework of the NCAP. The
NCAP will be institutionalized by respective ministries and will be organized
through inter-sectoral groups. In addition, various other ministries vlike
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MoEF&CC, M/o Power, M/o Petroleum and Natural Gas, M/o New and Renewable
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Energy, through incorporating pollution in their sectoral policies contribute to air
pollution mitigation.
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Air Pollution is an issue engulfing the globe. Overall, air pollution is responsible
for more deaths than many other risk factors. NCAP is a step in the right
direction involving collaborative and participatory approach of relevant Central
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Ministries, State Governments, Local bodies and other Stakeholders with focus
on all sources of pollution forming the crux of this programme.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q11. Define the concept of carrying capacity of an ecosystem as
relevant to an environment. Explain how understanding this
concept is vital while planning for sustainable development of a
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region. 2019
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The concept of carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size of a
species that a particular ecosystem can sustain over an extended period without
causing significant harm to the environment. In other words, it represents the
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equilibrium point at which the available resources in the ecosystem are
sufficient to support a stable population without depleting or degrading those
resources.
Carrying capacity is a fundamental concept in ecology and is relevant to various
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environments, whether they are natural ecosystems like forests, grasslands, or
aquatic systems, or human-altered environments such as agricultural fields or
urban areas.
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Relevance of carrying capacity in an environment -

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1. Availability of Resources - If resources in the environment are abundant,

the ecosystem can support a larger population. if they become limited, the
carrying capacity decreases.
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2. Population Regulation - As a population approaches its carrying capacity,

the availability of resources becomes more limited, leading to increased
competition among individuals.
3. Sustainable Resource Management - Understanding carrying capacity is
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crucial for sustainable resource management. If a population consistently

exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment, it can lead to resource
depletion, habitat destruction, and a decline in the overall health of the
ecosystem.
4. Conservation and Preservation - By assessing the carrying capacity of an
ecosystem, conservationists and environmentalists can make informed
decisions about the appropriate conservation measures and interventions
needed to maintain healthy and balanced ecosystems.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
It is essential to understand the carrying capacity of an ecosystem while
planning for sustainable development of a region because -
1. Resource Management - Carrying capacity analysis helps identify the

available resources in the region and their limits. By understanding the
capacity of the land, water, and other natural resources, planners can
avoid overexploitation and depletion.
2. Avoiding Overpopulation - It can help determine a region's sustainable
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population size by considering factors like food production, water
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availability, and waste assimilation. This analysis can prevent the region
from becoming overpopulated, which could lead to resource scarcity,
poverty, and environmental degradation.
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3. Infrastructure Planning - it can help in appropriate scale and design of
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infrastructure projects. It can ensure that the development of roads,
buildings, and other structures do not exceed the region's ability to
provide necessary services.
4. Environmental Conservation - By understanding carrying capacity,

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planners can identify ecologically sensitive areas and establish
conservation zones to protect critical habitats and biodiversity hotspots
from excessive human interference.
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5. Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Protection - Carrying

capacity analysis helps assess the limits of development projects, ensuring
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that economic activities do not compromise the health and integrity of

the environment.
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Carrying capacity considerations are relevant in various sectors and regions

across India due to its vast and diverse landscape. Here are a few examples of
carrying capacity in different contexts within India -
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Tourism in Ecologically Sensitive Areas :

Western Ghats are a UNESCO World Heritage site and a biodiversity hotspot.
Popular tourist destinations like Munnar in Kerala and Ooty in Tamil Nadu are
located in this region. To preserve the delicate ecosystems and prevent
environmental degradation due to tourism, authorities have been conducting
carrying capacity studies to determine the maximum number of tourists that
these areas can sustain without causing harm.
Agricultural Land Use :

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Punjab is known as the "Granary of India" due to its significant contribution to
agricultural production. However, intensive agricultural practices, including
excessive groundwater extraction and use of chemical fertilizers, have led to
concerns about carrying capacity in terms of land productivity and
environmental sustainability.
Incorporating carrying capacity considerations into regional development
planning fosters a holistic approach to growth that respects the limitations of
the natural environment. Implementing assessments and sustainable
management practices is crucial to ensure the long-term well-being of both
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human populations and the environment. It promotes sustainable practices,
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minimizes negative environmental impacts, and ensures a higher likelihood of
achieving long-term prosperity and well-being.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q12. What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of
discarded solid wastes which are continuously being generated?
How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been
accumulating in our habitable environment? 2018
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Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from human
activities in residential, industrial or commercial areas. Over 377 million urban
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people live in towns and cities and generate 62 million tonnes of municipal solid
waste per annum. Only 43 million tonnes of the waste is collected, 11.9 MT is
treated and 31 MT is dumped in landfill sites.
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Solid Waste Management (SWM) is one among the basic essential services
provided by municipal authorities in the country to keep urban centres clean.
However, almost all municipal authorities deposit solid waste at a dumpyard
within or outside the city haphazardly.
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Impediments in disposing solid wastes in India -
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1. India’s flawed waste management rules - India's waste management

regulations are based on the principles of "sustainable development,"
"prevention," and "polluter pays." These principles require municipalities
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and commercial enterprises to act in an environmentally friendly and

responsible manner restoring balance when hampered by their actions.
However, almost all municipal authorities deposit solid waste at a
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dumpyard within or outside the city haphazardly.
2. Waste Separation-Still Disturbed - The key to efficient waste management

is to ensure proper segregation of waste at source and to ensure that the
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waste goes through different streams of recycling and resource recovery.

Poor segregation at source due to either lack of interest of people and
corporations and/or lack of resources acts as a hurdle in waste
management.
3. Lack of holistic waste management plan - India does not have a

360-degree waste management plan. Still, there are areas today that
complain about not having access to facilities of waste pickup from

By Sudarshan Gurjar
locality or door to door. In addition, since there are no facilities or laws for
separating garbage, citizens do not separate it.
Safely removing toxic wastes that have accumulated in our habitable

environment is a complex and challenging task that requires a comprehensive
approach involving various strategies and stakeholders. Here are some general
steps and methods that can be employed to address this issue -
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1. Identify and categorize toxic wastes - Identification and categorization of
waste into industrial waste, chemical pollutants, heavy metals, radioactive
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materials, and more is the first step. Each type of waste may require
different methods of removal and disposal.
2. Implement containment measures - This step involves prevention of
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spread of toxic wastes. This may involve securing waste sites, improving
waste storage facilities, and stopping any ongoing releases of toxic
substances.
3. Remediation techniques - Various remediation techniques can be
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employed to remove or reduce toxic wastes from the environment. Some
common methods include -
a. Physical methods: This involves physically removing the waste from the
environment. Excavation, dredging, and soil washing are examples of
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physical techniques.
b. Chemical methods: Certain chemicals can be used to neutralize or
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stabilize the toxic substances, making them less harmful or easier to

remove.
c. Biological methods: Some microorganisms and plants have the ability to
break down or absorb toxic substances, a process known as
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bioremediation.
d. Thermal methods: Incineration or high-temperature treatments can be
used to break down hazardous materials.
e. Filtration and adsorption: Using filters and adsorbents to trap and
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remove toxic substances from air or water.

4. Secure disposal- Once the toxic waste is removed, it needs to be safely
transported and disposed of in accordance with local regulations and
international best practices. Hazardous waste should be treated, recycled
if possible, or stored in secure facilities designed to prevent further
contamination.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
5. Public awareness and education - Raising awareness about the dangers of
toxic waste and promoting responsible waste management practices is
crucial to preventing further pollution.
6. Government regulations and enforcement - Strong environmental
regulations and their strict enforcement are essential to prevent the illegal
dumping of toxic wastes and hold responsible parties accountable.
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Way Forward
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Around 100 cities are set to be developed as smart cities. Civic bodies have
to redraw long term vision in solid waste management and rework their
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strategies as per changing lifestyles. They should reinvent garbage
management in cities so that we can process waste and not landfill it. To
do this, households and institutions must segregate their waste at source
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so that it could be managed as a resource. Waste at landfill sites could be
recycled provided civic bodies start allowing ragpickers to segregate
waste at source and recycle it. Compost pits should be constructed in
every locality to process organic waste. Community participation has a
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direct bearing on efficient waste management. Follwing the 4Rs - Refuse,
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle can help in reduction of waste and are key to
efficient waste management.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q13. What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of 'wise use' in
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the context of wetland conservation. Cite two examples of Ramsar
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sites from India 2018
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Wetlands are areas where water is the primary factor controlling the
environment and the associated plant and animal life. They occur where the
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water table is at or near the surface of the land, or where the land is covered by
water.
The Ramsar Convention takes a broad approach in determining the wetlands
which come under its aegis.
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Under the text of the Convention, wetlands are defined as -
“areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent
or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt,
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including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed
six metres”
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Ramsar concept of “wise use”
● The Convention defines wise use of wetlands as the maintenance of their

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ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem

approaches, within the context of sustainable development. It can thus be
seen as the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands and all the
services they provide, for the benefit of people and nature.
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● Contracting Parties commit to work towards the wise use of all the
wetlands and water resources in their territory, through national plans,
policies and legislation, management actions and public education.
Guidelines adopted by Contracting Parties for implementation of the
concept of “wise use” -
❖ adopting national wetland policies, either separately or as a
component of wider initiatives such as national environmental
action plans;

By Sudarshan Gurjar
❖ developing programmes covering wetland inventory, monitoring,
research, training, education and public awareness;
❖ developing integrated management plans at wetland sites.
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Ramsar sites in India -
When a country accedes to this Convention, it must designate at least one
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wetland as a Wetland of International Importance. The inclusion of a “Ramsar
Site” in the List embodies the government’s commitment to take the steps
necessary to ensure that its ecological character is maintained.
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India currently has 75 Ramsar Sites across the country.
1. The Sunderbans - It is the largest Ramsar Site in India and is located within
the largest mangrove forest. The Indian Sundarbans constitutes over 60%
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of the country’s total mangrove forest area and includes 90% of Indian
mangrove species.
Endangered Fauna - Northern River Terrapin (CR), Irrawaddy Dolphin (EN),
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Fishing Cat (VU)
2. Chillika lake - In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the first Indian wetland
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of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. Nalbana BS is

the core area of Chilika Lake. Located at the mouth of the Daya River, it is
a brackish water lagoon separated from the Bay of Bengal by a long sandy
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ridge. It is the largest coastal lagoon in India.

Birds from as far as the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, Aral Sea and other
remote parts of Central Asia, Ladakh and Himalayas come here.
The Irrawaddy dolphin (EN) is the flagship species of the lake.
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Conclusion
Wetlands are among the world’s most productive environments. They are
cradles of biological diversity, providing the water and primary productivity upon
which countless species of plants and animals depend for survival. Wetlands
also provide tremendous economic benefits, for example water supply, fisheries,
agriculture, through the maintenance of water tables and nutrient retention in

By Sudarshan Gurjar
floodplains, timber production, energy resources, such as peat and plant matter,
wildlife resources, transport and recreation and tourism opportunities. In
addition, wetlands have special attributes as part of the cultural heritage of
humanity and form the basis of important local traditions.
These functions, values and attributes can only be maintained if the ecological
processes of wetlands are allowed to continue functioning. Unfortunately, and in
spite of important progress made in recent decades, wetlands continue to be
among the world’s most threatened ecosystems, owing mainly to ongoing
drainage, conversion, pollution, and over-exploitation of their resources.
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Q14. How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological
Diversity Act, 2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna? 2018
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Biodiversity is defined as the variety and variability among living organisms and
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the ecological complexes in which they occur, measured at three levels., genes,
species and ecosystem. India is one of the world's most biodiverse countries, and
its biodiversity varies significantly across different regions due to its diverse
geography, climate, and ecosystems. According to the International Union for
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Conservation of Nature (IUCN), India is a megadiverse country with 7-8% of all
recorded species, including species of plants and species of animals and
representing 4 of the 34 globally identified biodiversity hotspots (Himalaya,
Indo-Burma, Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Sundaland)
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1. Trans Himalaya - This zone has three provinces Ladakh mountains, Tibetan
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Plateau, Trans- Himalaya Sikkim. They are home to the once endangered snow
leopard, Tibetan wolf, red fox and Tibetan fox.
2. The Himalaya - It has four provinces-North-West Himalaya, West Himalaya,

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Central Himalaya and East Himalaya. home to many endemic species of plants
and animals, such as the Himalayan black bear.
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3. The Indian Desert - This zone includes two provinces- Thar and Kutch. Rich in
biodiversity of flora and fauna, and also is the home of many unique plants and
animals.
4. The Western Ghats - Two provinces namely Malabar plains and Western Ghats
Mountains are included in this zone. They one of the eight “hottest hotspots” of
biodiversity in the world, with a high level of endemism. At least 325 globally
threatened (IUCN Red Data List) species occur here.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
5. The Gangetic Plains - This zone has two provinces- Upper Gangetic plains and
lower Gangetic plains. The ecoregion was home to large herds of Asian
elephants, tigers, greater one-horned rhinoceros, Indian bison or gaur, wild
water buffalos, swamp deer, and sloth bears. Globally threatened birds such as
the Bengal florican had flourished here.
6. North East India - Two provinces are included- Brahmaputra valley and
North-East hills. The region is rich in Orchids ,Ferns, Oaks, Bamboos, Magnolias
and many other medicinal plants as well as rare and endangered animal species.
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7. Islands - This zone includes two provinces-Andaman and Nicobar. It is highly
diverse set of biomes.
Biological Diversity Act 2002 -
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The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is an essential legal framework in India aimed
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at promoting the conservation, sustainable use, and equitable sharing of
benefits arising from the country's rich biological diversity. It plays a crucial role
in the conservation of flora and fauna by providing a structured approach to
biodiversity management -
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● To regulate access to biological resources of the country equitable share in
benefits arising out of the use of biological resources.
● To respect and protect knowledge of local communities traditional
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knowledge related to biodiversity.

● To secure sharing of benefits with local people as conservers of biological
resources and holders of knowledge and information relating to the use of
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biological resources.
● Conservation and development of areas of importance from the
standpoint of biological diversity by declaring them as biological diversity
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heritage sites.
● Protection and rehabilitation of threatened species.
● The Central Government shall develop national strategies, plans,
programmes for the conservation and promotion and sustainable use of
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biological diversity including measures for identification and monitoring

of areas rich in biological resources, promotion of in situ, and ex situ,
conservation of biological resources, incentives for research, training and
public education to increase awareness with respect to biodiversity
● Protect India’s rich biodiversity and associated knowledge against their
use by foreign individuals and organizations without sharing benefits
arising out of such use and check Biopiracy.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
● The State Government may, from time to time in consultation with the
local bodies, notify in the Official Gazette, areas of biodiversity importance
as biodiversity heritage sites under this Act.
● Creation of National, State and Local Biodiversity Fund and its use for
conservation of biodiversity
Conclusion
The intrinsic value of Biological diversity and of the ecological, genetic, social,
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economic, scientific, educational, cultural, recreational and aesthetic values and
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its components are to be taken care properly for the better management of
biological resources for the welfare of human beings as well as for peaceful
living on earth. Besides law enforcing forces and regulations of the
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Governments, it is always better to involve the people in a Participatory Mode
including tribals, farmers, ecologists, for the conservation and protection of
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biodiversity wealth of our great nation.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
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Q15. ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected
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by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will
be affected by climate change? 2017
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Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.
Such shifts can be natural or results of human activities primarily the burning of
fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
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Climate change in India is having profound effects on India, which is ranked
fourth among the list of countries most affected by climate change. India rose
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two spots to rank 8th out of 63 countries in the Climate Change Performance
Index 2023. In the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Use categories, the
country was rated "high".
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Unusual and unprecedented spells of hot weather are expected to occur far
more frequently and cover much larger areas.Under 4°C warming, the west coast
and southern India are projected to shift to new, high-temperature climatic
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regimes with significant impacts on agriculture. With built-up urban areas

rapidly becoming “heat-islands”, urban planners will need to adopt measures to
counteract this effect.
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Effects on India -
1. A decline in monsoon rainfall since the 1950s has already been observed.
The frequency of heavy rainfall events has also increased. An abrupt
change in the monsoon could precipitate a major crisis, triggering more
frequent droughts as well as greater flooding in large parts of India.
2. Droughts are expected to be more frequent in some areas, especially in
north-western India, Jharkhand, Orissa and Chhattisgarh. Crop yields are
expected to fall significantly because of extreme heat by the 2040s.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
3. Falling water tables can be expected to reduce further on account of
increasing demand for water from a growing population, more affluent
lifestyles, as well as from the services sector and industry.
4. At 2.5°C warming, melting glaciers and the loss of snow cover over the
Himalayas are expected to threaten the stability and reliability of northern
India’s primarily glacier-fed rivers, particularly the Indus and the
Brahmaputra. this could significantly impact irrigation, affecting the
amount of food that can be produced in their basins as well as the
livelihoods of millions of people
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5. With India close to the equator, the sub-continent would see much higher
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rises in sea levels than higher latitudes.
6. Seasonal water scarcity, rising temperatures, and intrusion of sea water
would threaten crop yields, jeopardizing the country’s food security.
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7. Climate change is expected to have major health impacts in India-
increasing malnutrition and related health disorders such as child
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stunting. Malaria and other vector-borne diseases are likely to spread into
areas where colder temperatures had previously limited transmission.
Effects on Himalayas -
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1. Glacial Retreat - Rising temperatures have led to increased melting of
glaciers, reducing their size and volume. This phenomenon contributes to
rising sea levels and changes in water availability for downstream
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communities.
2. Increased Landslides and Erosion - Rising temperatures are causing
permafrost to thaw, destabilizing slopes and leading to an increase in
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landslides and erosion. This poses risks to human settlements,

infrastructure, and ecosystems.
3. Changes in Ecosystems - The changing climate is impacting various
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ecosystems in the Himalayas. Species are struggling to adapt to the

changing conditions, and some are being forced to move to higher
altitudes to find suitable habitats.
4. Glacial Lake Outburst Floods - As glaciers retreat, glacial lakes are formed.
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These lakes are potential sources of glacial lake outburst floods, which can
pose a severe threat to downstream communities, infrastructure, and
agriculture.
5. Increased Frequency of Extreme Weather Events - The region is
experiencing more frequent and intense extreme weather events, such as
heavy rainfall, floods, and droughts, which can have devastating
consequences for communities and ecosystems.
Effects on Coastal Areas -

By Sudarshan Gurjar
1. Rise in sea level - A major impact on coastal regions that cause a
combination of risks in retreat, submersion, erosion, and increased
vulnerability to extreme marine events.
2. Change in temperature and Precipitation - due to change in climatic
patterns, the number of rainy days are projected to decrease by 1- 5 days,
but the intensity of rainfall is expected to increase.
3. Rise in cyclonic activities - Sea level rise can also induce tropical cyclones
which will be devastating to the communities living in those areas.
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4. Multidimensional Impact - Sea-level rise and storm surges would lead to
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saltwater intrusion in the coastal areas, impacting agriculture, degrading
groundwater quality, contaminating drinking water, and possibly causing
a rise in diarrhea cases and cholera outbreaks.
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Conclusion
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Climate Change, in the present time, is no longer a hoax, rather it's a well
established fact. Even the adverse impacts of such a change are quite visible
from all perspectives. In such a scenario, a socially inclusive policy framework for
better estimation of the adverse effects of climate change on different sectors as
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well as mitigation strategies is highly needed. Moreover, The Himalayas and The
Coastal Areas, which are most vulnerable to such changes, should be considered
exclusively and different stakeholders from all hierarchies and all sectors should
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work together. Though different International, national, public, private and

non-governmental organizations have already started working in such sectors, a
more holistic and socially comprehensive approach through policies and
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research should be introduced.

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By Sudarshan Gurjar
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Q16. Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important
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environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while
planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested for
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mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental
projects. 2016
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Rehabilitation of human settlements is indeed a critical aspect of environmental
impact assessment, especially when planning major developmental projects
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that may result in the displacement of communities. The goal is to ensure that
the affected people are adequately compensated, provided with suitable
alternatives, and their livelihoods are not adversely affected.
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Development induced Displacement -

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1. Dam Building - It is one of the most important causes for development

related displacement. According to a report, „during the last fifty years,
some 3,300 big dams have been constructed in India. The brutality of
displacement due to the building of dams was dramatically highlighted
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during the agitation over the Sardar Sarovar Dam. It has been called,
India's most controversial dam project
2. Mining -In the global era, mining has become another very important
source of investment and profit for the private sector. Mining-induced
displacement and resettlement has become a major risk from the point of
view of social sustainability.
3. Industrialization - Acquisition of agricultural land for industrial purposes in
India is not new. Heavy industrialization is at the core of India’s planned
development and hence large areas had to be acquired. The proximity to

By Sudarshan Gurjar
market-cum-physical infrastructure for location of industries means
people settled by housing are displaced.
4. Development of SEZs - With a view to attract larger foreign investments in
India, the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was announced in April
2000. This policy intended to make SEZs an engine and accelerated force
for economic growth, supported by quality infrastructure. This has led to
imminent displacement of thousands of people and livelihoods in the
countryside, where these SEZs are slated to come up.
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Measures suggested for mitigating the impact of rehabilitation during major
projects -
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1. Conducting of a comprehensive Social Impact Assessment to identify
potential impacts on human settlements. This assessment involves
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engaging with affected communities and understanding their
socio-economic conditions, cultural practices, and concerns.
2. Effective communication and consultation with the affected communities
are essential. People should be informed about the project, its potential
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impacts, and the rehabilitation plans
3. Affected people should be compensated fairly for their land, properties,
and assets.
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4. People should be provided with alternative income-generating

opportunities, vocational training, or support for entrepreneurship that
can help them rebuild their lives and sustain their livelihoods in the new
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locations.
5. Ensuring that adequate infrastructure, including schools, healthcare
facilities, and water supply systems, is in place in the new resettlement
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areas.
6. Regular monitoring and evaluation of the rehabilitation process are crucial
to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and make
necessary improvements.
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7. Establishment of a transparent grievance redressal mechanism to allow

affected people to voice their concerns and seek resolution for any issues
they may face during the rehabilitation process.
Steps from Government -
● The Government of India came up with a comprehensive Land Acquisition

and Resettlement and Rehabilitation Act, 2013. The Act provides for
rehabilitation & resettlement and combines it with land acquisition so the

By Sudarshan Gurjar
former does not get neglected. The ‘public purpose’ for which land can be
acquired by the government is defined.
● As per the above legislation, a comprehensive rehabilitation and
resettlement package is provided for those who lost their livelihood
support which includes the landless and tenants. The Act also provides for
schools and playgrounds, health centers, roads and electric connections
and assured sources of safe drinking water for each family.
● The role of the gram sabha has been clearly stressed and the government
has to consult them along with complying with other laws like PESA 1996,
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Forest Rights Act, 2006, etc
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Way Forward
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Thus, in recent years rehabilitation and resettlement of project affected families
has turned out to be the most vital and sensitive issue for the development
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projects, either it be Pan Mong Dam in Thailand or Bakun Dam in Malaysia or
Narmada Sagar or Subarnarekha Multipurpose project in India. Different
development projects are being opposed by the inhabitants of these areas and
being delayed because of the opposition from the Project Affected Families. This
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has been primarily due to the bitter Resettlement and Rehabilitation
experiences. In the post-independence period, the development projects
deemed to be temples of progress, ultimately turned out to be “graveyards” for
millions of these families. Although these projects did bring development, the
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cost has been enormous. There is no denial of the fact that to improve the
quality of life of the people, development projects are a must but there is
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general consensus now that development should not be at the cost of people
and their environment.
Addressing the impact of human settlement rehabilitation in major

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developmental projects requires a sensitive and proactive approach. It should

prioritize the needs and well-being of affected communities, involve them in
decision-making, and provide comprehensive support to help them rebuild their
lives in a sustainable manner. This ensures that development projects can
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progress while minimizing adverse effects on vulnerable populations and the

environment.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
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Q17. Give an account of the current status and the targets to be
achieved pertaining to renewable energy sources in the country.
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Discuss in brief the importance of National Programme on Light
Emitting Diodes (LEDs). 2016
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With a population of 1.3 billion, India has a massive demand for energy to fuel its
rapidly growing economy. From a power deficit nation at the time of
Independence, the efforts to make India energy-independent have continued for
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over seven decades. Today, we are a power surplus nation with a total installed
electricity capacity of over Four lakh MW.
Keeping in mind the sustainable development goals, India's power generation
mix is rapidly shifting towards a more significant share of renewable energy.
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Today, India is the world's third largest producer of renewable energy, with 40%
of its installed electricity capacity coming from non-fossil fuel sources. India's
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total installed renewable energy capacity touched 168.96 GW mark by February

2023-end
Hydro - Many policy and regulatory initiatives have promoted hydropower

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development and facilitated investments. Today, The hydropower potential of

India is around 1,45,000 MW making it 5th in the world.
Wind - Work on wind energy started in India when the National Aeronautical
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Laboratory developed windmills, primarily for supplying irrigation water. Today,

wind power capacity has crossed 42GW aming India the 4th largest in the world,
blessed with a constant movement of wind, especially in the Southern, Western
and North Western regions.
Solar - Having achieved large-scale success in solar energy solutions, India has
spearheaded the International Solar Alliance (ISA) which is an action-oriented,
member-driven, collaborative platform for increased deployment of solar energy

By Sudarshan Gurjar
technologies. India's solar power capacity has reached 64.38 GW as of February
2023, according to data from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
Biomass - To reduce its CO2 footprint in thermal power generation. India

launched a biomass power programme since mid-nineties. Over 800 biomass
power and bagasse/non-bagasse cogeneration projects have been installed in
the country for feeding power to the grid.
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India has always shown its willingness in leadership to fight climate change. The
country’s vision is to achieve Net Zero Emissions by 2070, in addition to attaining
the short-term targets which include:
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➔ Increasing renewables capacity to 500 GW by 2030
★ Solar Target - 280 GW
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★ Wind Target - 140 GW
★ Hydro Power - 5GW
★ Biomass Power - 10GW
➔ Meeting 50% of energy requirements from renewables,
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➔ Reducing cumulative emissions by one billion tonnes by 2030, and
➔ Reducing emissions intensity of India’s gross domestic product (GDP) by
45% by 2030.
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National Programme on Light Emitting Diodes
In a step towards conserving the environment, the government launched the

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Prakash Path (Way to Light), a National Programme for LED-based Home and
Street Lighting. Under this scheme, the government is planning to replace 77
crore conventional bulbs and 3.5 crore conventional streetlights with the LED
range.
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Importance -
1. Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL) along with Discoms, will be

distributing LED bulbs to consumers at Rs 10 per unit.
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2. This programme will help in mitigating the climate change by reducing

the CO2 emission by 85 million tonnes annually.
3. National LED programme will also facilitate India’s commitment towards
reducing its emission intensity per unit of GDP by 33-35 per cent by 2030
under its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC).
4. Environment friendly - They have no mercury they have zero negative
environmental impact.
5. Rural electrification - Reduced peak load and supply of LED would not
help in rural electrification but also for rural development.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
6. Economical - There availability at low prices and their usage is also
economical to the nation as it reduces energy import bill.
7. Industry - At present LED bulbs are only assembled in India. The chips and
other essential parts are imported from other nations. The Government of
India, consistent with the make in India campaign, plans to encourage the
manufacture of LED light fixtures in India.
Conclusion
The LED initiative has added to the government’s efforts towards energy
efficiency in the country. In addition to reduction and better management of
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energy consumption in peak demand, the UJALA and SLNP programmes are also
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helping in various other avenues like reduction in greenhouse gases and
Improvement in the safety and security in public areas in rural, semi-urban, and
urban settings through better illumination.
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The Prime minister has urged the active participation of the people of India
towards a greener future with lesser carbon footprints. The National LED
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Programme is in keeping with the promise of the same, and will surely see India
contributing substantially towards cleaner and a greener planet through the
conservation of energy.
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Q18. Coastal sand mining, whether legal or illegal, poses one of the
biggest threats to our environment. Analyse the impact of sand
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mining along the Indian coasts, citing specific examples. 2019
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Sand is considered to be an essential ingredient/material when it comes to
building civilisations. As global urbanisation continues, the demand for sand for
making concrete, building sites, filling roads, making bricks, making glass,
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sandpapers, etc. As the global population continues to rise and so does the
expansion of cities, demand for sand is only expected to grow.
Sand mining is the process of removal of sand and gravel from a flowing river, to
fulfill certain needs of construction and development. However, excessive sand
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mining is becoming an environmental issue as the demand for sand is

increasing. Sand mining has tripled in the last two decades because of the
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increase in demand as reported by the UNEP.

In India despite the Supreme Court’s order that prohibits sand mining without
the requisite clearance from the required authorities and places limits on the
quantities that can be mined, thousands of tons of sand is being illegally mined
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to meet the rising demand of the construction industry.
Sand is essential for the maintenance of rivers. Indiscriminate and excessive

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mining of sand has recorded various ill-effects inasmuch as:

1. Excessive mining of sand affects the regular course of the river. A change
in the course of a river causes river erosion which further leads to floods
during monsoon.
2. Serious effects on the nearby wildlife which is dependent on the sandy
banks for their survival.
3. Intrusion with the sand on the riverbed causes disturbance in the water,
which is injurious to sea animals resulting in hindrances/difficulties to the
population which relies on fishing for their livelihoods.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
4. Removing coastal barriers leads to the exposure of beachside areas to
floods, cyclones, and tsunamis.
5. Depletion of sand in the riverbed resulting in the deepening of riverbeds
and the widening of river mouths which increases the salinity of the
water.
6. Riverbed becomes dry due to exposure to solar radiations.
7. Sand mining affects the homes and livelihoods of people living nearby.
8. Sand mining also destructs picturesque beaches.
9. Sand mining converts the riverbeds into large and deep pits which results
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in a fall in the groundwater index.
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10. Sand mining has a direct impact on the physical characteristics of the
stream, such as channel geometry, bed elevation, substratum
composition, stability, flow velocity.
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Impact on the coasts of India -
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1. Indian cities like Mumbai and Kolkata face threats of drowning by 2050
because of sea-level rise. Sand mining will increase the effects of sea-level
rise. In areas such as Kihim Beach where sand has been mined for
decades, loss of land, fallen trees and other effects are already visible.
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2. Sand mining has led to the devastation of rivers like Narmada, Chambal,
and Betwa in Madhya Pradesh. Similarly, in Kerala, Bharathappuzha River
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has fallen victim to sand mining because of seawater intrusion, inundation

of coastal land and salinisation of groundwater. Gujarat, Karnataka, and
Tamil Nadu have also reported about the negative impact that is the result
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of sand mining across their rivers like ground water turning brackish and
entering of sea into the village.
3. Besides the loss to habitat, illegal sand mining also causes violence.
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Villagers, media reporters, environment activists and government officers

are brutally harmed and killed year after year when they raise objections
to or take any action against illegal sand mining.
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4. Workers operating in sand mines or stone quarries have an alarming

exposure to several health hazards that can also become life threatening.
They work without any proper safety gear and survive on meager
compensation. Three minors in West Bengal were buried alive when a
huge part of the riverbed caved in as they were mining sand.
5. Excessive mining also leads to pits in riverbeds. These pits act as death
traps that can lure children who are unmindful of the depth.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Way Forward -
1. The regulatory authorities need to keep a check on the effect on the

environment of both proposed and existing sand mining projects.
2. The authorities can delineate the maximum amount of sand that can be
extracted from a particular area and monitor the overall impact.
3. Better spatial planning and reducing unnecessary construction is need of
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the hour.
4. Using green infrastructure, adopting recycled and alternative substitute
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materials such as oil palm shell, bottom ash, strictly adhering to Coastal
Regulation Zone (CRZ), etc. can help in reducing coastal sand mining.
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It is extremely necessary to have an effective framework that regulates sand
mining and considers the environmental issues associated with it. Sand mining
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leads to a negative impact on biodiversity. It causes loss of aquatic habitat and
also destabilizes the soil bed structure of riverbanks and leaves behind deserted
islands. These technical, scientific, and environmental matters should be taken
note of, and Governments should come up with rules and regulations that can
keep a check on illegal sand mining. On the technological front, India is on a
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high rise, and a lot of development has occurred in remote monitoring and
surveillance in the field of mining. Hence, it is fair to take advantage of the
technological progression and use it to keep an effective check on mining
activities, especially sand mining.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
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Q19. Not many years ago, river linking was a concept but it is
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becoming reality in the country. Discuss the advantages of river
linking and its possible impact on the environment. 2017
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River linking is a project of linking two or more rivers by creating a network of
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manually created reservoirs and canals, and providing land areas that otherwise
do not have river water access and reducing the flow of water to sea using this
means. It is based on the assumption that surplus water in some rivers can be
diverted to deficit rivers by creating a network of canals to interconnect the
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rivers.
The summer monsoon accounts for more than 85% of the precipitation. The
uncertainty of rainfall marked by prolonged dry spells and fluctuations is a
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serious problem in India. Large parts of Haryana, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,

Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are not only in
deficit in rainfall but also subject to large variations, resulting in frequent
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droughts and causing immense hardship to the population. On the other hand,
excess rainfall occurring in some parts of the country creates havoc due to
floods.
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Perennial rivers of Himalayas provide surplus water to the Northern region of

India whereas Western and Southern India witness drought as they largely
depend on rivers fed by seasonal rainfall.
Interlinking of rivers in India has thus been proposed by the Union government
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as the primary solution to its water woes.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
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Benefits of Interlinking of Rivers -
1. Reduce Floods -
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The Ganga Basin, Brahmaputra basin sees floods almost every year. In
order to avoid this, the water from these areas has to be diverted to other
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areas where there is scarcity of water. This can be achieved by linking the
rivers. There is a two way advantage with this – floods will be controlled
and scarcity of water will be reduced.
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2. Generation of Electricity -
With new canals built, feasibility of new dams to generate hydroelectric
power becomes a possibility. The river linking project claims to generate
34 GW of total power.
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3. Better Navigational Channels -

As it will address the low levels of water in southern rivers, newly created
network of canals will open up new routes and ways of water navigation,
which is generally more efficient and cheaper compared to road transport.
15,000 km of river and 10,000 km of navigation will be developed, thereby
reducing the transportation cost.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
It would also provide 1120 cumec to Calcutta Port thus providing
navigation facilities across the country.
4. Tackling the Drought Issue -

Surplus flows that will become available on account of inter-linking of the
Ganga and the Yamuna are proposed to be transferred to the drought
prone areas of Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
5. Employment -
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The interlinking of Himalayan rivers will will irrigate about 87 million acres
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of farmland thus providing employment to farmers.
The peninsular scheme is envisaged to provide additional irrigation
benefits of over 13 million ha.
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Addition to this, it will generate a path for aquatic ecosystems to migrate
which would create livelihood scenarios in fishing industry.
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Environmental Impact of interlinking of rivers -
1. Adverse impacts on monsoon cycles - When water of a river is diverted

and it merges in sea, it takes all its sediments with it to the sea. It is a
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hypothesis that the kind of inter-linking planned may impact the
monsoonal systems.
2. Impact on biodiversity - The interlining of rivers will not only create
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ecological imbalance like formation of deltas and mangroves but also

threaten the diversity and general health of the species thriving in them.
Example - Interlinking of Ken Betwa River Systems would lead to
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submergence of 6,107 hectares of the old and biodiverse forests of the

Panna Tiger Reserve and Ken Ghariyal Sanctuary. This can impact water
availability, rainfall patterns and destroy local ecosystems
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3. Socio Economic Issues - Big dams, canals, and reservoirs which will be
constructed will lead to submergence of the surroundings. Lands will also
become swampy and will not be suitable for agriculture.
4. Natural Disasters - A section of scientists argue that large dams and
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reservoirs also cause earthquakes. The controversies over Koyna dam,

Tehri dam are few such examples.
5. Health Impacts - Inter-linking a toxic river with a non-toxic one will have a
devastating impact on all our rivers and, consequently, on all human
beings and wildlife. Water related diseases, such as Malaria, and Filariasis
can also spread through stagnant or slow moving water in the irrigation
command area.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Conclusion
The interlinking of rivers project is a major challenge and an opportunity to deal

with the water related problems springing up drought, floods, climate change
and so on. The long term strategy to water deficit problem lies in making the
interlinking of rivers challenges by building a network of dams, reservoir,
barrage, hydropower structures and canals throughout the geographical regions
of the country.
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However he Ministry of Environment and Forests put out a 23-point concern
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about the environmental implications of the proposed interlinking project.
These included the submergence of forests and cultivable areas, displacement
and resettlement and serious implications in terms of biodiversity loss. Scientists
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are also doubtful that river diversion would bring drastic changes in the physical
and chemical compositions of the sediment load, river morphology and the
shape of the delta formed at the river mouth. All these have serious economic
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and livelihood implications that are merely ignored by the project
Though Interlinking of rivers is definitely a good solution for the shortage of

water, but interlinking has to take place after a reconnaissance survey and
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detailed study so that does not cause any trouble to the environment or aquatic
life.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q20. What are the consequences of illegal mining? Discuss the
ministry of environment and forests' concept of “GO AND NO GO”
zones for coal mining. 2013
Illegal mining, also known as artisanal or small-scale mining, refers to mining

activities carried out without proper authorization, permits, or compliance with
mining regulations. It has significant consequences for both the environment
and society. Here are some of the main consequences of illegal mining
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1. Environmental Degradation - Illegal mining often involves rudimentary
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and unsustainable mining practices leading to deforestation, soil erosion,
and habitat destruction. The use of mercury and other toxic chemicals in
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illegal gold mining, for example, can contaminate water bodies and harm
aquatic life.
2. Water Pollution - Illegal mining can lead to the release of harmful
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substances, including heavy metals and chemicals, into water sources.
This pollution can have devastating effects on both human health and
ecosystems, as it can render water unsafe for drinking, irrigation, and
other purposes.
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3. Loss of Biodiversity - Many species may lose their natural habitats, face
disruptions to their life cycles, and even become endangered or extinct as
a result of these activities.
4. Land Degradation - The clearing of forests and vegetation for mining
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operations can lead to land degradation, making the affected areas

unsuitable for agriculture or other sustainable land uses in the future.
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5. Health and Safety Hazards - Illegal mining is often carried out in hazardous
conditions, with inadequate safety measures in place. Miners are at risk of
accidents, respiratory issues from dust inhalation, exposure to toxic
substances, and other health-related problems.
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6. Conflict and Social Issues - It can also lead to social conflicts, particularly
when multiple groups or individuals lay claim to the same mining areas.
These conflicts can escalate into violence and create instability in affected
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communities.
7. Loss of Revenue for Governments - Since illegal miners do not pay taxes or
royalties, governments miss out on potential revenue that could be used
for public services and infrastructure development.
8. Ineffective Resource Management - Illegal mining can result in the
depletion of valuable mineral resources without proper planning or
sustainable management, reducing the long-term potential benefits for
the country.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
9. Ineffectiveness of Regulations - The prevalence of illegal mining indicates
gaps in regulatory enforcement and governance, leading to weak
environmental and social safeguards.
Concept of “GO AND NO GO” policy of Ministry of Environment and Forest
To facilitate objective, informed and transparent decision on diversion of forest

land for coal mining projects, Ministry of Environment & Forests and Ministry of
Coal jointly undertook a study in nine major coal fields, namely the Talcher, IB
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Valley, Mandiraigarh, Sohagpur, Wardha, Singrauli, North Karanpura, West
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Bokaro and Hasdeo and classified the coal blocks located in these coalfields into
two categories -
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❖ Unfragmented forest landscapes having gross forest cover of more than
30% and weighted forest cover of more than 10% was named as
category-A or ‘No-Go’ area. These are the areas where coal mining is
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prohibited due to their ecological and environmental significance.
❖ Fragmented forest landscapes having gross forest cover less than 30 %

and weighted forest cover of less than 10%, named as category-B or ‘Go’
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area. These are the areas where coal mining can be permitted after taking
appropriate measures to mitigate the environmental impact
The GO and NO-GO classification was introduced as a part of the effort to

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balance economic development with environmental conservation. By identifying

areas where development could proceed with caution and areas where it should
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be prohibited, the policy aimed to ensure sustainable development while

safeguarding critical ecosystems and biodiversity.
However, over time, the implementation and application of the GO and NO-GO
policy faced challenges, and it received criticism from various stakeholders. The
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policy was perceived as being too rigid and was seen to hinder economic
growth, especially in sectors like coal mining. As a result, the policy was
reevaluated, and in 2011, the MoEFCC decided to review the "NO-GO"
classification.
Ultimately, the GO and NO-GO policy was replaced by the "Forest Clearance
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Policy" in 2015. The new policy introduced a more nuanced approach, focusing
on the identification of "inviolate areas" within forests where no mining or
industrial activities would be allowed. This approach aimed to address
environmental concerns while also considering developmental needs in a more
flexible manner.
Conclusion
Addressing the consequences of illegal mining requires a multi-faceted

approach, including stricter law enforcement, community engagement,

By Sudarshan Gurjar
sustainable mining practices, and support for formalizing small-scale mining
activities. Responsible mining practices and increased awareness about the
environmental and social impacts of illegal mining are crucial for safeguarding
natural resources and the well-being of affected communities.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q21. To what factors can the recent dramatic fall in equipment costs
and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the
trend have for the thermal power producers and the related
industry? 2015
Solar energy has grown exponentially in recent years thanks to the global trend
of developing low or or zero-emission energy. Clocking exponential growth, solar
is on the verge of entering a new era. A study entitled ‘Global Market Outlook For
Solar Power 2023-2027’ put India among the top five countries for solar
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installations in 2022.
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According to IEEFA, India could be able to produce up to 405 gigawatts of
energy from renewable sources by 2030, which is even greater than the target of
the government to produce 50% of its electricity from non-fossil fuel sources by
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the end of this decade. Solar energy is set to contribute a lot to that target.
The recent dramatic fall in equipment costs and tariffs of solar energy can be
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attributed to several factors:
1. Technological Advancements - Significant advancements in solar

photovoltaic (PV) technology, has made solar panels more efficient and
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cost-effective to manufacture. Improved materials, production processes,
and economies of scale have contributed to reducing the overall costs.
2. Scale of Production - As the demand for solar energy has increased

globally, the scale of production has also expanded. Mass production of
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solar panels and related equipment has led to cost reductions due to
economies of scale.
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3. Government Incentives and Policies - Many countries have implemented

supportive policies and incentives to promote the adoption of renewable
energy, including solar power. These measures often include tax credits,
subsidies and feed-in tariffs, which make solar energy more financially
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attractive to both consumers and businesses.
4. Research and Development - Investments in research and development

have resulted in breakthroughs in solar technology, leading to more
@
efficient and cheaper solar cells and panels.
5. Declining Installation Costs - Along with reductions in equipment costs,

the costs associated with installing solar systems have also decreased.
Improved installation techniques and streamlined processes have made
solar energy projects more affordable.
6. Global Competition - Increased competition among solar equipment

manufacturers worldwide has driven prices down. Companies are
continually trying to offer better products at competitive prices.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
The implications of the shifting trend from thermal power to solar power
exhibits a dark side of solar success -
1. Increased Competition - As solar energy becomes more affordable and

accessible, it competes directly with traditional thermal power sources,
such as coal and natural gas. This increased competition may put pressure
on thermal power producers to lower their prices to remain competitive.
2. Environmental Concerns - The lower cost of solar energy makes it a more

attractive option for environmentally conscious consumers and
businesses. As a result, thermal power producers may face a shift in
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demand towards cleaner and greener alternatives.
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3. Financial Viability - The falling costs could lead to some thermal power
plants becoming financially unviable, especially those with high operating
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costs. This could result in a reduction of investments in new thermal
power projects.
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4. Energy Market Dynamics - A substantial increase in solar energy capacity
could influence the dynamics of the energy market. Solar power, being
intermittent and dependent on sunlight, may create challenges related to
grid stability and energy storage.
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5. Workforce and Skills Transition - The rise of solar energy may lead to a
shift in the job market as there would be a greater demand for workers
skilled in solar technology and renewable energy. This may impact the
workforce employed in the thermal power industry.
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6. Energy Security and Diversity - A shift towards solar energy can enhance
energy security and reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels, which is
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positive for countries seeking to diversify their energy sources.
Conclusion
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To adapt to this changing landscape, thermal power producers and the related
industry could consider diversifying their energy portfolios to include renewable
sources like solar, investing in research and development to improve the
efficiency of their power plants, and exploring partnerships with solar
@
companies to tap into the growing renewable energy market.
In place of solar target practice, India must plan to match total power supply
with decelerating demand, and aim for a solar-thermal mix that avoids huge idle
capacities. Both thermal and solar capacity creation must slow down. Breakneck
speed for solar power will break the neck of thermal plants and banks.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q22. Should the pursuit of carbon credit and clean development
mechanism set up under UNFCCC be maintained even though there
has been a massive slide in the value of carbon credit? Discuss with
respect to India's energy needs for economic growth. 2014
Carbon credit and Clean Development Mechanism were set up under UNFCCC as
an offset mechanism to fulfill emission reduction targets under Kyoto Protocol.
In recent times, there has been a massive slide in the value of carbon credits
causing a discouragement among both sellers and buyers in the international
market.
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Reasons behind the huge hit -
● Reduced demand from the European markets
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● Introduction of limits/caps on buying of carbon credits by various
countries like Australia
● countries like Japan, which was a major market for carbon credits, have
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taken steps to meet their industries’ demand for carbon credits
domestically
● Opting out by US of the international carbon trade
The value of carbon credits has indeed experienced a significant decline in

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recent years due to various factors such as oversupply and lack of demand. this
decline raises questions about the effectiveness and financial viability of these
mechanisms. However, it is important to note that carbon credits and CDMs
have played a crucial role in promoting sustainable development and supporting
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renewable energy projects in many countries including india.

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India has been a major seller of carbon credits ever since the CDM was put in
place. Since the prices crashed, Indian businesses have been holding onto their
stockpiles of credits waiting for the demand to go up, leading to a price rise. If
India, like China, implements schemes that can domestically soak up the credits
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that are generated in India, it would boost trade. India’s setting up of carbon
emission limits through self-regulation or in consonance with an international
treaty, could also boost the domestic carbon trading markets. CDM uniquely
combines business interests with clean energy, and promotes usage of clean
energy by allowing entrepreneurs to make economic gains from it. Most clean
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energy comes from renewable sources of energy, so it will be in India’s

long-term energy interest to give a boost to CDM, which will indirectly result in
large scale usage of renewable energy, thus limiting India’s dependence on oil
and other non-renewable sources of energy.
However the effectiveness and sustainability of carbon credits and CDMs need
to be continuously evaluated and improved. The current decline in their value
highlights the need for reform and innovation in the international carbon market
to ensure that it provides meaningful incentives for emission reductions and
support sustainable development.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
In the context of India's energy needs, it is crucial to strike a balance between
promoting renewable energy and addressing the developmental challenges
faced by the country. While the decline in the value of carbon credit raises
concerns, it should not discourage India from pursuing clean and sustainable
development. The focus should be on implementing robust domestic policies
and frameworks that encourage renewable energy investments, enhance energy
efficiency and foster innovation in low carbon technologies.
Moreover India should also explore alternative mechanisms and funding sources
to support its energy transitions such as domestic green bonds, international
climate finance and partnership with other countries and institutions. This
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would ensure that India's energy needs are met while aligning with its
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commitment to reducing GHGs emissions and addressing climate change.
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Conclusion
Overall the decline in the value of carbon credits raises challenges, the pursuit of
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carbon credits and CDMs can still be valuable for India's energy needs. However,
it is essential to continually assess and adapt these mechanisms to ensure their
effectiveness and alignment with India's sustainable development goals.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q23. Environmental impact assessment studies are increasingly
undertaken before project is cleared by the government. Discuss
the environmental impacts of coal-fired thermal plants located at
Pitheads. 2014
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An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is commonly described as an
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assessment of the impact of planned activities on the environment, including
impacts on biodiversity, vegetation and ecology, water, and air. An EIA can be
seen as a process of identifying, predicting, and evaluating the likely
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environmental, socioeconomic, cultural and other impacts of a proposed project
or development to define mitigation actions, not only to reduce negative
impacts but also provide positive contributions to the natural environment and
well-being.
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Objectives behind conducting EIA -
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EIA is more than technical reports, it is a means to a larger intention – the

protection and improvement of the environment. Human well-being is closely
connected to environmental sustainability. As a result, all forms of human
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development, should be made to go through an assesment because they have

irreversible impacts on the livelihoods of people because of large-scale
deforestation, excessive water use, habitat destruction and resettlement.
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1. To disclose significant environmental effects of proposed projects to

decision-makers and the public.
2. To identify ways to avoid or reduce environmental damage. 3
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3. To prevent adverse environmental impacts by requiring implementation of

feasible alternatives or mitigation measures. 4.
4. To disclose reason of approvals for the projects with significant
environmental impacts to the public.
5. To foster interagency coordination.
6. To enhance public participation.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Environmental impacts of coal-fired thermal plants located at Pitheads.
Coal mining is an activity that wreaks havoc on the land and air surrounding the
mining area. The land is stripped bare, and chemicals are released into the
atmosphere. The mining also causes disturbances over land, thus necessitating
relocation and resettlement of the people in the areas around the mining area.
To establish a Coal based thermal power plant, the site is selected based on
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availability of coal, water, land, transportation facilities, proximity to coal mines,
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load centres etc .Lack of connectivity and rail linkages has led to
recommendations calling for location of coal-fired thermal plants at pitheads
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1. Thermal power activities have a devastating effect on the environment.
The activity also requires large tracts of land, accessibility to a water
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source etc. and leads to water and air pollution due to discharge of
effluents and fly ash.
2. Building of large thermal power plants on land made unstable due to coal
mining has its own risks. The combination of the two activities doubly and
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adversely affects the air, water and land quality of the region.
3. Thermal plants at pitheads may face challenges related to waste disposal,
especially if coal mining activities are not adequately managed and may
result in habitat destruction and environmental degradation.
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4. Coal contains minor amounts of the radioactive elements, uranium and

thorium. When coal is burnt, the fly ash contains uranium and thorium "at
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up to 10 times their original levels. This can cause serious health related
concerns on the miners.
Conclusion
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As the world continues to prioritize environmental sustainability and cleaner

energy sources, the impacts of coal-fired thermal plants, regardless of their
location, are being closely scrutinized. The shift towards renewable energy and
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cleaner technologies is gaining momentum to reduce the environmental

footprint associated with coal-based power generation. Implementing advanced
technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions from coal-fired power plants another way of mitigating its
environmental impact. Additionally, improved coal ash management and
mining practices can help minimize environmental damage.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q24. Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the
problems of conventional energy. 2013
Green Energy Corridor is an intra-/ inter-state transmission system which is

being implemented by eight renewable rich states in India – Tamil Nadu,
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Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh
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and Madhya Pradesh. It aims at synchronizing electricity produced from
renewable sources, such as solar and wind, with conventional power stations in
the grid.
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Intra-State Transmission System is being implemented by respective State
Transmission Utilities (STU) and Inter-State Transmission System is being
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implemented by Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. (PGCIL).
The scheme will facilitate grid integration and power evacuation of about 20 GW
of renewable energy (RE) projects in seven states.
India has mainly depended on conventional energy sources for its supply.
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Presently more than 50% of its energy generation comes from thermal power
plants which is not only environmentally harmful but also puts pressure on
natural resources due to being based on fossil fuels. India has set a target of
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achieving 50% energy from renewable energy capacity by 2030 as per latest
updated nationally determined contributions. To achieve this target, the country
needs to overcome the challenges of intermittency and variability associated
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with renewable energy and provide round the clock electricity. One way to do
this is by creating a robust transmission infrastructure that can transport
renewable energy from the areas where it is generated to the areas where it is
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consumed. This is where Green Energy Corridor comes into picture.
Here are some ways in which India's Green Energy Corridor project could
alleviate problems associated with conventional energy -
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1. Renewable Energy Integration - One of the most significant advantages of

the Green Energy Corridor is its capability to harness power from
renewable sources scattered across the country and transport it to areas
with higher demand. By optimizing the transmission and distribution of
renewable energy, India can significantly reduce its reliance on
conventional fossil fuels.
2. Reducing Transmission Losses - The Green Energy Corridor's advanced
transmission infrastructure ensures minimum power losses during

By Sudarshan Gurjar
long-distance electricity transfer thus minimizing wastage and making
power grids more robust and reliable.
3. Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels - India currently relies heavily on
fossil fuels to meet its energy needs, which can lead to volatility in energy
prices and supply disruptions. The Green Energy Corridor project could
help reduce India's dependence on fossil fuels and make its energy supply
more stable.
4. Energy Security - By diversifying the energy mix and reducing
dependence on imported fossil fuels, the Green Energy Corridor enhances
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India's energy security. The country becomes less susceptible to
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fluctuations in global energy prices and geopolitical risks associated with
energy imports.
5. Meeting Renewable Energy Targets - India has set ambitious renewable
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energy targets. The Green Energy Corridor plays a pivotal role in realizing
these goals, providing the necessary infrastructure to accommodate the
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growing capacity of renewable power plants.
Conclusion
However, like any large-scale infrastructure project, the Green Energy Corridor
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does face challenges. Some of these include land acquisition and environmental
clearances for transmission lines, financial viability concerns, and coordination
between various state agencies and stakeholders. Addressing these issues
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requires proactive policy-making, strong regulatory frameworks, and

public-private partnerships to ensure the project's successful implementation.
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In conclusion, India's Green Energy Corridor represents a critical step towards

mitigating the problems associated with conventional energy sources and
accelerating the nation's transition to a greener and more sustainable energy
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future. By harnessing the vast potential of renewable energy and developing a

modern transmission network, India can not only reduce its carbon footprint but
also unlock economic and social benefits that will positively impact generations
to come.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q25. What do you understand by run of the river hydroelectricity
project? How is it different from any other hydroelectricity project?
2013
Run-of-the-river hydroelectric systems are hydroelectric systems that harvest

the energy from flowing water to generate electricity in the absence of a large
dam and reservoir. Run-of-the-river, or ROR, hydroelectricity is considered ideal
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for streams or rivers that can sustain a minimum flow or those regulated by a
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lake or reservoir upstream.A small dam may be used to ensure enough water
goes in the penstock, and possibly some storage.
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Difference between Run of the River Hydroelectric Projects and Other
Conventional Hydroelectric Projects
Basis
Storage nG
Run of the River
Do not require a massive

Conventional
Creation of a large
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reservoir to store water. reservoir by impounding
Instead, they utilize the a river. This reservoir can
natural flow of the river store water for extended
or stream without periods, allowing for
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significantly altering its better management of

course or creating a water flow and
large impoundment. electricity generation.
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Flow of Water Constant flow of water, Flow of water released

which means they from the reservoir is
generate electricity as controlled thus causing
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long as there is enough fluctuations in electricity

water flow in the river or demand
stream.
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Seasonal Variations Their electricity Less dependent on

generation can be seasonal variations. The
subject to seasonal stored water
variations and weather compensates for dry
patterns. seasons or periods of
low river flow.
Environmental Impact Lower environmental The construction of large

impact because they dams for storage
don't cause significant hydroelectric projects

By Sudarshan Gurjar
disruptions to river can have significant
ecosystems, avoid environmental impacts,
large-scale flooding, and including changes to
do not submerge vast local ecosystems,
land areas. displacement of
communities, and
alteration of river
habitats.
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Conclusion
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The main difference between run-of-the-river and storage hydroelectric projects
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is their approach to water management. Run-of-the-River projects utilize the
natural flow of a river or stream without creating large reservoirs, while Storage
projects involve damming rivers to create extensive reservoirs for more
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controlled water release and electricity generation. Each type has its advantages
and disadvantages, and the choice between them depends on factors like water
availability, environmental considerations, and electricity demand patterns.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Q26. The Namami Gange and National mission for clean Ganga
(NMCG) programmes and causes of mixed results from the previous
schemes. What quantum leaps can help preserve the river Ganga
better than incremental inputs? 2015
The River Ganga is important not only for its cultural and spiritual significance
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but also because it hosts more than 40% of the country’s population. Addressing
the Indian community at Madison Square Garden in New York in 2014, the Prime
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Minister had said, “If we are able to clean it, it will be a huge help for the 40 per
cent population of the country. So, cleaning the Ganges is also an economic
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agenda.
To translate this vision, the Government launched an integrated Ganga
conservation mission called ‘Namami Gange’ to arrest the pollution of Ganga
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River and revive the river.
Namami Gange Programme
An Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as ‘Flagship Programme’ by the

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Union Government in June 2014 to accomplish the twin objectives of effective
abatement of pollution, conservation and rejuvenation of National River Ganga.
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Pillars of the programme

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By Sudarshan Gurjar
Key aspects -
● Includes conservation as well as rejuvenation of Ganga river
● Consists of 288 projects under the scheme
● Total outlay of Rs 20,000 crore
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● Operational under National Jalshakti Ministry
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National Mission on Clean Ganga
The National Mission for Ganga (NMCG) is the implementation wing of the
Namami Gange programme. The NMCG is responsible for planning, financing,
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and coordinating various activities for the rejuvenation of the Ganga river. it was
set up for the purpose of achieving the two objectives of the National Ganga
River Basin Authority -
● Effective abatement of pollution and
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● Conservation of the river Ganga by adopting a Comprehensive river basin
approach.
The NMCG is established by the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development

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and Ganga Rejuvenation society under the Societies Registration Act 1860 for
the implementation of the World Bank assisted National Ganga River Basin
Project (NGRBP) of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA).
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The previous schemes launched for the rejuvenation of the Ganga river have had
mixed results. The main causes for the mixed results are -
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1. Sewage Treatment - The river is currently struggling to cope with the

sewage waste and industrial effluents dumped into it. As per the CPCB
records, 18 major drains fall directly into the Ganga in Uttarakhand.
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2. Lack of coordination between various agencies - The previous schemes

lacked proper coordination between the central and state governments,
leading to delays and ineffective implementation of the schemes
3. Lack of public awareness and participation - A successful rejuvenation
effort requires public awareness and active participation in reducing
pollution and adopting sustainable practices. Without the engagement of
local communities and individuals, the task becomes more challenging.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
4. Cultural and Religious festivities - The Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control
Board estimated that the Maha Kumbh Mela where 120 million people
participated – saw 70% increase in the organic pollution level in the river.
To preserve the river Ganga better than incremental inputs, some quantum leaps
that can be taken are -
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1. Holistic approach - The rejuvenation efforts should be holistic, addressing
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not just pollution treatment but also water resource management,
afforestation, and community participation
2. Contribution of funds - Restoring the quality of a river with the length and
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population as large as that of Ganga requires huge investments.
Government has already increased the budget by four-fold but still may
not be enough to the requirements. Clean Ganga Fund has been
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established that provides a platform to all for contributing funds to clean
river Ganga.
3. Reduce, Reuse and Recovery - Majority of us do not realize that used water
and filth of our homes can end up in the rivers if not disposed properly.
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Sewerage infrastructure is already being constructed by the Government
but citizens can reduce the usage of water and generation of waste.
Reusing and Recovery of used water and organic waste & plastics can
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greatly benefit the program.

4. Technological interventions - Advanced technologies such as artificial
intelligence, remote sensing, and satellite imagery can be used for
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effective monitoring and management of the river.

5. Bottom up approach - The programme is highly centralized as of now
People who are living in the Ganga basin have to be involved to achieve
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the required results.
Conclusion
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It is essential to remember that addressing a complex environmental challenge

like the cleaning of the Ganga river is a continuous process. The Namami Gange
and National Mission for Ganga (NMCG) programmes are important initiatives for
the rejuvenation of the Ganga river. To preserve the river better than
incremental inputs, a holistic approach, long-term planning and funding,
technological interventions and institutional frameworks, should be prioritised.
Governments, organizations, and communities must remain committed to
sustainable practices and enforcement of environmental laws.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
It is time to move beyond mere allocation of money and do serious
implementation on the ground. Else, as the Supreme Court has once remarked
the government, “it seems Ganga will not be cleaned even after 200 years.”
Q27. Enumerate the National Water Policy of India. Taking river

Ganges as an example, discuss the strategies which may be adopted
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for river water pollution control and management. What are the
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legal provisions for management and handling of hazardous wastes
in India? 2013
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National Water Policy is formulated by the Ministry of Water Resources of the
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Government of India to govern the planning and development of water
resources and their optimum utilization. The first National Water Policy was
adopted in September, 1987. It was reviewed and updated in 2002 and later in
2012.
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According to NWP 2002, water is a component of a broader ecosystem, and
because of the value and scarcity of fresh water, it must be recognized as a need
for the survival of life.
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The salient features of NWP policy are −

● water is a limited and valuable natural resource that must be managed.
● calls for an integrated and multidisciplinary approach to project planning,
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formulation, clearance, and execution, including the formation of

command areas and the rehabilitation of individuals.
● According to the policy, both the central government and the state
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governments are responsible for mitigating the negative environmental

effects of ground water extraction.
● Discusses the coordination of the national water policy's execution.
● The policy considers the industrial discharge should be treated to reduce
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pollutants before being released into the main streams
National water policy 2012
● The 2012 Policy also calls for a typically integrated perspective to govern
the planning and management of water resources. Such an attitude would
consider local, regional, and national contexts and be environmentally
sound.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
● As per the policy, water needs to be managed as community resources
under the State.
● This policy raised the debate of privatisation of basic necessity like water
which is directly associated to the life to the right
National Water Policy 2021
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● Government of India in partnership with States, is implementing JalJeevan
Mission – HarGharJal which aims at providing potable water in adequate
quantity of prescribed quality on regular and long-term basis to every rural
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household, through tap water connection, by 2024
● Government launched Atal Mission for Rejuvenation & Urban
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Transformation (AMRUT) as a water focused national urban mission in 2015
with an aim to achieve universal coverage of water supply in 500
Mission cities for five years which is extended till march 2023 for
completion of projects
● National Water Mission had launched a campaign ‘SahiFasal’ campaign in
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2019 to nudge farmers in the water stressed areas to grow crops which are
not water intensive, but use water efficiently, and are economically
remunerative.
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● National Water Mission has launched another campaign “Catch the Rain”
with the tag line “Catch the rain, where it falls, when it falls” to nudge the
States and all stakeholders to create Rain Water Harvesting Structures
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● Ministry of Jal Shakti launched Jal Shakti Abhiyan, a campaign for water
conservation and water security,in water-stressed districts of the country.
Under JSA, officers, groundwater experts and scientists from the
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Government of India have worked with State and District officials in these
water-stressed districts of the country to promote water conservation and
water resource management.
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River Ganges is one of the most important and sacred rivers in India, but it has
been severely polluted due to human activities. Some strategies that can be
adopted for river water pollution control and management include -
● Strengthening sewage treatment infrastructure in cities and towns along

the river
● Implementing strict regulations on industrial effluent discharge
● Ban on use of plastics especially at tourist spots.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
● Encouraging the use of eco-friendly farming practices to reduce
agricultural runoff.
● Preparing holistic plans with less intermediaries and more transparency
● Regular measurement of the quality of water by testing agencies.
● Launching of awareness campaigns especially in cities located on the
banks of rivers to make the aware of the effects of river pollution.
● The rejuvenation of rivers requires quality and quantity at the same time.
The old adage of “ solution to pollution is dilution” should be kept in mind
while making any kind of plan.
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The legal provisions for management and handling of hazardous wastes in India
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include -
As per the Environmental Protection Act, 1986 “Hazardous Substance” has been
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characterized as “an element or preparation which, is a danger to cause harm to
individuals, other existing animals, flora, microorganisms, other belongings or
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the earth”
1. Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary

Movement) Rules, 2016 - These principles are the essential guidelines
which address the supervision of harmful waste in India. They were set up
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under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1989, which gives the Central
Government the capacity to acknowledge all such measures as it might
consider essential for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality
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of the environment and controlling and abating ecological pollution.

These standards were endorsed after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Case to
counteract further such cases.
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2. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: This act empowers the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
to regulate and monitor hazardous wastes.
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3. Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016 - The rules mandate the

segregation of biomedical waste into separate categories. This includes
general waste, hazardous waste, and biotechnological waste. Proper
segregation as per prescribed color codes is required.
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4. The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and

Response) Rules, 1996 - These rules require industries handling hazardous
chemicals to develop and implement emergency plans in case of
accidents.
Conclusion -
Any situation of pollution that arises in the environment and in any form
requires a multidisciplinary approach with involvement of all required
stakeholders. Stringent rules and laws around such areas merely won’t abate the
By Sudarshan Gurjar
problems. Regular check on implementation of such laws, assessment on their
performances and a holistic accountability from the authorities and people
involved are few ways to achieve a cleaner and more sustainable environment.
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By Sudarshan Gurjar

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UPSC Mains - English Medium

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(Environment Model Answer) UPSC Mains - English Medium

Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants that are formed when nitrogen

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pollutants in smog are -

Nitrogen Oxides • can contribute to problems with

• links to decreased resistance to

Volatile Organic Compounds • eye irritation

Ozone • eye irritation

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1. Implementing stricter vehicle emissions standards and promoting the use

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of 25GW solar and 11GW of wind which is challenging due to -

the possible exception of parts of Kutch or parts of Jaisalmer. That’s why

construction (EPC) capabilities.

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According to the CEEW report -

on fossil fuels, promoting energy security and sustainability.

non-fossil power capacity by 2030 and net zero emissions by 2070.

Growth Drivers and Way Forward -

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more destructive storms. Cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons feed on

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destroying homes and livelihoods. Heat can make it difﬁcult to work in

average each year, leaving many more vulnerable to poverty.

global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997 -

● Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention

in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in

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1. OSOWOG aims to provide power to about 140 countries through a

times when renewable energy is not available.

technology, and ﬁnances. The resulting economic gains would have a

(Environment Model Answer) UPSC Mains - English Medium

(Environment Model Answer) UPSC Mains - English Medium

the contribution of air pollutants to the global burden of disease.

Recommended 2021 AQG levels compared to 2005 air quality guidelines -

Compared to previous WHO guidelines, the new AQGs:

(Environment Model Answer) UPSC Mains - English Medium

Changes required in India's National Clean Air Programme to achieve WHO’s

1. India’s air pollution standards are more relaxed in comparison to WHO’s

prescribed guidelines. Thus, efforts are needed to make the guidelines

Air pollution, presently one of the biggest environmental challenges, has

(Environment Model Answer) UPSC Mains - English Medium

(Environment Model Answer) UPSC Mains - English Medium

increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above

(Environment Model Answer) UPSC Mains - English Medium

Commitments made by India in this conference -

● Reach 500GWNon-fossil energy capacity by 2030.

In a time marked by uncertainty, mistrust and escalating climate impacts, COP26

the pace we need.

(Environment Model Answer) UPSC Mains - English Medium

Environment Impact Assessment can be deﬁned as “the process of identifying,

environmental factors, depending on its nature and location before