POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND STABILITY 10EE61

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
PART-A
UNIT-1
Representation of Power system Components

1. Define per unit quantity? Mention the advantages of per unit system.

2. Show that the per unit reactance of the power system is same for both HV and LV
side of a transformer.

3. Draw the reactance diagram of the power system shown. Use the base of 100
MVA, 220KV in line circuit to mark per unit quantities on the reactance diagram.

4. Explain the importance of impedance and reactance diagram for the analysis of
power system.

5. A 90MVA, 11KV phase generator has a reactance of 25%. The generator supplies
two motors through transformers and transmission lines as shown in figure.
Taking generator ratings as base draw the reactance diagram and indicate the
reactance in per unit.

6. Bring out the advantages of per unit system. Show that the per unit impedance of
a transformer is the same whether computed from primary or secondary side so
long as the voltage bases on two sides are in the ratio of transformation.

7. a) List out any three advantages of per unit system of computations.

b) State the criteria of the selection of base quantities.

8. Show the per unit impedance of a transformer is the same when refered to either
the primary or the secondary side.

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9. Draw the per unit impedance diagram for the system shown in figure by taking a
base of 100MVA, 11KV in the generator circuit.

10. Prove that p.u. value of reactance of a transformer is same whether referred to HT
or LT.
11. The parts of a single-phase electric system are designated A,B and C are
connected to each other through transformers as shown in figure below. The
transformers are rated as follows:
A-B: 10MVA,13.8-138KV, X=10%
B-C: 10MVA,6.9-138KV, X=8%
If the base in the circuit B is choosen as 10MVA, 138KV. Find the p.u reactance of
the 30ohm resistive load in circuit C referred to circuit C, B and A. draw the
impedance diagram. Determine the voltage regulation if the voltage at the load is
66KV with the assumption that voltage input to the circuit remains constant.

12. Define per unit quantity. Mention the advantages of p.u system.

13. Show that the p.u impedance of a transformer remains same whether it is referred
to HV or LV side.

14. For the system shown in figure draw the single line diagram of the power
network. Choose a base of 10MVA,12.5KV in the load circuit and determine the
reactance diagram. Determine also voltage at the terminals of the generator.
15. What is single or one line diagram? Give it advantages

16. What is the need for per-unit representation?

17. Write the advantages of per unit systems

18. What are the approximations made in reactance diagram?

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19.Write the equation for converting the p.u. impedance expressed in one base to
other base.

20. The reactance of a generator is designated X” is given as 0.2 per unit based on the
generator’s name plate rating of 20 KV, 500 MVA. The base for calculation is 22
KV,100 MVA. Find X” on the new base.

21. Obtain the per unit impedance diagram of the power system shown in figure
Generator No 1: 30 MVA, 10.5 KV, X=1.6 Ohms
Generator No 2: 15 MVA, 6.6KV, X=1.2 Ohms.
Generator No 3: 25 MVA, 6.6 KV, X=0.56 Ohms.
Transformer T1 (3 Phase):15 MVA, 33/11KV, X=15.2 Ohms per Phase on H.T side.
Transformer T2 (3 Phase):15 MVA, 33/6.2 KV, X=16 Ohms per phase on H.T side.
Transmission line: 20.5 Ohms/phase.
Load A: 15 MW, 11KV, 0.9 P.F Lagging
Load B: 40 MW, 6.6KV, 0.85 P.F Lagging
Take Base MVA=30 and Base KV=11KV of generator 1.

22. The one line diagram of a three phase power system is shown in figure. Select a
common base of 100 MVA and 22 KV on the generator side. Draw an impedance
diagram with all impedance including the load impedance marked in per unit. The
manufacturer’s data for each device is given as follow
G: 90 MVA 22KV X=18%
T1: 50 MVA 22/220KV X=10%
T2: 40 MVA 220/11KV X=6.0%
T3: 40 MVA 22/110KV X=6.4%
T4: 40 MVA 110/11KV X=8.0%
M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 KV X=18.5%
The three phase load at bus 4 absorbs 57MVA, 0.6 power factor lagging at 10.45 KV.
Line 1 and Line 2 have reactance of 48.4 and 65.43 ohms respectively.

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23 (a) (i) The terminal voltage of a Y – connected load consisting of three equal
impedance of 20∟30° Ω is 4.4 KV line to line. The impedance of each of the three
lines connecting the load to a bus at a substation is ZL = 1.4 ∟75° Ω. Find the line to
line voltage at the substation bus.
(ii) List out the advantages of per unit computations.
(iii) A single - phase transformer is rated 110/440 V, 2.5 KVA. Leakage reactance
measured from the low-voltage side is 0.06 Ω. Determine leakage reactance in per
unit.

24. The single line diagram of an unloaded power system is shown in fig. Reactances
of the two sections of the transmission line are shown on the diagram. The generator
and transformers are rated as follows:

Generator G1: 20 MVA, 13.8 KV, X” = 20%

Generator G2: 30 MVA, 18.0 KV, X” = 20%
Generator G3: 30 MVA, 20.0 KV, X” = 20%
Transformer T1 : 25 MVA, 220 Y / 13.8 Δ KV, X = 10%
Transformer T2 :3 single phase units each rated at : 10 MVA, 127/18 KV,
X = 10%
Transformer T3: 35 MVA, 220 Y / 22 Y KV, X = 10%
Draw the reactance diagram using a base of 50 MVA and 13.8 KV on
generator G1

25. Draw the reactance diagram using a base of 100 MVA, 220 KV in 50 ohm
line.

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Generator : 40 MVA, 25 KV, X” = 20%

Transformer : 50 MVA, 11 KV, X” = 20%
Star – Star transformer : 40 MVA, 33 / 220 KV, X = 15%
Star – Delta transformer : 30 MVA, 11 / 220 KV, X = 15%

26. A 120 MVA, 19.5 KV generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.15 p.u
and it is connected to a transmission line through a transformer rated 150
MVA, 230/18 KV (star/delta) with X = 0.1 p.u.
(i) Calculate the p.u reactance by taking generator rating as a base values
(ii) Calculate the p.u reactance by taking transformer rating as a base values.
(iii) Calculate the p.u reactance for a base value of 100 MVA and 220 KV on H.T
side of transformer.

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UNIT-2

Symmetrical 3 - Phase faults

1. A sudden three phase short circuit takes place at the terminals of an unbalanced
alternator. Discuss briefly on the different reactance that are met with assuming
that the damper windings are provided at the poles faces of salient pole
synchronous machine.

2. With help of oscillogram of faulty current explain clearly short circuit currents
and reactance with reference to unloaded generator under short circuit
conditions.

3. A transmission line of inductance L=0.1H, R=5ohms is suddenly short circuited

at t=0 at the far end of the line as shown figure. If the source voltage is v=100
sin(100∏t+15◦) obtain the following
(i) Expression for the short circuit current i(t)
(ii) Exact value of the first current maximum and
(iii) Instant of short circuit at which the DC offset current is zero

4. A symmetrical generator and motor are rated for 30,000KVA, 13.2 KV and both
have sub transient reactance of 20% the line connecting them has a reactance of
10% on the base of machine ratings. The motor is drawing 20,000KW at 0.8pf
leading. The terminal voltage of the motor is 12.8KV. when the symmetrical
three phase fault occurs at the motor terminals, Find the sub transient current in
generator, motor and at the fault point.

5. A sudden three phase short circuit takes place at the terminals of an unbalanced
three phase alternator. Discuss briefly on the different reactance that are met with.
Assuming that the damper windings are provided at the pole faces of salient pole
synchronous machine.

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6. A 25 MVA, 11 KV generator with Xd ’’=20% is connected through a transformer

to a bus which supplies four identical motors as shown in figure. Each motor has Xd
’’ =20% and Xd’=25% on a base of 5 MVA, 6.6 KV. The three phase rating of the
transformer is 25 MVA, 11/6.6 KV with a leakage reactance of 10%. The bus voltage
at the motors is 6.6 KV when a three phase fault occurs at point P. for the faults
specified, Calculate (i) the sub transient current in the fault (ii) the sub transient
current in breaker A. (iii) momentary current in breaker A.

7. A three phase transmission line operating at 33 KV and having a resistance and

reactance of 5 ohms and 15 ohms respectively is connected to the generating station
bus-bar through a 5000 KVA step up transformer which has a reactance of 0.05 p.u.
Connected to the bus-bars are two alternators, one 10000 KVA having 0.08 p.u.
reactance, and another 5000 KVA having 0.06 p.u. reactance. Calculate the KVA at a
short-circuit fault between phases occurring (a) at the high voltage terminals of the
transformers (b) at load end of transmission line

8. Explain the following

i) Sub transient reactance ii) transient reactance iii) steady state reactance of a
synchronous machine, and how these are measured in practice

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UNIT-3 & 4
Symmetrical components

1. Define symmetrical components. Resolve an unbalanced three phase voltages of a

power system into the symmetrical components and also in vice versa.

2. Prove that a balanced three phase voltages of a power system will have only
positive sequence components.

3. In a three phase, three wire system with the phase sequence abc, the current in two
of the lines are Ia= 10A, Ib= 20A. Find the symmetrical components of the three line
currents.

4. Derive an expression for three phase power interms of symmetrical components.

5. Show that the zero sequence impedance of the neutral impedance is equal to thrice
that of the neutral impedance.

6. Following data given the series impedance and line charging admittance in p.u. on
a common base for each line of a four bus power system. Obtain Y-bus of the system

7. Draw the single phase zero sequence equivalent circuit of 3-phase transformer
bank along with connection diagrams and symbols for the following types of
connections.

8. Show that the power in a three phase circuit can be computed from symmetrical
components.

9. Figure shows a delta connected load the current flowing through the line A is
1000A while line C is open. With the current in the line A as reference. Calculate the

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currents in all the lines and then symmetrical components.

10. Write a note on the importance of short circuit calculations.

11. What do you understand by positive, negative and zero sequence

impedances? Discuss then with reference to synchronous generators, transformers and
transmission lines.

12. A three phase,30MVA, 6.6KV alternator having 10% reactance is connected

through a 30MVA,6600/33000V, delta-star connected transformer of 5% reactance to
a 33KV transmission line having negligible resistance and reactance of 4ohms at the
receiving end of the line there is a 30MVA, 3300/6600V delta-star connected
transformer of 5% reactance stepping down the voltage to 6.6KV. both transformers
of have there neutral solidly grounded.
Draw the one line diagram and the positive, negative and zero sequence networks
of the system and determine the fault current when all the three phases are short
circuited at the receiving station LV bus-bars. For generator assume negative
reactance is 70% that of positive sequence.

13. Derive the expression for three phase power interms of symmetrical components.

14. A balanced star connected takes 30A from balanced three phase four wire supply.
If the fuse in one and two lines are removed. Find the symmetrical components of the
line currents before and after the fuses removed.

15. Prove that the only in power systems having balanced impedances, currents of a
given sequence produce voltage drops of the same sequence.

16. In a three phase four wire system, the sequence components of currents and
voltages are ,Determine the total three phase complex power in MVA if the base is
100MVA.

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17. Explain the phase shift of symmetrical components in star-delta transformer bank
with respect to voltage relations and current relations.

18. Derive the expression for the three phase complex power interms of the sequence
components and hence show that the symmetrical components and hence show that
the symmetrical component transformation is power invariant.

19. One conductor of a three phase line is open, the current flowing to the delta
connected load through line A is 10A, with the current in line A as reference and
assuming that the line C is open, Find symmetrical components of the line currents. 8

20. Justify the statements (i) positive sequence currents are present in all types of
faults (ii) negative sequence currents are present in all the un symmetrical faults

21. With the help of relevant phasor diagrams of voltages show that there exists a
phase shift of positive and negative sequence components in a three phase star-delta
transformer bank. Assume HT side to be star connected and LT side is delta
connected.

22. Show that the impedance Zn between the star neutral and ground of a three phase
machine is represented equivalently as 3Zn in its zero sequence diagram.

23. Draw on phase shift of currents and voltages in star-delta transformers.

24. Show that the symmetrical components transformation is power invariant.

25. Determine the symmetrical components of the asymmetrical phasors below

26. Draw the Zero sequence diagram for the system whose one line diagram is shown
in fig

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27. A 25 MVA, 11 KV generator with Xd ’’=20% is connected through a transformer to

a bus which supplies four identical motors as shown in figure. Each motor has Xd ’’
=20% and Xd’=25% on a base of 5 MVA, 6.6 KV. The three phase rating of the
transformer is 25 MVA, 11/6.6 KV with a leakage reactance of 10%. The bus voltage at
the motors is 6.6 KV when a three phase fault occurs at point P. for the faults specified,
Calculate (i) the sub transient current in the fault (ii) the sub transient current in breaker
A. (iii) momentary current in breaker A.

28. A three phase transmission line operating at 33 KV and having a resistance and
reactance of 5 ohms and 15 ohms respectively is connected to the generating station bus-
bar through a 5000 KVA step up transformer which has a reactance of 0.05 p.u.
Connected to the bus-bars are two alternators, one 10000 KVA having 0.08 p.u.
reactance, and another 5000 KVA having 0.06 p.u. reactance. Calculate the KVA at a
short-circuit fault between phases occurring (a) at the high voltage terminals of the
transformers (b) at load end of transmission line
a). Two voltage sources V1=120(-5 deg) V and V2=100(0 deg) V are connected
by as short line of impedance Z=1+j7 ohm. Determine the real and reactive power
supplied or received by each source and the power loss in the line.
(b). Two ideal sources designated as machines 1 and 2 are connected as shown in
figure. If E1=100 angle 0o,V ;E2=100 angle 30o V and Z=0+j5 ohms. Determine
a. Whether each machine is generating or consuming real power and the
amount
b. Whether each machine is receiving or supplying reactive power and the
amount
c. The P and Q absorbed by the impedance.

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29. A three phase line has an impedance of 2+j 4 ohm as shown in figure

The line feeds two balance three phase loads that are connected in parallel. The first load
is star connected and has an impedance of 30+j40 ohm/phase. The second load is delta
connected and has an impedance of 60-j45 ohm/phase. The line is energized at the
sending end from a three phase balanced supply of line voltages 207.85 V. taking the
phase voltage Va as reference, determine.
a. The current, real power and reactive power drawn from the supply.
b. The line voltage at the combine loads
c. The current per phase in each load
d. The total real and reactive power in each load and the line

30. (i) The currents flowing in the lines towards a balanced load connected in
Δ are Ia = 100∟0°, Ib = 141.4 ∟225°, Ic = 100∟∟90°. Find the symmetrical
components of the given line currents and draw phasor diagram of the positive and
negative sequence line and phase currents.
(ii) Derive the expression of three phase power in terms of symmetrical
Components

31. Draw positive, negative and zero sequence phasors of a three unbalanced phasor Va,
Vb and Vc.
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32. Draw the transformer zero sequence equivalent circuits for the various winding
connections

33. A 25MVA, 11KV, three phase generator has a sub transient reactance of 20%. The
generator supplies two motors over a transmission line with transformers at both ends as
shown in one line diagram a of figure. The motors have rated inputs of 15 and 7.5 MVA
both 10KV with 25% sub transient reactance. The three phase transformers are rated
30MVA, 10.8/121KV, and connection delta-star with leakage reactance of 10% each.
The series reactance of the line is 100 ohms. Draw the positive and negative sequence
networks of the system with reactance marked in per unit.

34. What are sequence impedances and sequence networks and show how the sequence
reactance are obtained for the transmission line in terms of the self and mutual reactance.

35. Show that in a balanced system positive sequence components alone exits.

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Part-B

UNIT-5 & 6

Unsymmetrical faults

1. What is a three unsymmetrical fault? Discuss the different types of unsymmetrical

faults that can occur on a three phase system.

2. Why do we prefer to analyze unsymmetrical faults by symmetrical components

method.

3. A LL-G fault occurs at the terminals of an unloaded generator. Derive the

expression for the fault currents. Draw the connection of sequence network.

4. A salient pole generator without damping is rated 20MVA,13.8KV and has a

direct axis sub transient reactance of 0.25pu. the negative and zero sequence
reactance are 0.35 and 0.1pu respectively. The neutral of the generator is solidly
grounded. Determine the subtransient current in the generator and the line to line
voltage of subtransient conditions. When a single LG fault occurs at the terminals
of the generator when operating under no load at rated voltage, neglect resistance.

5. Obtain the interconnection of sequence networks for the following types of open
conductor faults on power systems (i) one conductor open (ii) two conductor
open.

6. A synchronous motor is receiving 60MW at 0.8pf lag at 6KV. A LG fault occurs

at the midpoint F of the transmission line through a fault impedance of 0.05ohm
as shown. Determine the fault current. Choose base values of 100MVA and 11KV
on generator circuit.

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7. Derive an expression for fault current for LLG fault by symmetrical components
method.

8. A 30MVA , 11KV generator has Z1=Z2=j0.2pu,Z0=j0.05pu i) A LG fault on the

generator terminals, find the fault current and LL voltage during fault conditions.
Assume that the generator neutral is solidly grounded and that the generator is
operating at noload and at rated voltage at the occurrence of the fault ii) find the
line current for 3-phase fault.

9. Write a note on open conductor faults in power system.

10. Derive the expression for the fault current in terms of the sequence impedances
and hence obtain the connection diagram of the sequence networks for a LL fault
through the fault impedance at the terminals of star connected alternator.

11. A three phase generator with constant internal voltages gave the fault currents
under two different unsymmetrical faults as follows
LL fault:1400A and LG fault:2200A if Ea1=2KV and the positive sequence
reactance is 2ohms. Find the negative sequence and zero sequence impedance
values.

12. Discuss briefly about the open conductor faults in electric power systems.

13. Three 6600V,10MVA three phase alternators are connected to a common set of
bus-bars, each as a positive sequence reactance of 15% . the negative and zero
sequence reactance are respectively equal to 75% and 30% of the positive
sequence value. Find the fault current for LG fault at the bus terminals, If
(i) if only one of the generator neutrals is solidly grounded.
(ii) only one of the generator neutrals is grounded through a resistance of
0.3ohms.

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14. A generator with grounded neutral has sequence impedance of z1,z2 and Z0 and
generated emf E, if the LG fault occurs on terminals of phase A. Find Vb and Vc
(Zf=0).

15. Obtain the expression for the fault current for a LG fault at the terminals of an
unloaded generator through a fault impedance Zf.

15. Develop the sequence network for a double line to ground (LLG) fault.

16. Derive the expression for fault current in single line to ground fault on unloaded
generator. Draw an equivalent network showing the inter connection of networks
to simulate single line to ground fault

17. Derive the expression for fault current in double line to ground fault on unloaded
generator. Draw an equivalent network showing the inter connection of networks to
simulate double line to ground fault

18. Derive the expression for fault current in line to line fault on unloaded generator.
Draw an equivalent network showing the inter connection of networks to simulate
double line to line fault

19 . An unloaded star connected solidly grounded 10 MVA, 11 KV, generator has

Positive, Negative and zero sequence impedances as j 1.3 ohms, J 0.8 ohms and j 0.4
ohms respectively. Single line to ground fault occurs at terminals of the
generator.
(i) Calculate the fault current.
(ii) Determine the value of the inductive reactance that must be
inserted at the generator neutral to limit the fault current to 50% of the value obtained
in (i) Determine the fault current and MVA at faulted bus for a line to ground (solid)
fault at bus 4 as shown in fig
G1, G2 : 100 MVA, 11 KV, X+ = X - 15%, Xn = 6%

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T1, T2 : 100 MVA, 11 KV/220 KV, Xleak = 9%

L1, L2 : X+ = X - = 10% on a base of 100 MVA. Consider Fault at phase ‘a’

16. Define 'FAULTS' in power system, and how are the faults be classified and write
them in S the order of their severity and which is the most frequency occurring
fault.

17. Derive the expression for the fault current in terms of the sequence impedances
and hence obtain the connection diagram of the sequence networks for a LG fault
through the fault impedance at the terminals of star connected alternator.

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UNIT-7

Stability Studies

1. Explain the following terms as applicable to a power system

i) stability ii) steady state stability iii) dynamic stability iv) transient stability.

2. Derive the swing equation of a synchronous machine with usual notations. Mention
the use of swing equation.

3. Define stability of the power system.

4. Explain clearly the difference between steady state and transient stability.

5. Starting from the principle, derive the swing equation of a swing

equation of a synchronous machine.

6. Draw a swing curve and a power angle curve with relevant details.

7. Using equal area criterion method. Derive the expression for critical clearing angle
for a system having a generator feeding a large system through a double circuit line.

8. Derive the expression for critical clearing angle, when the fault occurs on one of
the double circuit lines. Explain the importance of critical clearing time.

9. Distinguish between between steady state and transient stability in

power systems. Also elaborate on the corresponding power limits.

10. Develop the swing equation of a synchronous machine working on

an infinite bus.

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11. Define inertia constant of a synchronous machine and write the unit of inertia
constant

12. What is the graphical method used for analyzing transient stability?

13. Define dynamic stability

14. Distinguish between steady state limit and transient limit.

15. What is critical clearing time and critical clearing angle?

16. Differentiate rotor angle stability and voltage stability

17. State equal area criterion

18. Draw the classical model of a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus.

19. Write the swing – equation for a single synchronous machine connected to an
infinite bus bars.

20. State the casues of voltage stability

21. Define steady state stability.

22. Derive swing equation used for stability studies in power system.

23. Describe the equal area criterion for transient stability analysis of a system.

24. Write a short note on

i. Factors influencing transient stability
ii. Voltage collapse

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25. Given the system of figure below where a three phase fault is applied at a point P
as shown

26. Find the critical clearing angle for clearing the fault with simultaneous pening of
the breakers 1 and 2. The reactance vales of various components are indicated on the
diagram. The generator is delivering 1.0 p.u power at the instant preceding the fault.
The fault occurs at point P as shown in above figure.
27. Explain in detail the equal area criterion.

28 (i) Derive Expression for critical clearing angle.

(ii) A 150 MVA generator – transformer unit having an overall reactance
of 0.3 p.u. is delivering 150 MW to infinite bus bar over a double circuit 220 KV line
having reactance per phase per circuit of 100 ohms. A 3 - phase fault occurs midway
along one of the transmission lines. Calculate the maximum angle of swing that the
generator may achieve before the fault is cleared without loss of stability.

29. A 50 Hz, 500 MVA, 400 KV generator (with transformer) is connected to a 400
KV infinite bus bar through an interconnector. The generator has H = 2.5 MJ/MVA,
Voltage behind transient reactance of 450 KV and is loaded 460 MW. The transfer
reactance between generator and bus bar under various conditions are :
Prefault- 0.5 Pu
During Fault- 1.0 Pu
Post fault - 0.75 Pu
Calculate the swing curve using intervals of 0.05 sec and assuming that the fault is
cleared at 0.15 sec.

30. Explain the modified Euler method of analyzing multi machine power
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system for stability, with neat flow chart.

31. Define:
i) Steady, state stability
ii) Transient stability
iii) Swing curve and its use
iv) Critical clearing angle and time
v) Transient stability limit.

31. Derive the power angle equation of a salient pore alternator connected to an
infinite bus through an external reactance. Draw the vector diagram and the power
angle characteristic and comment on the shape of his characteristics.

32. Explain the concept of equal area criterion of stability of power system subjected
to a fault.

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UNIT-8

UNBALANCED OPERATION OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTRORS

1. Explain the analysis of three phase induction motor with one line open.

2. Explain the analysis of three phase induction motor with unbalanced voltage.

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