DISORDERS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (HYPERTENSION):

Hypertension is the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal (120/80). In this
measurement 120 mm Hg (millimetres of mercury pressure) is the systolic, or pumping,
pressure and 80 mm Hg is the diastolic, or resting, pressure. If repeated checks of blood
pressure of an individual is 140/90 (140 over 90) or higher, it shows hypertension.
High blood pressure leads to heart diseases and also affects vital organs like brain and
kidney.
Healthy lifestyle habits —such as not smoking, exercising and eating well — can help
prevent and treat high blood pressure. Some people need medicine to treat high blood
pressure.
A few people with high blood pressure may have:

 Headaches
 Shortness of breath
 Nosebleeds
However, these symptoms aren't specific. They usually don't occur until high blood pressure
has reached a severe or life-threatening stage.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):

Coronary Artery Disease, often referred to as atherosclerosis, affects the vessels that supply
blood to the heart muscle. It is caused by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous
tissues, which makes the lumen of arteries narrower.
Symptoms depend on which arteries are affected and how much blood flow is
blocked. Chest pain (angina), cold sweats, dizziness, extreme tiredness, heart palpitations
(feeling that your heart is racing), shortness of breath, nausea and weakness are all
symptoms of coronary heart disease.
Lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and exercising, may be all that is needed to
treat atherosclerosis. But sometimes, medication or surgical procedures may be needed.

Angina:
It is also called ‘angina pectoris’. A symptom of acute chest pain appears when no enough
oxygen is reaching the heart muscle. Angina can occur in men and women of any age but it
is more common among the middle-aged and elderly. It occurs due to conditions that affect
the blood flow.
 Heart Failure:
Heart failure means the state of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to
meet the needs of the body. It is sometimes called congestive heart failure because
congestion of the lungs is one of the main symptoms of this disease.
Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest (when the heart stops beating) or a heart
attack (when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply).
For most people, heart failure is a long-term condition that can't be cured. But treatment
can help keep the symptoms under control, possibly for many years. The main treatments
are: healthy lifestyle changes.

Aneurysm:
Aneurysms are weak spots in the walls of your arteries that can expand like a balloon. As
they continue to get bigger, they’re at risk for rupture (breaking open) or causing blood
clots.
Aneurysms can occur in any artery. Most often, they occur in your aorta, which is the largest
artery in your body. These are known as aortic aneurysms, and there are two main types:
Thoracic aortic aneurysms, which develop in the part of your aorta that’s in your chest.
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), which develop in the part of your aorta that’s in your
belly. These are more common than thoracic aortic aneurysms. Screening for aortic
aneurysm is usually done using ultrasound. This test shows if the diameter of your aorta is
bigger than it should be.

Arrhythmia:
An arrhythmia is an irregular or abnormal heartbeat. Some begin in the upper chambers of
your heart (atria). These are called supraventricular arrhythmias. Atrial fibrillation is the
most common type.
Others begin in the lower chambers of your heart (ventricles). These are called ventricular
arrhythmias. One type, ventricular fibrillation, is a life-threatening medical emergency
because it leads to sudden death.
Arrhythmias prevent your heart from contracting and relaxing normally. As a result, your
heart can’t pump blood as well as it should.
Some symptoms of Arrhythmia are:

 Fatigue or weakness.
 Dizziness or light-headedness.
 Fainting or near-fainting spells.
 Rapid heartbeat or pounding in the chest.