Dynamic Clustering Equivalent Model of Wind Turbin

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Dynamic clustering equivalent model of wind turbines based on spanning tree
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DOI: 10.1063/1.4938125
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Dynamic clustering equivalent model of wind turbines based on spanning tree
Weijun Teng, Xifan Wang, Yongqing Meng, and Wenhui Shi
Citation: Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 7, 063126 (2015); doi: 10.1063/1.4938125
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4938125
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jrse/7/6?ver=pdfcov
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JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 7, 063126 (2015)
Dynamic clustering equivalent model of wind turbines

based on spanning tree
Weijun Teng,1 Xifan Wang,1 Yongqing Meng,1 and Wenhui Shi2
1
State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment (Xi’an Jiaotong
University), Xi’an 710049, Shanxi Province, China
2
China Electric Research Institute, Haidian District, Beijing 100192, China
(Received 8 July 2015; accepted 4 December 2015; published online 22 December 2015)
With the increasingly high penetration of wind energy, the dynamic influence of
wind farms (WFs) on operation security of power systems gains much more
attention. Consisting of hundreds of wind turbines (WTs), dynamic analysis on a
detailed model of WFs is complicated and time consuming. In this paper, a
simplified dynamic equivalent model of WFs based on the spanning tree (ST) is
proposed. First, the clustering method based on the growing ST is first applied to
the dynamic equivalent of WFs. Second, according to the mathematical model of
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and permanent magnetic synchronous
generator (PMSG), clustering variables of DFIG and PMSG are classified into
internal variables and external variables, reflecting the dynamic characteristics of
WTs. Finally, based on the actual WFs and actual wind speed data, simulations
were employed in DIGSILENT/PowerFactory. The results demonstrate that the
proposed model is able to precisely reflect the dynamic characteristics of WFs in
both fault condition and fluctuation of wind speed. With time reducing, the
effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model has been verified. V C 2015
AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4938125]
I. INTRODUCTION
With the increasing penetration of wind energy, the influence of the large wind farms
(WFs) on the power system is receiving more and more attention.1,2 The number of wind tur-
bines (WTs) in large WFs varies from tens to hundreds. Thus, the detail model of large WFs,
containing generators, turbines, transformers, cables, and control system, significantly increases
the size of mathematical model of the power system and the total simulation time as well.4,5 So
it is necessary to research on the dynamic equivalent of large WFs without the loss of accu-
racy.6,7 Nowadays there are lots of equivalent methods proposed for WFs, which could be gen-
erally divided into two kinds of approaches: one is single turbine equivalent method and the
other is multi turbines equivalent method (MTEM).8–10 Due to the effect of wake effect2,4 and
the shaft system, the MTEM is used widely to enhance the accuracy of the equivalent model
(EM).11
Several EMs of WFs have been proposed.2–15 In Ref. 2, a new EM of WFs equipped with
WTs based on squirrel-cage induction generators and doubly fed induction generators (DFIG)
were proposed to represent the collective behavior of WFs. An innovative probabilistic cluster-
ing concept for aggregate modeling of WFs was suggested in Ref. 5. EMs of WF with fixed
speed WTs and DFIGs were proposed in Refs. 8 and 9, respectively. In Ref. 10 a genetic
algorithm-based method for the equivalent of mixed WF with different WT generator system
parameters was proposed. Clustering algorithm is used to divide WTs into several groups so
that the dynamic equivalent of WF was realized in Ref. 4. In Refs. 12–14 the influence of
wake effect on the wind speeds of WTs was studied, and it concludes that neglecting wake
effect will lead to large error. Reference 15 proposed an EM of WF, which is particularly suita-
ble for the simulation of short term power fluctuations due to wind turbulence.
1941-7012/2015/7(6)/063126/15/$30.00 7, 063126-1 C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC

V
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063126-2 Teng et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 063126 (2015)
The first crucial issue of the dynamic equivalent of WFs is how to cluster the numerous
WTs into different groups effectively. Clustering is the process of separating unlabeled objects
into groups, where the members in each group have more similarity to each other than the
members of other groups.16,17 As to the WTs, one of its challenges is the diversity of the clus-
tering variables of WTs due to the fluctuation of wind energy and the layout of WF. Clustering
methods could be broadly categorized into hierarchical-based, partition-based, and density-
based methods. Some other methods have been proposed for the local optima of methods men-
tioned earlier, such as support vector clustering,18,19 genetic algorithm, simulated annealing,
spanning tree (ST)-based graph theoretic clustering,20,21 and so on. The minimum ST (MST) is
an unsupervised learning method and it has been applied to the clustering of many different
complexity data successfully.20–23 In this paper, WTs in the WFs were clustered based on the
growing ST (GST). The other issue is that the dynamic response of WTs should be reflected by
their clustering variables. However, the clustering variables proposed in the literatures above
did not consider the different types of WTs. Actually, the real WFs always contain different
types or parameters of WTs. So they cannot be applied to real WFs.
Traditionally, WTs in a regular arrangement in WF were widely assumed. And also few
WTs were considered in WFs, which is not true in practice.4–15 The number of WTs in one test
WF in Refs. 2, 5, and 8–10 was given as 5, 49, 2, 6, and 4, respectively. In fact, the WF con-
sists of hundreds of WTs. What is more, the WF tested in Ref. 5 was assumed to be symmetric,
which cannot reflect their actual characteristics. In addition, some WFs are in geographic prox-
imity to each other, sharing thereby similar or even the same wind condition. WTs in different
WFs nearby may be consequently divided into one cluster.
To overcome those disadvantages above, the clustering variables were proposed according
to the mathematical model of WTs, ensuring that the types of the WTs in one cluster are identi-
cal. Besides, a GST clustering method is proposed and applied to the dynamic EM of WF.
First, the initial subtrees were formed according to the distances between vertexes. Second,
each subtree was connected to its nearest vertex before all vertexes were in one tree. Third,
some edges with larger distances were cut off according to the pre-defined accuracy or number
of equivalent WTs (EWTs). The dynamic equivalent of multi WFs was also performed in this
paper. Simulation is employed in DIgSILENT/PowerFactory using actual WFs and actual wind
conditions. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. It also dem-
onstrates that the EM can describe the dynamic characteristics of WF under fault condition and
wind fluctuation. Meanwhile, the types of WTs in one cluster are kept identical by the proposed
model.
II. MODEL OF WTs

The schematic diagram of DFIG and permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG)
are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. The DFIG includes the WT, the drive train, the induc-
tion generator, the back-to-back pulse width modulation (PWM) converters, and the control sys-
tem. The PMSG contains the WT, the drive train, generator, the back-to-back PWM converters
and control system. In general, DFIG and PMSG are connected to the grid through a box trans-
former.9,10 The control system of DFIG and PMSG consists of grid side control and rotor side
control.24,25 In the rotor side control, it controls the output mechanical power of the WT by
FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of DFIG.
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FIG. 2. Schematic diagram of PMSG.
adjusting the pitch angle. Meanwhile, the reference value for the rotor speed of the DFIG is set
according to the measured wind speed and optimum power-speed characteristic curve. As for
the grid side control system, it controls the active and reactive power of the DFIG and PMSG
by the application of the vector control technique.
The detailed mathematic models of DFIG and PMSG are listed in the Appendix.
III. DYNAMIC EM OF WF WITH DFIG

A. Clustering variables
In this paper, the clustering variables of DFIG and PMSG are classified into the internal
variables and external variables according to their mathematical models.
Internal variables: According to the mathematical model of DFIG introduced in the
Appendix, it is observed that the dynamic model of DFIG is formulated as a set of differential
equations. As the control system, parameters and generator where DFIGs are installed are
identical; their dynamic characteristics under similar disturbance are identical if the initial state
variables of DFIGs are the same. Thus, the pre-fault values of state variables of differential
equations of DFIG are set as the internal clustering variables, denoted as isd , isq , ird , irq , and xg .
Similar to the PMSG, the internal clustering variables are denoted as isd , isq , and xg .
External variables: According to the DFIG and PMSG model, the wind speed related to the
active power is an important determinant of WT. It is capable of reflecting the effect of wind
energy as well as presenting the topography of installation location and interaction conditions
between DFIGs, such as wake effect and time lag.5 Therefore, the wind speed is defined as the
external variable.
The dynamic EM of WFs cannot represent the dynamic characteristics of WFs in different
wind direction.26 As the wind direction changes slowly, the shelter relationships between WTs
is unchanged in a short period, which is shown in Fig. 3. It means that the dynamic EMs of
WF in the same wind direction with different wind speeds are identical. Therefore, the dynamic
characteristics of WF can be described within a short time domain.
FIG. 3. Shelter relationship between WTs.
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B. GST clustering algorithm

The clustering variables of WTs in one WF are diverse due to the diversity of wind speed,
wind direction, and the layout of WF. To tackle with such problem, the spanning tree dealing
with any shape of data is applied to the clustering of WTs.
1. MST algorithm
Let T be an undirected acyclic graph (or tree) connecting all vertices in V. The graph is
specified by its set of vertices and its set of edges E ¼ ðeðvi ; vj ÞÞ; ði; jÞ 2 f1; 2; :::; Ng. The
length or weight jeðvi ; vj Þj of an edge measures a distance or dissimilarity between two vertices
ðvi ; vj Þ.22 P
The total length of the tree T is the sum of all edge lengths: LðTÞ ¼ e2T jej. The minimal
spanning tree T is the one having minimal length among all spanning trees
X
LðT Þ ¼ min e2T
jej: (1)
There are many algorithms for constructing the MST.20,23 The prim’s algorithm is briefly
described as below.22
Let Ti be the partially connected graph at iteration i 1. Hence, i vertices are connected to
the MST. At the i-th iteration, one of non-connected vertex, namely, vi , as well as one of con-
nected vertex of Ti are selected, so that the dissimilarity measure between them is the minimal.
Ti is changed to Tiþ1 with this new vertex vi and the associated edge of minimal length. This
step is repeated until no unconnected vertex is left; N 1 such iterations are required to con-
struct the complete MST from a set of N points. As a consequence, all the tree fragments are
connected to their nearest neighbors by the shortest possible link after all the vertexes are con-
nected to their nearest neighbors. The flow chart of the prim’s algorithm is shown in Fig. 4.
FIG. 4. Prim’s algorithm to formulate the minimum spanning tree.
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2. GST
It is assumed that a group of data is distributed as in Fig. 5(a). First, subtrees of data set
are formulated. Each region connected by red lines represents a subtree, which is shown in Fig.
5(a). Second, subtrees are connected by black lines to formulate the growing trees, which is
shown in Fig. 5(b). Clustering result can be obtained by cutting off edges of black lines with
larger distance. The flow chart of the above algorithm is shown in Fig. 6 (Cci is the complement
set of Ci ). The detailed process of the GST is described as follows:
FIG. 5. Distribution of vertexes and subtrees and structure of GST. (a) Distribution of vertexes and subtrees and (b) struc-
ture of GST.
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FIG. 6. Flow chart of the GST.
(1) Initialization. i ¼ 1, Ci is empty.

(2) The starting vertex (SV), one of the two vertexes of vertex set with the largest distance is set
as v1 . Its nearest neighbor vertex v2 is found. Set v2 as SV, and its nearest neighbor vertex v3
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is found. These vertexes are denoted as Ci ¼ fv1 ; v1 ; :::; vk g. Mention that the distance
between two adjacent vertexes is monotonically decreasing. Repeat this process until the latest
vertex is already in the Ci . We define the Ci as a subtree.
(3) Repeat step (2) until each vertex is contained in a subtree.
(4) For each subtree, the vertex belonging to the complementary of the subtree Cci with smallest
distance to the subtree is found. Subtrees corresponding to the top smallest distances are con-
nected, which formulate the growing tree. Repeat this process until all vertexes are in one tree.
According to the pre-defined number of EWTs or accuracy, clustering result is formulated
by cutting off the largest edges between subtrees or growing tree. Compared with the MST
algorithm, subtrees are formulated by the GST algorithm. Vertexes in the same subtree are
more similar than vertexes in other subtrees. So the subtrees are an initial clustering result.
Note that if some first red edges of each subtree are much larger than the largest black
edge, it means that the first vertexes of these subtrees are far away from other vertexes. So
these vertexes may be isolated vertexes. Consequently, this method is able to find the isolated
vertex easily.
C. Equivalent parameters of aggregation WT

It is assumed that rated voltage of an equivalent WT is the same as the one of individual
unit while the rated apparent power is calculated as the sum of rated apparent powers of indi-
vidual turbines clustered.5
Parameters of a single machine, such as controller signals, gains, and time constant, are
defined in per unit (with rated apparent powers and rated voltage set as base values). Inertia,
converter rating, DC-link capacitor rating, shaft stiffness, torsional damping, size of the induc-
tor, and mechanical power of turbine are manually scaled up. The equivalent transformers con-
necting to the equivalent WTs are also set appropriately to the rated power transformer.5
The principle of establishing the equivalent cables is to maintain that the terminal voltage
of equivalent WT is the same with the individual WTs in the cluster.26
IV. STUDY CASE

A. Dynamic equivalent of single WF
In this section, the proposed model is performed on Qiaoxi 1 WF. The WF consists of 134
1.5 MW identical DFIGs. The configuration of the WF is shown in Fig. 7. The parameters of
DFIG are shown in Table I. The rated terminal voltage of DFIG is 0.69 kV. Each DFIG is con-
nected to the 35 kV cable of the WF through a box transformer.
The clustering variables of DFIGs are normalized as follows:
xn ¼ ½x minðxÞ=½maxðxÞ minðxÞ; (2)
where x, xn are the initial data and normalized data, respectively.
FIG. 7. Configuration of WF.
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TABLE I. Parameters of dfig.
Generator Rated power 2 MW Stator resistance 0.00116 X

Rated frequency 50 Hz Stator leakage inductance 0.07003 mH
Rated stator voltage 0.69 kV Rotor resistance 0.00131 X
Transformation ratio 0.376 Rotor leakage inductance 0.07544 mH
Mutual inductance 2.995 mH Number of pairs of poles 2
Shaft Stiffness 150 Damping 4
Inertia 6.35 xbase 2.24
Converter Maximum power 0.6 MVA DC bus voltage (kV) 1.5 kV
It is assumed that the wind speed and wind direction of WF is 8.5 m/s and 160 , respec-
tively. So the normalized clustering variables of DFIG are shown in Fig. 8. The dynamic EM
of WF with 4 equivalent DFIGs is established by the proposed method. The clustering results
are shown in Table II.
1. Simulation of fault condition

The post-fault dynamic characteristic of WF is shown in Fig. 9. It is observed that the EM
behaves almost the same dynamic characteristics as the detail model, which indicates a higher
accuracy than the single equivalent DFIG model. It also verifies the effectiveness of the method
proposed in this paper with a small error of steady state.
The integral percentage error is defined as follows:
ð ð
d ¼ ðxequ xdetail Þdt= xdetail dt 100%; (3)
where d is the percentage error. xequ and xdetail are variable of EM and detail model,
respectively.
The integral percentage errors of EMs of WF of this paper with different numbers of equiv-
alent WTs are given in Table III. The time of the integral interval is from 2.15 s to 5.5 s. First,
FIG. 8. Clustering variables.
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TABLE II. Clustering result of WTS.
No. of clusters No. of DFIGs
1 1, 2, 3, 14, 25, 36, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58, 69, 80, 91, 102, 113, 124
2 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74,
75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99
3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,
114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134
4 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40
the reduction of the number of EWT results in the increase of the integral percentage errors of
active power and reactive power. However, the errors are similar when the number of EWT is
no less than 4 (smaller than 1%), which means that too many WTs are not necessary to
describe the dynamic characteristics. Second, the simulation time reduces rapidly with the
reduction of the number of EWTs. The simulation times of the models with 1 EWT, 2 EWT, 4
EWT, 6 EWT, 8 EWT, and 10 EWT are 0.8926%, 1.0221%, 1.7735%, 2.4442%, 3.2393%, and
5.0951% with respect to the time of detail model, respectively. Consequently, capable of main-
taining the accuracy and speed of the EM, the dynamic EM with 4 EWTs is a proper model to
represent the response of the detail model under fault condition.
What is more, it is observed that the integral percentage error decreases non-monotonically
while the integral percentage error of reactive power is large. The reasons can be summarized
as follows. On one hand, the EM of cable focuses on keeping the terminal voltage of WTs
unchanged. On the other hand, with the reference values of the reactive power of WTs set as 0
and almost reactive power zero-output, the reactive power of the WF is nearly zero, and the in-
tegral value of the reactive power is very small, resulting in a large integral percentage error
but within an acceptable range.
2. Fluctuation of wind speed

It is assumed that the wind direction is unchanged. The fluctuation of wind speed of WF is
as shown in Fig. 10. The active power and reactive power of detail model and EM are shown
FIG. 9. Comparison of active power between detail model and EM.
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FIG. 10. Curve of wind speed of WF.
in Fig. 11. The integral percentage errors of EMs during the fluctuation of wind speed are listed
in Table IV.
It is obviously observed from Table IV that the integral percentage error of the active
power and the reactive power of the dynamic EM of WF established with the GST with no less
than 4 EWTs are all smaller than 1%. It shows a good performance of the proposed model to
describe the dynamic characteristics of WF under wind speed fluctuation condition. The simula-
tion time of the EMs with 1 EWT, 2 EWTs, 4 EWTs, 6 EWTs, 8 EWTs, and 10 EWTs are
0.5334%, 0.7970%, 1.3116%, 1.9521%, 2.7847%, and 3.5999%, respectively, with respect to
the detail model. The reduction of the number of EWTs results in the increase of the integral
percentage errors of the active power and the reactive power increase. It is concluded that the
EM of WF with 2 EWTs can represent the response of WF with a proper accuracy when the
FIG. 11. Distribution of WTs.
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TABLE III. Simulation results of EMs of wf under fault condition.
Model dP dQ Simulation time (s)
1 EWT 2.657 15.408 5.31

2 EWTs 2.384 13.746 6.08
4 EWTs 0.866 20.519 10.55
6 EWTs 0.867 4.656 14.54
8 EWTs 0.869 4.646 19.27
10 EWTs 0.863 4.606 30.31
Detail model 0 0 594.88
wind speed fluctuates. The same reason for a non-monotonous decrease in integral percentage
error is explained by Table III.
B. Dynamic equivalent of multi WFs

In this section, multi WFs of Xibei Grid in China are studied: WF1 consists of 134
1.5 MW identical DFIGs; WF2 consists of 67 1.5 MW identical DFIGs and 67 1.5 MW iden-
tical PMSGs; and WF3 consists of 134 1.5 MW identical PMSGs. The distribution of WTs is
shown in Fig. 11. It is assumed that the 1st to 134th WTs, the 135th to 201th WTs, the 202th to
268th WTs, and the 269th to 402th WTs are the DFIGs in WF1, DFIGs in WF2, PMSGs in
WF2, and PMSGs in WF3, respectively. We define the model established by Ref. 3 as the fuzzy
clustering algorithm (FCA). All DFIGs as well as PMSGs in the multi WFs are identical.
Given the wind speed and direction of multi WFs as 9.5 m/s and 150 , respectively, it fol-
lows the clustering result shown in Table V. It is concluded that the same type of WTs can be
kept within on cluster using the proposed method.
From Table V, it is seen that DFIGs and PMSGs are divided into different clusters with
the GST algorithm, keeping the WTs types are identical within one cluster. However, the 1st,
7th, and 10th clusters obtained by FCA contain DFIGs and PMSGs, which cannot aggregate
these WTs into an equivalent WT. The reason is that the clustering variables of the FCA did
not consider the difference of the DFIG and PMSG.
The post-fault dynamic characteristics of the EM and the detail model of multi WFs are
shown in Fig. 12. It is obviously observed that the dynamic EM of this paper can represent the
response of WFs accurately. Meanwhile, proper number of equivalent WTs can represent the
response of WFs precisely. In other words, more equivalent WTs is not necessary. Simulation
time of the detail model and EM of the three WFs is 4447 s and 101.3 s, respectively. So the
simulation time is reduced to the 2.28% with respect to the detail model with high accuracy.
V. CONCLUSION
Focusing on the mathematical model of WTs, the clustering variables of WFs were pro-
posed in this paper. Types of WTs are kept identical in one cluster through these variables.
TABLE IV. Simulation results of EMs of WF under wind speed fluctuation.
Model dP dQ Simulation time (s)
1 EWT 1.159 12.031 14.690

2 EWTs 0.748 7.619 21.950
4 EWTs 0.798 0.893 36.120
6 EWTs 0.820 0.883 53.760
8 EWTs 0.810 0.870 76.690
10 EWTs 0.800 0.8610 99.140
Detail model 0 0 2753.94
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TABLE V. Clustering results of multi WFs.
No. of Maximum Minimum No. of Maximum Minimum

Algorithm clusters number of WT number of WT clusters number of WT number of WT
GST 1 110 31 7 402 229

2 190 14 8 382 211
3 132 28 9 380 207
4 118 24 10 378 202
5 187 1 11 401 213
6 201 83 12 398 281
FCA 1 382 24 7 380 68

2 132 23 8 391 271
3 117 3 9 402 219
4 130 14 10 302 1
5 134 26 11 314 269
6 201 83 12 385 213
With the clustering variables, a dynamic EM of WF based on the GST under fault condition
and wind variation condition was built. The GST clustering method can cluster data with arbi-
trary shape into different clusters accurately. It forms the subtrees according to the distances
between clustering variables of WTs. Then, subtree grows to a GST that connects all vertexes.
Clustering result can be obtained by cutting edges with the larger distance of GST. Meanwhile,
this method can find the isolated vertexes.
Simulation was performed in the DIgSILENT/PowerFactory based on the actual WF and
actual wind speed. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified. The simulation
results show a good performance of the proposed dynamic EM to represent the power charac-
teristics of detail model both under fault condition and wind fluctuation. Thus, it is useful to
study on the low voltage ride through and power quality of WF. Study on the dynamic equiva-
lent of multi WFs was followed. The superiority of the method proposed in this paper is
verified.
FIG. 12. Comparison of active power between detail model and EM of WFs.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work has been supported by the science projects of the SGCC of China. The authors would
like to gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the projects.
APPENDIX: MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DFIG AND PMSG

The clustering variables of WT are selected according to the mathematical model of WT.
Consequently, this Appendix gives the detailed mathematical model of DFIG and PMSG, which
verifies the rightness of the selected clustering variables.
1. WT
WT converts wind energy to mechanical energy. Based on the principle of aerodynamics, the
output power of WT can be stated as follows:
1
Pm ¼ Cp Pw ¼ qSv3 Cp ; (A1)
2
where q is the air density, S is the area of WT blades, v is the wind speed, and Cp is the power
coefficient with a set of nonlinear curve and the theoretical maximum is 0.593.
2. Drive train model

Due to the action of transmission between WT and generator, time delay exists. The one order
inertial link model is commonly used to simulate the transmission device
dxg
J ¼ Tm Te ; (A2)
dt
where Tm , Te are mechanical torque and electrical torque, respectively. J represents the inertia
time constant. xg represents the rotate speed of generator rotor.
3. Generator model
a. DFIG
The generator model of DFIG can be expressed by voltage equation, flux equation, and elec-
tromagnetic torque equation under the dq coordinate system, which can be expressed with equa-
tions as follows.
(1) Voltage equation
8
>
> usd ¼ Rs isd þ pwsd xe wsq
>
>
< usq ¼ Rs isq þ pw þ xe w
sq sd
(A3)
>
> urd ¼ Rr ird þ pwrd xs wrq
>
>
:
urq ¼ Rr irq þ pwrq þ xs wrd :
(2) Flux equation

8
>
> wsd ¼ Ls isd þ Lm ird
>
>
< w ¼ Ls isq þ Lm irq
sq
(A4)
>
> wrd ¼ Lm isd þ Lr ird
>
>
:w ¼ L i þ L i :
rq m sq r rq
(3) Electromagnetic torque equation
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Te ¼ np Lm ðisq ird isd irq Þ; (A5)
where usd , usq , urd , urq are voltages of stator and rotor for the d- and q-axial, respectively. isd ,
isq , ird , and irq are electric currents of stator and rotor for the d- and q-axis, respectively. wsd ,
wsq , wrd , and wrq are magnetic linkage of stator and rotor for the d- and q-axial, respectively.
Rs , Rr are wire-wound resistors of stator and rotor, respectively, xe is the rotational angular
velocity of generator. xs is the slip angular velocity relative to the rotor. Ls , Lr are self-
induction of stator and rotor, respectively. Lm is the mutual induction between stator and rotor.
np is the number of pole pairs.
b. PMSG
The generator model of PMSG can be expressed by voltage equation, flux equation, and electro-
magnetic torque equation under the dq coordinate system, which can be expressed with equations
as follows.
(1) Voltage equation

usd ¼ Rs isd þ Ls pisd xr Ls isq
(A6)
usq ¼ Rs isq þ Ls pisq þ xr Ls isd þ xr wf :
(2) Flux equation

wsd ¼ Ls isd þ wf
(A7)
wsq ¼ Ls isq :
(3) Electromagnetic torque equation
Te ¼ np Lm ðisq ird isd irq Þ; (A8)
where wf is the flux vector of permanent magnet of PMSG. Other variables are the same with
the DFIG.
4. Control system
Control system of DFIG mainly includes pitch control, speed control, and active power con-
trol.24,25 The control system of WTs will have the same performance if the operating points of
WTs are identical.
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Dynamic clustering equivalent model of wind turbines based on spanning tree

Article in Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy · November 2015

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A dynamic clustering model of wind farm based on the operation data

Dynamic clustering equivalent model of wind turbines

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II. MODEL OF WTs

FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of DFIG.

FIG. 2. Schematic diagram of PMSG.

III. DYNAMIC EM OF WF WITH DFIG

FIG. 3. Shelter relationship between WTs.

B. GST clustering algorithm

FIG. 4. Prim’s algorithm to formulate the minimum spanning tree.

FIG. 6. Flow chart of the GST.

(1) Initialization. i ¼ 1, Ci is empty.

C. Equivalent parameters of aggregation WT

IV. STUDY CASE

xn ¼ ½x minðxÞ=½maxðxÞ minðxÞ; (2)

where x, xn are the initial data and normalized data, respectively.

FIG. 7. Configuration of WF.

TABLE I. Parameters of dfig.

Generator Rated power 2 MW Stator resistance 0.00116 X

1. Simulation of fault condition

FIG. 8. Clustering variables.

TABLE II. Clustering result of WTS.

No. of clusters No. of DFIGs

2. Fluctuation of wind speed

FIG. 9. Comparison of active power between detail model and EM.

FIG. 10. Curve of wind speed of WF.

FIG. 11. Distribution of WTs.

TABLE III. Simulation results of EMs of wf under fault condition.

Model dP dQ Simulation time (s)

1 EWT 2.657 15.408 5.31

B. Dynamic equivalent of multi WFs

Model dP dQ Simulation time (s)

1 EWT 1.159 12.031 14.690

TABLE V. Clustering results of multi WFs.

No. of Maximum Minimum No. of Maximum Minimum

GST 1 110 31 7 402 229

FCA 1 382 24 7 380 68

APPENDIX: MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DFIG AND PMSG

2. Drive train model

(2) Flux equation

(3) Electromagnetic torque equation

Te ¼ np Lm ðisq ird isd irq Þ; (A5)

(2) Flux equation

(3) Electromagnetic torque equation

Te ¼ np Lm ðisq ird isd irq Þ; (A8)

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xn ¼ ½x minðxÞ=½maxðxÞ minðxÞ; (2)