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Topic-IV

80x86 Instruction Sets and ALP

T1. Barry B Brey, The Intel Microprocessors. Pearson, Eight Ed. 2009. Chapter 4-6, 8

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The effect of the PUSH AX instruction on ESP and stack memory

locations 37FFH and 37FEH. This instruction is shown at the point
after execution.
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PUSH
Push data from

 Registers/Segment Register

 Memory

 Flag Register

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PUSH
• Always transfers 2 bytes of data to the stack;
– 80386 and above transfer 2 or 4 bytes

• PUSHA instruction copies contents of the internal register set,

except the segment registers, to the stack.

• PUSHA (push all) instruction copies the registers to the stack in

the following order: AX, CX, DX, BX, SP, BP, SI, and DI.

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• PUSHA instruction pushes all the internal 16-bit registers onto the
stack.
• requires 16 bytes of stack memory space to
store all eight 16-bit registers
• After all registers are pushed, the contents of the SP register are
decremented by 16.
• PUSHAD instruction places 32-bit register set on the stack in
80386 - Core2.
– PUSHAD requires 32 bytes of stack storage

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PUSHA instruction,
showing the location and order of stack data.

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• PUSHF (push flags) instruction copies the contents of the flag

register to the stack.

• PUSHAD instructions push the contents of the 32-bit register

set in 80386 - Pentium 4.

• PUSHA instructions do not function in the 64-bit mode of

operation for the Pentium 4

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PUSH
Example-PUSH operation
PUSH AX
PUSH EBX
PUSH DS
PUSH WORD PTR[BX]
PUSHF
PUSHFD
PUSHA
PUSHAD
PUSH 16-imm
PUSHD 32-imm

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POP
 Performs the inverse operation of PUSH
 The POP instruction removes a word from the top of the stack
to the specified 16-bit register or memory location.
 The stack pointer is incremented by 2 after the execution.
 Ex: POP CX
- copies a word from the top of stack to the CX register and
increment SP by 2.
 not available as an immediate POP

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POP
• POPF (pop flags) removes a 16-bit number from the stack and
places it in the flag register;
– POPFD removes a 32-bit number from the stack and places
it into the extended flag register
• POPA (pop all) removes 16 bytes of data from the stack and
places them into the following registers, in the order shown: DI,
SI, BP, SP, BX, DX, CX, and AX.
– reverse order from placement on the stack by PUSHA
instruction, causing the same data to return to the same
registers

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PUSHF

• Pushes flag register on to the stack; First the upper byte and
then the lower byte is pushed on to it. The SP (stack pointer )
is decremented by 2 for each PUSH operation.

• The FLAGS themselves are not affected.

PUSHF 10011100

Machine code format

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POPF

• Transfers a word from the current top of the stack to the

FLAG register and increments the SP by 2.

• All the flags will be affected.

• PUSHF and POPF are used when there is a subprogram.

POPF 10010000

Machine code format

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End of Lecture 16

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