Today, we will talk about a system that has become very popular

in buildings, especially new ones.

There are currently companies specialized in designing and
implementing this system, so let's discuss it a bit.

Introduction to the system:

Alternate names:

A Building Management System (BMS) is a system used for

monitoring and controlling various operations within buildings.
Let's talk about its key features:

From one place and using a single person, you can control all building
loads by using a computer connected to the system.(comfort element)

The system is highly secure; not just anyone can access it, and certain
loads cannot be controlled as he wants (security).

The system significantly and completely saves energy, especially with

general lighting and HVAC loads, by using

] duneers
motion sensors and presence sensors (savings).

[ Motion
Sensors [ ] Occupancy
Sensors

You can monitor the status of all equipment, meaning what's

operational, what's not, and receive alerts for all the events that occur in
the building, especially for operations, disconnections, and faults.
Additionally, you can generate reports with this information.

And other benefits...

I can summarize the system in two words:

Control Monitoring

a control system in the world consists of only 3 components,

nothing else except "

Sensors, switches,
and equipment
monitoring.
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A written code on how it
will behave when the
Actuators
Controllers where
the loads are turned
sensors detect values and on or off.
samples.

[Logic]
If we apply the same concept to a Building Management System
(BMS), we will find that it includes various sensors for monitoring
different equipment, such as temperature and humidity sensors.
Additionally, there is a (controller )with a program that specifies
automatic actions when the sensors detect certain conditions
It reads specific values, and you will also find a set of actuators,
or what is known as "Actuators," which the system controller
will use to control and operate various things, turning them on
and off, and so on.
With this setup, you have achieved the principle of a BMS
(Building Management System). which is the combination of:
Monitoring and Control

The relationship between

project departments:

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low current mechanics electricity

Each department of the three determines two very important

needs, which are:
1. What does it want to monitor?
2. What does it want to control?
But... let's agree that there are certain constants once it's been
established that the building will have a comprehensive BMS,
for example...
[1] The majority and most important part is the central air conditioning
system, as it is the largest and most energy-consuming load in the building.
For clarity, let's say that the goal of System 80% is to control and monitor the
central air conditioning.

[2] When each department begins to define its points on the system, it is
It is necessary to understand that, there may not be a BMS, and you do not

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have monitoring or control of the important MCC panel."

The motor control panel in which

protection and control are
assembled and integrated ,is not
small, it is of large size located on
the roof, close to large air
conditioning loads.
The most common loads associated with the system for
the three departments are:

[1] Mechanical

The most energy-consuming loads, which have the largest share of

the benefits of the BMS.

Like what?
--Chillers--
In all its forms,

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water and air.

In all its forms, --Chilled Water Pump--

Primary
Secondry
 AHU
“Air Handling Unit”

FCU

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“Fan Coil Unit”

VAV
“Variable Air Valve”
 Duct Heaters Fans
Exhaust

Pressurication
Jet

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Smoke
Extract
 There are significant mechanical loads outside the air conditioning
system.
For example " elevators "
"Pumps"
(Monitoring only).

Fire Fighting Pumps

Domestic Pumps
irrigation Pumps
Sump Pumps

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Roughly, we've defined most of the heavy mechanical tasks
that can be monitored and controlled through the BMS.
Let's move on to the second section, which is the...

[2] electrical

In the electrical load section, I can monitor and control..

RMU Ring main unit

-TR (Transformer) -G (Generator)

-Panels: (In its various types.)

MDB
ATS duneersSmDB DB

-UPS: (Uninterrupted Power Supply)

[3] Low Current

The third type within and connected to the BMS is the low-
current systems in the building, with the most important
being the systems responsible for safety, security, and
comfort, such as:"

Data system
CCTV System

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Access Control system
Smart lighting Systems
Fire alarm system

Additional systems may be included depending on the type,

importance and level of the building
The system consists of three layers, each of which contains a
set of devices.

Management

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Field Devices

Each level, as we agreed, consists of a set of devices, in

order to things clear for you. Let's talk about each level,
[including its location and components]
The location:
This part typically has a dedicated room in the building, often
located on the ground floor.

The contents:
A set of workstations screens, some of which will be used to
monitor all system operations and also control them.

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Server machines for storing [large data].

Server:

It is a high-performance computer
(hardware + software) with very high
capabilities and large storage
capacities for handling extensive
data.

One or more printers for printing the events that occur on the
system.
Keep in mind:

The BMS always comes with two servers, not just

one, and their names are:

BMS Server
BMS Redundance Server

Backup server, as the data is extensive, and we

don't want the system to fail due to such issues.

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The location:
Panels distributed across the floors, and there may be more than
one panel on the same floor if the building is large and divided into
zones.

The contents:
BMS Panels
The panels, as we agreed, are called:

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DDC Panels

In the panels, there is a set of devices; I'll tell you about them now,
and you have to know the names only. In a moment, we will talk
about each device :

DDC Controllers
Router / gateway
The module
Control Transformers
Other components that complete the panel include circuit
breakers, relays, and connection terminals
The location:
On the equipment you want to control and monitor, for example,
if you want to monitor an AHU unit, you'll find a set of sensors
installed on its body. The same concept applies to anything you
want to monitor.

The contents:
We will summarize the contents as follows.

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The system's eye.
“I can use it to see any value.”
Sensors

Switches

The muscles of the system

Actuators
“I can control anything with it”.
 A summary of the three levels:

(Management)

(Automation)

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<<Translated by me>>
we previously agreed that the system is shared among three
departments.
Mechanical Electrical Low-Current

We also learned that each department determines the points

they want to monitor and the points they want to control.
This is all well and good,
but what does "integrated systems" mean??
The term I can use for a set of systems interconnected in a way
that their assembly makes them function as a single system is
"integrated systems."
For Example:

"Structured Cabling"
You'll find systems connected to it such as, for example:

IP CCTV IP Telephone IP TV

Well, what does BMS have to do with all this discussion?

-The BMS is one of the systems that are interconnected with the
building's data network and, therefore, part of the integrated
systems within the building.

Let's explain how the network is configured inside a building first,

and then we'll look at the importance and location of each part of
the system precisely.
 [IT RooM]

You will have an IT room on the ground floor with specific

dimensions, special ventilation, and separate air conditioning
that operates continuously to accommodate the many
electronic devices inside it.

For most projects, the IT room will be located on the ground

floor because of the large sizes and heavy weights of the racks

The room does not have a suspended ceiling to facilitate

maintenance work later on.

Then, on each floor, there will be a room with distribution

racks specific to that floor, and they will be connected to the
main rack through multi-mode fiber optic cables (MMFO).

In the design and review process,

it's essential to consider that the
distances in Cat6 copper cables
should not exceed 90 meters.
That's why connections between
the racks are made using MMF
(multi-mode fiber optic) cables
ranging from 2000 to 3000 meters,
despite the effective distance
during design being approximately
500 meters.
The current connection setup will be as follows...

The remaining floors follow the same concept...

We will now learn its meaning

Distribution Switch

The second floor

Distribution Switch

The first floor

The main rack (containing the main switch)

NetWork WAN

The Ground floor

 Keep in mind....
-If the building has a large expanse, there are many solutions available.
For example...

[1] The building is divided into areas, and each area has its own distribution

switch. The switches are connected to each other using MMFO (multi-mode

fiber optics).

copper cables for the outlets

MMFO

Area -

[2] You can run MMF (multi-mode fiber) cables over a distance, and before the
data port, convert from MMF to CAT6.

Distance 500
CAT6

Media Converter
Distance 90
FO to CAT6
Question: How do all these systems understand each
other?
Like people who speak different languages, for example, someone speaks
Arabic and another person speaks Japanese, and no matter how much they
talk, they won't understand each other. But if both of them choose to have a
common language, let it be English, they will start to understand each other
and communicate without any issues. This is essentially the same concept as
protocols (finding a common language understood by different systems) -
creating a common language that systems can use to communicate with each
other.

Up to this point, what protocols do I have?

First... The entire data network speaks a common

language or, as we explained, a "protocol," which is...
Therefore,,,
All the connections between the switches and those coming
out of the switches carry this protocol.

TCP/IP

Data points, cameras, and telephones do not have an issue

with this because they all agree on the same protocol.

But... the BMS system is in a slightly different position because it

has devices that speak different languages, such as...

American

The current issue is:

European
The current issue is:
Some devices have agreed that the common language for
communication between them will be BACnet/IP, while some other
devices have chosen Modbus as their common language. A few others
have agreed on KNX as their common language, or whatever it may
be, it won't make a difference.

The requirement is:

Do all these groups understand each other?

The solution is:

What do you think if we create a translation bureau where all these
groups interact with it? This way, I will have the following...

[1] Each group will have its own language.

[2] When one group can communicate with another, they will work
with the translation bureau, which takes their data and translates it
into the language understood by the second group.
The translation bureau is the GATEWAY or Router, which is
simply the concept of protocol conversion.

When the languages differ below, I will take the language that I want in the end.

translation bureau

Protocol 1

Protocol 2

Protocol 3

You can see this concept in the diagram with different labels, like...
 The American protocol is the best
and the most widespread.

Protocol conversion.

A group of devices with

A group of devices with a common language.
a common language.

<< Translated by me >>

 In the previous lectures, we learned basic information about
the three levels of BMS (Building Management System) and
we also learned the contents of each level and their exact
placement.

In this lecture, we will discuss some details about the first

level in the system and learn about its most important
components.
Firstly: Where is it located?
On the equipment you want to monitor or control.

Air conditioning duct.

Smoke detector installed on it.

What are their types?

Let's simplify things, and say that the site's devices consist
of only two sections, which are:

[1] Devices to read values and monitor status.

[2] Devices to operate and disconnect equipment.

The devices I will use to read the status, and these can be referred

to as:

Sensors
What's the difference?
Switches
To understand the difference, let's first explain two
important terms,,, But before explaining, you should keep
in mind that these terms can be helpful with:

Inputs Outputs
 they each have two states only, no more 0 , 1
Something is either working or not working, open all the way
or completely closed, and so on.

This type is typically found in switches, so when you see a

device labeled "Switch", you immediately know that it deals
with digital signals.

Ex: DPS "Differnetial Pressure Switch"

This is a pressure switch. It is set to a specific pressure
difference between two points, and when it reads that
pressure value, it triggers a change in the control points. This
is how the controller understands that this switch has the
desired pressure difference.
So, we're talking about signals that don't have a specific
value, but their output is related to the relationship between
voltage and time.
This type is typically found
in sensors, so when you
come across a device
described as a sensor, you
immediately know that its
signal is analog.

Ex: Temperature Sensor

A sensor's purpose is to monitor the temperature in a

specific location, and for each temperature value, it
sends an electrical signal with an equivalent value.

A physical value An electrical signal

like temperature with an equivalent
or humidity, for value to the physical
example quantity.
So, we understand that my input is confined between
two terms:

before we explore examples, let me categorize sensors and

switches commonly used for categories like:

Types of temperature measurement in

interior spaces of buildings such as rooms

Types of liquid temperature measurement

Types of temperature measurement in

HVAC ducts

Types of temperature measurement outdoors

Types of air pressure measurement

Types of water pressure measurement

Types of differential pressure measurement

We'll find the same concept in it

Outside buildings
In indoor spaces.

Inside ducts
 There are other types , for example:
-Motion sensor: It provides a signal when there is motion inside
the area it covers, like when someone passes in front of it.

-Occupancy Sensor: It's one of the crucial sensors for energy

conservation, and its concept is that it detects the presence or
absence of people in the area it is installed in.

Most of the types we mentioned can come in either sensor

or switches, and the key difference between them is
illustrated in this example...

A switch, on the other hand, A sensor continuously reads the

only changes its state when pressure, and for each pressure
the pressure reaches a value, it generates an electrical
specific value. signal equivalent to it.
 We've identified the types, and everything seems clear
now. Let's move on and take a look at real-world
examples to see how we can benefit from the data
provided in their datasheets.

Ex(1):
What we're discussing now is an increase in your
knowledge, and it's essential to always be certain that
there is no information without purpose.

The example: A sensor from Siemens with the code QAE21.

The cable control (gland)
entry point. ( Customized sizes )

The part that is installed

This part is the (sensor head), in the item to measure
its temperature (probe).
and it contains the electrical
connections.

Water temperature sensor.

Immersion Temperature

Sensors The signal is

analog

Or, to be more precise, it will be an Analog Input AI.

Passive sensors for acquiring the water temperature in pipes and tanks.

I wrote to you in the description that the sensor is sold

exactly as we explained.

To understand this, let's first agree on a fundamental

concept: Temperature sensors work by establishing a
relationship between the temperature they measure and
an equivalent resistance in ohms. This relationship can be
either linear or inverse and depends on the materials used
in the sensor.

NTC : negative temperature Coffient.

The types made of materials whose resistance decreases
as the temperature rises are referred to as having an
(inverse relationship)
PTC :Positive temperature Coffient

The types made of materials whose resistance increases as

the temperature rises are referred to as having a linear
relationship. This includes sensors like PTC (Positive
Temperature Coefficient) sensors, which can measure cold
water up to 400°C and hot water up to 130°C.

For each temperature value within this range, there will be a

resistance in the elements that make up the sensor, and this
resistance will be the reason for generating an equivalent
electrical signal from the sensor.

is the
This nd
seco
e
typ
You'll also find installation guidelines in the datasheet

Pay attention to
the flow direction.

You'll also find a description of the control cable that you'll

connect to the sensor's terminal and later use to connect it
to the control unit, which is usually located nearby in most
cases 1.5 * 2
Finally, you'll find information about the wiring, whether
there will be any issues if the connections on the sensor
terminal are reversed or not.

Adaptable for point

swapping.
 Let's look at another
DPS
example, but this time...
Differential pressure
switch
EX (2) :
support
Entering the control cable. For mounting on
equipment bodies.

An adjuster to set the pressure differential value.

The location for installing the pipes through which the

pressure difference is to be measured at the two points

Differential Pressure Switch QBM81-...

for air and nonaggressive gases

For use in gases

It will provide a digital signal (1,0), which occurs

when the pressure difference reaches the value
we've set on the indicator, causing the internal DI
points of the switch to change
 Phase
Switch position 1-2: lower pressure
Switch position 1-3: higher pressure

Don't worry, the topic is very simple.

Look, sir, the switch has a point we call a "pivot point."

One of them is a common point shared with the other two

points, labeled as "com"

The second point is normally closed (NC), meaning it's

connected when the switch reads pressure difference.
The third point is normally open (NO), meaning it's
disconnected when the switch reads pressure difference.

After reaching the Before reaching the

pressure difference. pressure difference.
The control cable can be 2x1.5 if you
only want to use the NO point and
receive a signal when it closes.
However, for certain applications that
require the NC as well, you may need a
3x1.5 control cable in that case.

Other examples ,,,

outside humidity
temperature Sensor

space humidity+ Co2 +

Water temperature sensor
Flow
Switch

Ceiling
mounted Differential Pressure
Occupancy Switch For Liquids
Sensor
Devices used to turn equipment on and off, and the most
commonly used ones include:

Let's explain what this means:

The muscles of the BMS (Building Management System),

through which it can control the activation and deactivation
of equipment, especially in a central HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system.

Its types include...

The division is based on the type of movement you'll need to

provide
This means that ,,,
we have two types based on the type of
movement:
Rotary actuators

A type that, when given a signal, produces

rotational movement. It is commonly used in
applications like ,,,

Rotary
actuators

Rectangular
Damper

A damper is a mechanism used to control the airflow

within HVAC ducts, (AHUs), and (VAV) boxes.

Let me explain them further

There are also types that can be installed on valves where the
opening and closing are achieved by rotating them.

The valve's shape before

installation
Well... is the choice random?
of course not. The choice is made based on a few factors
like...
24 VDC
1. The operating voltage 24 VAC
230 VAC

Spring Type: The actuator returns to its default position

automatically when the power is disconnected.
2. Is it

Non-Spring Type: When the power is disconnected, the

actuator remains in its last set position.

Position Control-2: A signal that instructs

it to stay in the current position or move
to the other position.
3. The control
signal
Multi-position control: It allows you to set
the opening to specific positions, such as
fully open, halfway open, or a quarter open,
providing more precise control over the
valve or damper's position.
The second type based on the type of
movement will be...

The movement here is up and down, and this type

is commonly used with valves, (controlling the
opening and closing of the valve.)

This part is called

"Stroke", and it can be
either short, like 4mm,
or long.

The installation
method is called a

The installation method is called a

We've defined actuators based on their types of movement,
but there are other methods used for controlling operations
like..

When you request the panel from the panel builders, you
must clearly specify that the following circuit breakers
will be monitored using the BMS. This will ensure that the
circuit breakers come with additional points used for
monitoring. These points are called :
1. Auxillary Contacts
2.Free Contacts

L
N
aux Contact

A link with a control wire coming

Power
from the BMS panel to monitor the
status of the circuit breaker, whether
it is functioning properly or not.

Com

to Loads
But... If you want to control the circuit breaker, not
just monitor it, you can request a unit called "Shunt
Trip" to be installed with it. Here's an example of what
it looks like:

To control remote disconnection.

There are high-voltage

versions, as you can see, so
choose the one that suits
your needs
 A solenoid-operated circuit breaker can be controlled
for both opening and closing through its coil

Low current
High current

Control

Power
Now you have the ability to control the operation and
disconnection of the load by using a small control current
to control a larger current

Help points...

The contactor typically comes with auxiliary contacts

used for monitoring rather than control. These
auxiliary contacts have two types: normally open
(NO) and normally closed (NC).
 After turning Before turning
on the on the
contactor contactor

After turning Before turning

on the on the
contactor contactor

The auxiliary contacts can come as a part of the contactor

itself, or they can be a separate component that is installed
next to it or on its front panel.

Help points
Look with me at this example:

These parts are found in the

standard distribution panel
or the Motor Control Center
(MCC) panels

ca b le for
rol ppin
g
Cont s to
rt ing and inked to
sta ct or, l
a
the c
on t
ac t or coil
ont
the c

e
l e to th
ab
o t h e r c w h e n it
an o e
n n ec t n t a c t, s t h a t th
w i ll c o i a r y c o ll k n o w m o to r
I i l i e
aux ,Iw d th
N O n i t i a lly s e d , a n
es i c lo ed
c lo s t o r h a s s ta r t
ta c ha s
con
In summary, what we've discussed is..
The first level in BMS is called Field Devices, and it
includes devices responsible for two things :
1. Monitoring the equipment status.
2. Controlling the equipment's on and off.

The devices that are monitored using input signals are

the ones from which the controller receives data, and
the devices controlled by it are substituted by the
controller's output signals

Sensor / Switch

reads the controls it

status"
The inputs and outputs have another division based
on the type of signal present, and the types are as
follows:

A signal A signal that has no specific

coming in the meaningful value and where
form of 0 , 1 the value depends on what
the sensor is reading

OFF ON

This has no specific

meaningful value, and the
indicator can provide you
with various values from the
many available on the
indicator
We're not saying anything
different from what was
explained earlier, except
that this will be a
command from the
controller to either turn
something on (1) or off (0)
The controller with this
type can send a command
to such-and-such sensor
and tell it to open to half
or to a quarter, for
example. (You can control
the amount he wants)

If things still aren't making sense in this part,

understand it to the best of your ability, and with more
examples, it should become clear

<< Translated by me >>

Rama Alshaer
In the previous lectures, we learned that the BMS consists of
three levels. These levels are:

In the last lecture, we discussed the level related to on-site

devices, and today, Insha'Allah, we will talk about the second
level (Control)
 Before anything else... what does control mean?
Let's explain the meaning of the word in a simple way and
say that "control" is a system composed of three fundamental
components

outputs processor inputs

The system's
brain, and it goes
The muscles of the An eye overseeing
to everything you
system through which want to do what's happening.
the equipment is either Sensors
disconnected or Switches
activated.
Contactors
Actuators

We discussed inputs and outputs in the last

lecture, and they are simply components of the
level : Field Devices
Components of the automation level:
I can say that the components of this level are confined
within a panel called the widely used panel in projects:

DDC is the controller (processor or system brain) used with

the BMS, and the acronym stands for:

The command for

equipment
disconnect and
activation

Sensor status
and switches.

Status to know whether the

equipment is operational or not.
The most important components are:
1. Processor
2. modules
3. Control Transformer
4. Terminal block
5. Relays
 This is simply the mastermind of the entire system.

It has a program written on it representing the steps that the

system will follow.

Example: Consider it as, for instance, when it receives a signal

from the fire alarm panel indicating a problem in the building,
it sends commands to close the fresh air fans and activate the
smoke exhaust fans, and so on.

Regardless, the scenario that takes place in the building is

calculated within the program using predefined steps, and this
is what they refer to as the 'Logic.

A logical thinking scenario to

solve a problem or make a
decision
 The types are:

The controller receives the points to which the sensors and

actuators are connected.

The use of this type is not widespread due to the limited

number of points, and also because the second type offers
greater flexibility in usage as an alternative.
The modular:
The most widespread type in projects, where the processor
is separate, and there are modules to which sensors and
actuators are connected individually

We will explain the first modules before you see examples

of the controller because the two are interconnected.

Every controller in the world understands one language

(machine language). This language is entirely composed of
(0 , 1)

Any input signal needs to be in the Any output signal from it

(0,1) format for it to be understood. will be in the form of (0 , 1)
So, what's next..??
We know that a sensor, for example, reads a value, let's say
temperature, and outputs an electrical signal equivalent to
that value. Now, we understand that the controller won't
comprehend the meaning of the electrical signal coming
from the sensor directly. It will need something in front of it
to convert the signal to an equivalent value in the (0,1)
format, and this is the function of the module.

Duct Signal The logical

temperature conversion thinking part
is 100°C

The equivalent
value for the
The electrical signal
signal but in
coming from the sensor
machine
is equivalent to the
temperature it has read.
language :

Signal
conversion
l
a l signa
ic and
It will open,
t electr ller
n tro
let's say, 80%
q uivale the con odul
e
based on the E om e m
u tp ut fr e d in th
upcoming o m
sfor
command tran
Our conclusion is..
The module is a device used to convert signals,
whether incoming to the controller from sensors and
switches ( input module ), or outgoing from the
controller to the actuators (output module)

You will encounter many terms...

Status: Any incoming signal to the controller to inform it

about the value of a specific thing or the status of a
particular device.

Command: Any outgoing signal from the controller to

activate or disconnect a specific thing.
What are the types of modules?
We know that we will connect the on-site devices
using it, and thus, it will be divided based on the
types we explained in the on-site devices, which are..

There is a third type that you might encounter, called

universal module. This type of module can receive both
digital and analog signals.
For example, we've defined on-site devices, the controller,
and modules. Now, let's understand how these components
work together through some simple examples.

You have a sensor installed to measure the liquid level.

When the liquid first reaches it, it sends a signal indicating
its status to the controller. The controller then interprets
this signal, and based on the code programmed inside, it
might send a command to the actuator, which is connected
to the valve. For example, the command could be to close
the valve and prevent any more water from entering the
tank since the desired level has been reached

Exactly, as you can see, for the processor to understand

what's happening, there needs to be a module that translates
the incoming states and translates the commands going out
to the actuators.
In the simple example we discussed earlier, we applied the
full meaning of the BMS ,the ability to :

Monitor Control

Examples

Let's look at some examples to understand how to differentiate

between different types of signals

Digital Signal:
If I have an electrical panel controlling a motor in a
specific machine and I need to disconnect and operate
the motor.
also to know its status, you must answer these
questions .

Do you need to know the status or do you need to issue a

command?
s
Statu
Here, you need to know the status of the motor,
whether it is running or not.

You also need to issue the command to start or

stop it (Command) Command
From the answer to the previous question, we know that
you need the following :

The second question is:

Is control only binary, or are there more possibilities?

Firstly: the status you want to know is the state of the motor, which
is only two possibilities: (either it's running or not running).
Therefore, this is a Digital signal that we agreed has only two values,
either 0 or 1 (ON-OFF)

Secondly: the command you want to control is to instruct the motor

to start or stop, so again, it has only two possibilities (two states).
Therefore, this command is also a Digital signal.
 From the answer to the second question, I understood that
the signals you need will be Digital, whether it's the status
you want to know or the command you want to execute
When we combine the answers to both questions, we find
that we need the following

Knowing the status of the motor Digital input

The command to disconnect and Digital output
operate the motor.

So, what is required is

One monitoring point for the status

One control point for the motor
Ex (2):
I have a DPS (pressure differential switch) to measure the
pressure difference across two points on a filter in the central air
conditioning system, and I want to know if the value displayed
on its indicator is correct or not
We ask the same two questions....
First: do I need to know the status of the DPS or control it?
Here, I need to know if the DPS has reached a pressure
difference equal to the set value or not (to know its status)

Secondly: does the condition I want to know have only two

possibilities or more?
The DPS will help me determine if the pressure difference has
reached the set value or not (only two possibilities)

The status of the switch

measuring pressure differential

Analog Signals:
I have a temperature sensor, and I want to continuously
monitor the values it reads.

It outputs an
electrical signal
equivalent to the
temperature value it
Sensor temperature.
observes

Question (1): Do I need to know the status of the sensor, or am I

controlling it?
I need to know the temperatures it reads (I want to know the status).

Question (2): Does this status have two possibilities or more?

These possibilities don't have a specific number because at one
moment the temperature can be 50, then a bit later it rises to 155,
and then it drops to 30, and so on continuously (the possibilities he
will see are very large).

I want to define the status, and also, the status has many possibilities.

input analog
 (Temperature value)

Air conditioning duct

Ex(3):
We have a damper that is controlled for opening and closing
using a [Rotary Actuator], and I need to be able to open it to
the desired percentage, for example, 10%, 20%, 30%, as
desired
Question (1): Do I need to know the status of the actuator,
or do I control it?
This is needed for controlling the opening and closing (output).

Question (2): Is this control only two possibilities, meaning

ON and OFF, or are there more possibilities than that?

These possibilities are significant because I want to control

the percentage of the opening, for example, by increments of
1/10, 1, and 20 (analog).
I want to control, and there are many possibilities for control

output Analog

A command for the

percentage he wants to
focus on

Insha'Allah, in the next lecture, we will continue with the

remaining components of the BMS panel and understand the
things you need to consider when choosing the controller and
modules

<< Translated by me >>

Rama Alshaer
 In the last lecture, we discussed the two essential
components on this board, namely: the processor

the Modules

And we learned how to differentiate between types of

Digital/Analog , input/output signals.
Before delving into the details of this lecture, let's take a look
at examples of processors and modules and understand what
factors we need to consider when choosing them

Example: PXC Series devices produced by Siemens.

 Everything you want to monitor represents a point, and
everything you want to control represents a point. It is
essential to ensure that the controller can handle and
support all the points that will be connected to its modules
(this point is very important and requires careful
attention)

This model, like yours, can support up to

200 points, both input and output. It is
important to consider leaving spare points
when calculating, typically around 15% to
25%, from receiver
 Ex(2):
This model may be a Digital
Input (DI) and can be installed
with the previous controller
(from the same family)

TX-I/OTM

Digital input modules TXM1.8D

TXM1.16D

The module can accommodate 16 points, and since it is

an input module, we can refer to it as 'Digital Status,'
indicating its capability to read digital input signals.

Connection

The arrow pointing

inward indicates that
the signal is entering
the controller.

Each point I monitor requires

a cable (2 *1.5)

Pressure
differential
switch
Let's continue with the rest of the components on our panel....

CONTROL TRANSFORMER

A small transformer that reduces the voltage from 220V to 24VAC

Here's some information for you.... The PXC family we mentioned
in the previous example, all operate on 24VAC. That's why this
transformer is essential

EARTH

Describe the
connection
shape in the
controller's
rose.
Step-down
transformer

Circuit breaker for

protection against An outlet for
overloads and the UPS panel
short circuits
or at least for
the emergency
pane
 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
PSU
In the previous step, the controller was powered, and in this
step, the modules are supplied using a power supply supported
by the same company because they are designed to work
together through a common connection known as the bus

Supply Operating voltage DC 21.5 26 V (SELV/PELV)

or DC 24 V class 2 (US)
(bus connector on side)
Max. power consumption TXM1.80 1.1 W
TAMI 16D 14 W
(for the sizing of power supplies, see CM110562)

The datasheet of the DI module from the last session

contained these two terms

Ex:

TX-I/OTM

Power supply module,

bus connection module
 The arrangement of the bus...

Each I/O row begins with one of these devices Before each row of modules

TXS1.12F10 power supply module

- Up to 4 power supply modules can be operated in parallel
- AC 24 V input ← It will also draw from the transformer

- Generation/transfer of DC 24 V, 1.2A for the supply of TX-I/O modules

an field devices

- Fresh provision of AC 24 V V for for field field device device supply supply

- Transfer of the bus signal

From the datasheet, we understood the following

From the
panel's
dedicated
transformer

The maximum allowable current to be drawn from the power supply is

1.2A After this, it will heat up and may burn, so be cautious. The devices
connected to it should have a draw that is approximately 25% less than
this number.
The Bus is configured using two methods
[1] If all the modules are placed next to each other on the panel, a
connector called the Bus Connector is used, and here are its forms

These terminals have a place to fit into

the device next to them, using the
same concept as a plug and socket.

The connection transfers 24 VDC

for powering the modules, and it
also transfers data between these
devices

“Another shape”
From the Trend brand, a subsidiary of Honeywell
POWER SUPPLY

MODULES

PROCESSOR
[2] Sometimes, the loads are located far away from the panels,
requiring the modules to be transported a distance and
installed on a panel close to them. Here, the bus is configured
as follows
PROCESSOR POWER SUPPLY MODULES

Question : Is the distance of the bus optional?

Any distance between two devices in any system can be
encountered in your life. The crucial element is the cable
connecting these devices. Therefore, in the same catalog,
Trend provides information on the possible distances based
on the chosen cables
 Cable model

Brand name

Final note
Sometimes, it provides you with ports to supply the output field devices
from the PSU. What you think about that ....
To supply the field devices, an AC/DC 12 ..... 24 V supply voltage is connected via a T 10A fuse to the
island bus ("Field supply V=", maximum admissible current 6 A)

It tells you that if you want to power the field devices, whether it needs a
24 VDC /12 VDC or needs 24VAC /12VAC , you can easily draw them from
the designated location, and it has protection with a fuse 10 A, but you
must consider that the maximum allowable current to draw from this port
is 6 A .
 TERMINAL BLOCKS

In order for the panel to be organized and the wires to have their
place away from the devices, these Terminal Blocks are used. They
look like this

The wires run inside ducts, and they are connected to them. In the
end, you will have a very well-organized panel

Label

t
The Duc

Terminal
blocks

Each circuit has a number or label,

and this information is very
important for maintenance later on

Wire Marker/Label
The relay has the same idea as the contactor exactly in terms of
their appearance, but the difference is that the relay is used in
control circuits because the allowed currents passing through it
are much smaller than those for the contactor. Also, it has many
auxiliary points .....

You will find a type of it with 8 points

2 points for the There is another type with 12 points

coil
2 switch groups 2 points for the coil
SPDT
3 switch groups SPDT

“ Single pole Double Through ”

where is using it
A command outside the controller, its type DO

Think with me, why are we doing this?

First: Protection for the module because the relay completely
isolates the thing it controls from the thing it is controlled by

Second: It is very likely that the thing you want to control

requires a different electrical supply than what is output from the
module. For example, if the module outputs 24VDC and you have
a contactor or actuator that needs 220VAC, you can control the
relay coil with +24VDC and solve the problem, as you can see in
the diagram above

Keep in mind
Make sure that the load you connect to the relay points draws a
current less than the rated current specified on the relay
Up to this point, we have covered all the essential
components in the BMS panel

But... I still have an important question!

We agreed at the beginning of the lecture that the controller must

have the ability to deal with all the points connected to its modules.

what should be done if the number of points is large?

It's quite obvious that you'd say I should get another controller to
connect the rest of the points.

Honestly, I'm waiting for this answer so we can ask a second

question.

How do we connect the controllers together ?

Simply put, we can say that the controllers are connected to

each other in a method called 'daisy chain' where each
controller receives from the one before it and passes on to the
controller after it, and so on.
 The cable used has 3 wires, including the ground wire.
It is connected to the 485-RS port.

How will the distances be managed?

Each router can be connected to it

Max: 50 Controllers

The maximum distance it can cover from the router to the last device.
Max: 1200 m
Even if the devices within this distance are far less than 50
I need to install more than 50 controllers, or I want the distance between the
controllers to be greater than 1200 meters?

A repeater will be installed, and the setup will look like this..
Note that .... the number is limited . In the design, 3 segments
are allowed, and after them, another router is required to
repeat the connection

The connections have scenarios, and I'll tell you about them
shortly. But for now, what matters to me is that you understand
how the controllers connect with each other, what settings are
required, and the distances that need to be considered
Review with me before we conclude the lecture...

<< Translated by me >>

Rama Alshaer
 EXAMPLES
Since mechanical operations, especially HVAC systems, are the most
energy-consuming in buildings, let's chat a bit about this topic. This
will help us understand why we monitor specific parts and control
components when we start explaining through examples.

HVAC
Heating Air
Ventelation Conditioning

The whole topic simply revolves around controlling three

elements, which are:

Heat Humidity Air Quality

Air conditioning, in its various types, consists of a set of
interconnected components arranged in a specific way so that
ultimately, the air in the space meets the required standards of
temperature, humidity, and other factors

you can divide the components used into four main sections

SSOURCES
OURCES
The components that are the main sources for heating or
cooling operations.
Primary
Heating
Primary
Cooling

Examples

Chillers Boilers Cooling

Towers
The source of The source of Removing heat from the
cold water Heat water building to the outside of the
building
 DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
A set of components responsible for transferring something from one place to
another, either through regular transport or by using force and propulsion.

Coils Valves
Transfer of heat from Transfer water from
water to air one place to another

With Water

Pipes Pumps
Pumping water from
Allowing the passage of water one place to another
from one place to another
 Dampers Fans
Transfer Air from one Pumping Air from one
place to another place to another
[Water Valve alternatives] [Water pump alternatives]
With Air

Ducts

Allowing the passage of Air

from one place to another
[Water Pipe alternatives]
 DELIVERY
D ELIVERY
A set of components whose function is to transfer heat or cold to
the desired location to be conditioned

We will talk about them with some details and

specifications as well

FCU
AHU

Diffusers Baseboard Radiator

The same
concept, but for
installation
here on the
ground, not on
the ceiling

Distribution of conditioned air inside the rooms

 CCONTROL
ONTROL
This family may include very large components such as:
1. Any sensors present in the system.
2. Any actuators in the system.
3. Thermostats, switches, and others.
4. Controllers in all their forms, whether integrated into a system like BMS
Or if they are part of the equipment on the controller present within the
FCU and within the VAV system.

Actuators
Switches Sensors

Thermostat

Controllers
 We can simplify air conditioning systems into just two types.

Before we discuss the difference between them, let's define an

important term, which is:

ZZONE
ONE
An area within a building can vary in size, but what distinguishes
it is that the entire space has the same thermal load, or in simpler
terms, all of it requires the same temperature and humidity level.
You can observe this in a building where, for example, regular
rooms have a certain temperature, while data rooms with racks
have a different temperature. Therefore, we say that regular
rooms belong to one zone and data rooms belong to another

So far so good. Now let's see the difference between these two types.
 CCENTRAL
ENTRAL
1. The larger and more extensive system, with larger equipment.
2. serves large areas containing one or more zones.
3. Its equipment is notable for its size and is commonly found in
specific locations,
such as...
1. The building's rooftop.
2. mechanical rooms inside the building.
3. outside the building.

LLOCAL
OCAL
The systems whose components are within one package .
The installation is typically close to the zone that needs to be
conditioned .

First, I'd like to say a few words about air conditioning in general before
we look at examples of the many equipment types found in it, with the
most important being the AHU .
 Air
AHU
A HU Unit

Handling

Locations of Presence:
In medium and large buildings that use central air conditioning.
Their sizes are large, so you would expect to see them in areas with
large spaces, either on the building's rooftop or in mechanical rooms
inside the building.
Their number inside the building is limited because they cover large
areas, such as entire floors, for example

AHU
A HU
Instead of buying one
large unit, they can buy
multiple units to
distribute them
throughout the building
and improve the design
flexibility.
AHU
A HU
AHU
A HU
Why is an AHU needed in the air conditioning system?
The literal translation is: "Tell us that the literal translation is
Air Handling Unit.

1. The air enters from outside the building, known as “ fresh air”
2. The air undergoes treatment, and this treatment is as follows...
Air purification to improve its quality.

Lowering its temperature (cooling process) or raising its temperature

,Using the (heating process).

Adding humidity or removing humidity from the air.

3. After all these treatments, the air is then circulated to the areas to be

conditioned.

The components:

The simplest configuration of an AHU consists of two

parts

Supply Return
 Return
Fan

Exhaust
Air Return
Heating
Grill Filters
Coil

Fresh
Air Supply

Damper Cooling Supply

Coil Fan

Grill : Located at the front of the unit, in the direction of air intake or
exhaust, its purpose is to prevent the entry of debris into the unit.

Damper : Controlling the amount of air entering and leaving the unit.

Filters : The incoming air needs to be filtered to remove dust and impurities

(improving air quality).

Cooling Coil : Copper pipes arranged in a specific manner, with a refrigerant

flowing inside them. When air passes between these pipes, heat exchange

occurs, cooling the air.

Heating Coil : Similar to the cooling coil concept, but this could be copper
pipes with electric heating coils or electric elements instead, through which
hot water flows.

Supply Fan : Fans in general are used to draw in and push out air.
You may also find other components like the humidifier,
responsible for adding humidity to the air. It draws water,
vaporizes it, and then (injects it into the air to be distributed
as steam)

In most buildings, to reduce electricity consumption, a large

proportion of the air returned from the room, which has already
been cooled/heated previously, is reused.

Exhaust
Return
MIX

Fresh
Supply
Alright, you've identified most of the important components. Now
let's see what we monitor here.

Look at the
complete
picture and
let's break it
down into
parts and
understand
each part
individually
the shape I saw, this is considered the SLD What
you'll always see for the BMS. (Single Line
Diagram)

Focus with me here because this information is extremely important

Below in the diagram, you'll find a table where you can understand
each point on the unit, whether it's digital or analog, its type (AHU),
and whether it's an input or output signal.

This information will identify the type of module that the points are
connected to in the DDC Panel.
Analog
Input
Analog AI
Output AO

Binary BI
Input BO
Binary
Output

The arrow in row BO and its direction

pointing outward means that this is a
digital signal outgoing from the
controller to activate or deactivate a
specific component
Note :
Binary = Digital Signal (0 , 1)
 we look up a bit, we find a description of the signal ,and
sometimes a description of the cable used to connect the

Fresh DAMPERS COMMAND

Field Device to the module.

It's written here, for example, that this is a command

used to control the opening and closing of the damper
responsible for bringing fresh air from outside the
building to the AHU

the AHU, it's the type that mixes fresh air from outside the building
with a portion of the air returned from inside the building .

MIXING

Firstly :
before the outside air enters the building, the external
temperature and humidity are measured using a sensor for each
task, and sometimes one sensor performs both tasks.
 There's a damper used to control the
entry of outside air into the building.

The control will be done through

Rotary Actuator MD

Motorized
Damper
T
Outdoor Temperature &
Humidity Sensor
Command

Status AI DO

0 : Fully Closed
1 : Fully Open

Rotary
Actuator

1. Similarly, there will be a damper along the return path to control the
exhaust of air from inside the building to the outside. (I understand
the concept in general regardless of the mechanical design of the
unit.)
When air enters it passes through filters. The purpose of these filters
is to carry out the purification process (raising the air quality).

The dust collected from the air accumulates on the surface of the
filter. That's why the filters need to be monitored so they know
when to replace them.

The idea is simple...

A switch is installed to measure the pressure difference on both

sides of the filter.

The switch is (DPS) The Differential Pressure Switch .

Its concept is simple: we set a value on it, and when the pressure
difference around the filter reaches that value, it gives a signal
indicating that the filter needs to be changed.
Alright, sir. If the air quality is fine for now, then we move on to
the next stage, which is adjusting its temperatures using coils.

For cooling: we use the cooling coil.

For heating: we use the heating coil.

What do we need here... !! Cooling Coil

The cold water inlet Motorized

Valve

[ Valve + Actuator ]
CHW SUPPLY

CHW RETURN

The water exits after passing through the AI AO Command

copper pipes (Coil)
Status

CWH : Chiller Water

We'll need to control the amount of water flowing into the coils and
the volume of water altogether. When the volume is high, it means
greater cooling.
The amount of water entering is controlled using a valve fitted
with an actuator.
Give it a command so that the AI understands how much to open.
I'll wait for a status from it through which I can know How much of its
opening.

Command
Actuator

Status Valve

Pipes

The AHU can indeed have a heating coil operating in the same way

exactly. Instead of hot water, it can also operate with electricity. We'll

see this when we explain an example from inside the MCC panel.
 The unit has two fans. One is for supplying air into the room,
located in the supply section, and the other operates in reverse and
is located in the return section.

For a fan to work effectively, there must be a significant pressure

difference between the air in front of it and the air behind it.

That's why....
You'll always find a pressure difference switch (DPS) with AHU
fans. Through it, you can determine whether the fan is operating
properly or not.

Note:
Typically, about 30 seconds are waited after issuing the fan start
command. If the switch doesn't reach the required pressure
difference, it's known that the fan is faulty.
SUPPLY FAN

Status P
DI

DI
You'll also find temperature sensors measuring the air
temperature outside so the machine can determine whether it still
needs cooling or heating the air or not.

Similarly, there would be a

smoke sensor on the supply Smoke
duct, indicating if there's a Detector

fire inside the machine or

not. Another one would be on
SD
the return duct, signaling if T
there's a fire coming from the
area being conditioned or
not.
AI DI
Status Status

As soon as smoke passes over it, its status will

change, and it will send a signal to the controller.

DUCT SMOKE DETECTOR

HVAC Duct
 The matter is simple, as you can see. You won't need anything from
me except understanding how each part works and why it's installed
in a particular location.

Linkage with MCC :

Since the AHU contains fans, which means motors, it's natural
for them to have a control circuit and power inside the MCC.

Most of the work in BMS with electricity involves

monitoring, or in other words, knowing the specific status
of something. Also, it's important to note that most of the
signals we deal with are digital.

Firstly, for the BMS to control the fan, it must be set to the "auto"
mode,

allowing remote control from the controller

And that's why you'll find status signals coming from the MCC,
indicating whether the fan is set to "auto" or not.

you can't imagine the situation... follow along with me

 We need to know the status of the fan, whether it has started or
not.
We need to know if the fan is operating properly or if it has any
issues like overloading.
Finally, we need to have the ability to turn the fan on and off as
needed.

S.F Auto/Manual Status

DI
S.F Status Status
DI

MCC
S.F Trip Status
DI
S.F S/S Command
DO

The connection would be as follows.....

DDC Panel

Auto/Manual MCC
Status

Trip

Start
Stop
Control Cables Command

DPS Status

Power Cable
S.F
What happens inside the MCC?
Alright, we agreed that the AHU contains fans, and these fans are
powered by motors. It's natural for the motor to have a control
circuit inside the MCC, in addition to the power circuit. But what
matters to us is the control circuit.
To make everything clear, let's assume the motor operates on
a simple (DON) starting circuit.
Direct On-Line

The power circuit diagram:

Controlling the motor's start

and stop.
Short circuit
protection circuit.

MCCB
Contactor

OverLoad

Protection against overload

currents from the motor's
excess loading.

The fan motor

inside the
AHU.
The control circuit diagram?
The components mentioned earlier are important, but what matters
to me is the control circuit because it will determine how I can
connect the BMS to it.
Selector
Line Fuse
Switch

Auxiliary contact
The contactor
point from the
coil.
overload.

Neutral

Let me explain this part to you first, and then you can
continue with it.....
Firstly, at the beginning of the control circuit, you'll find a fuse
protecting it from short circuits. And you'll find it the first element
in the circuit.

After that, I have a Selector, which is a switch with many forms, the
simplest of which is the 3-pos, with 3 positions, or the famous one
known as H OA
HOA
Off Auto
Hand
 H AND
HAND
In manual mode, electricity will be directly connected
to the contactor coil, and then the power circuit will
close, starting the motor.

The circuit is complete and

everything is fine.

It could disconnect here due to two reasons:

1. Changing the switch position and keeping it in the "OFF" position,

disconnecting electricity from the contactor coil.
2. Excessive load occurs, activating the overload device. When it's
activated, the status of the auxiliary contact point changes; the closed
one becomes open and the open one becomes closed.

The circuit is interrupted

when overload occurs.
Keep in your mind......
The BMS is not related to the manual mode (Hand), and the
switch must be in the Auto mode for it to receive signals from
the BMS and operate.

A point from the Digital Output (DO)

module inside the DDC panel.

When the BMS controller sends a signal, the point will close,
providing an alternative full power supply to the coil of the
contactor, which will then activate, and the motor will start
running.

The disconnection happens here.

Switching the switch to the OFF position.

OL

Overload occurrence and opening of the

Cutting off the signal to the control point that completed the circuit, as mentioned earlier.
 So, we understand why it's important to know the switch position
and why the BMS works with me only in the automatic mode.

The second question....

How do I know if the motor is running or not?
Simple... the main motor controller is the contactor, so if the
contactor is active, the motor is running, and vice versa.
How do I do that?
By using an auxiliary contact from the contactor, when it closes,
the controller understands that the contactor has operated, and
thus, the motor has started.
My last question...
How do I know if there's a trip or overload issue?

Simpler than before... I'll take a signal from the existing

device to monitor the overload through an open
auxiliary contact point on it, that's it.

<< Translated by me >>

Rama Alshaer