Professional Documents
Culture Documents
India
India
Dear Delegates,
We are so excited to welcome you to India: The Fight for Freedom! We have both been
working very hard to organize a committee full of excitement, action, and freedom! This
committee will be unique in the fact that there will be two chairs, each working together to make
the committee the best it can be! We are very good friends and are super excited to lead the
committee and debate.
Matthew here: Hello! I am a senior at Wyoming High School. I started Model UN as a
Freshman, so I know how intimidating it may seem! But I quickly caught on, as I am sure you
novices reading this will too, and four years later, I have gone on to have so many amazing
experiences. I have participated in several styles of conferences, and I am really excited to
CoChair this WYOMUN II committee with one of my closest friends! I am a Representative in
our Model UN Club, but outside of Model UN, I have played the violin for eight years,
participating in numerous outside orchestras as well as Pit Orchestra for the school musicals. I
am the Senior Class VicePresident and President of the school’s Latin Club. I also enjoy
reading, swimming, volunteering, and spending time with friends. I am super excited for this
committee and look forward to meeting you all!
Anna here: Heya! I am currently a junior at Wyoming High School (cue the crying here),
and have participated in Model UN since the sixth grade. I’m also the Secretary of Recruitment
and Diversity in our high school Model UN Club! I, like Matthew, have participated in various
styles of conferences, and I’m really looking forward to my first time being a CoChair! Besides
Model UN, I dance competitively outside of school, and I’m involved with Project L.E.A.D.,
which is a service club at my school. In my limited free time, I like to read, nap, and add future
travel destinations to an evergrowing bucketlist. I’m super excited to get to know all of you!
Both of us would like to emphasize that, regardless of your experience with Model UN,
we want this to be a comfortable learning experience for each and every delegate. We know
firsthand how intimidating it can be to have to debate as an individual delegate, especially if
you’re unfamiliar with parliamentary procedure and such. Please feel free to contact us before (at
wyomunoh@gmail.com) or during the conference for any assistance that we can provide to you,
be it with parliamentary procedure, research, or if you just need some encouragement. We want
to make this the best experience for you that we can!
Best regards,
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Dear Delegates,
It is my pleasure to welcome you to India: The Fight for
Freedom at WYOMUN II! My name is Vishnu Paranandi, and I will
be your crisis director for this committee. I am also the
DirectorGeneral for all of the middle school committees at the
conference. I am a junior at Wyoming High School and have been
involved with Model UN since I was in the sixth grade. Over the
years, Model UN has taught me so much: how to analyze complex
issues, how to think with a more global perspective, how to work
collaboratively with a variety of people with different viewpoints and
personalities, and how to spend countless early mornings with a
quirky, funloving group of people who take everything way too
seriously. I am currently the Secretary of Finances for Wyoming High
School’s Model UN Club.
I am the son of two immigrants from south India, and am proud of my heritage, as well as
my American identity. I’m usually getting myself into messes by agreeing to do way too many
things, but I figure I shouldn’t let any good opportunities slip by. Outside of Model UN, I keep
myself occupied by being the president of my school’s INTERalliance technology/business club,
being involved with a variety of community service projects, playing the viola and the piano,
competing on my school’s Science Olympiad team, working with and learning about technology
(mostly fixing other people’s technology), listening to music, biking, doing homework, reading
and writing emails, and trying to remember what I've forgotten to do.
I am very glad that you are choosing to take advantage of the wonderful opportunities
that come with Model UN and encourage you to stretch yourself at WYOMUN. I promise you, if
you come into the conference with a positive mindset, then you will learn, grow, and have a
worthwhile experience. In the meantime, feel free to reach out to me or my colleagues with any
questions you may have by sending a message to wyomunoh@gmail.com.
The students of today will be running the world tomorrow. WYOMUN is a chance for us
to get a sneakpeek at the great things that we will do. I look forward to seeing you there and am
incredibly excited to help make that experience the best it can be for you!
Best,
Vishnu Paranandi
Crisis Director, DirectorGeneral, Middle School Committees
India: The Fight for Freedom
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Introduction
After an Allied victory in World War II, Great Britain now turns its attention to the British
Raj, its most valuable colony. As the war comes to a close, India’s longstanding independence
movement has grown and gained tremendous momentum under the peacedriven leadership of
Mohandas Gandhi. After years of quelling protests, Great Britain must face the realities
regarding the widespread impact of the nonviolent movement. At the same time, major questions
regarding the HinduMuslim conflict, the ownership of the independentlyrun princely states in
the region, and the future of the British Empire come onto center stage. Debate at WYOMUN II
will be driven by these complex and deeplyrooted issues, and delegates must guide this debate
towards ultimately creating a treaty that will determine the fate of hundreds of millions of lives
for the foreseeable future. There is no simple solution to this tricky situation, and although
violence is not a restricting factor, change must soon come to the British Raj.
The Committee
At WYOMUN II, delegates will represent members of the Interim Government of India
beginning on September 2, 1946. This group has been elected following centuries of colonial
rule in India and a strong independence movement dating back about fifty years. Their mission is
to facilitate the transition from British rule over the Indian subcontinent to some sort of
independent state or states. At WYOMUN II, this will be done through a treaty that will be
drafted and approved by the committee. The group will then pass resolutions to deal with the
aftermath of the transition that they facilitate. The complex history of this issue and the variety of
represented viewpoints will complicate this process. Ultimately, delegates in this committee
should strive to search for common ground upon which to build a plan for the future of the
Indian subcontinent. Though there are centuries of major differences among the relevant parties,
there is great hope that this committee will successfully start the next chapter in history for the
long subjugated people of the subcontinent.
Understanding the political framework of the colony at this time is critical to
understanding the movement itself. The following groups reflect the political situation at the time
in India, and will be represented at WYOMUN II:
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includes Jawaharlal Nehru, who is now the leader of the party. With increasing HinduMuslim
tensions in India over the past fifty years and the founding of the Muslim League (described
below), the Congress Party now almost exclusively represents the Hindu population of the
subcontinent. It continues to fight for a unified, independent country on the subcontinent.
Princely States
The Princely States are nominally sovereign entities that are governed by local rulers,
rather than by direct British rule. While they are not directly governed by the British, they still
are subject to an alliance with the Crown. There are officially 565 princely states at the time of
this committee, although about 200 of them have an area of less than ten square miles, and only
five of them are significant enough to have "direct political relations" with the government of
India. These are Baroda, Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Mysore, and Gwalior, which together
made up about 250,000 square miles and are home to about 35 million people.
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Early History
It is important for delegates to have an understanding of some of the events in the history
of the Indian subcontinent, since they set the stage for the independence movement. What
follows is a summary of these events:
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soldiers, or sepoys, who were employed by the British East India Company. At the time, gun
cartridges used by the troops had to be bitten to release powder. The grease used on these
cartridges was rumored to be made up of lard from cows (offensive to Hindus) and pigs
(offensive to Muslims). To the Sepoys, this was the last straw in a string of British initiatives that
they believed were undermining their traditions too much, leading them to take up arms against
their British employers. In the process, British people, including women and children, were
killed, and British women and girls were raped. The British soldiers fought back, ending the
rebellion just over a month after it had started.The rebels were no match against the British
soldiers; they were neither wellequipped nor wellorganized. Many of the perpetrators were
executed afterwards.
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World War I
When World War I broke out in 1914, India offered support to the British cause, in the
hope of gaining some form of independence at the war’s end. As a result, India offered thousands
of troops to the Allies. In fact, the Indian National Congress and one of its leaders, who would
ultimately lead the independence movement,
Mohandas Karamchand "Mahatma" Gandhi, helped to
enlist Indian troops for the cause. Victory over
Germany, however, did not bring the expected
independence. In fact, the only action the British took
in regards to India was divisive: they partitioned
Bengal into the predominantly Muslim East and Hindu
West. There were massive protests all over the country
led by the Congress Party and its leaders. Gandhi
began to advocate for nonviolent protests, a concept
he had embraced during his years as a civilrights
activist in South Africa, where he lived from 1893 to
1915.
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government or of an occupying international power. This captured the attention of the entire
world. One of his most significant acts of civil disobedience was the “Salt Satyagraha” in March
of 1930, commonly known as the “Salt March”, where Gandhi and his followers marched for
twentyfour days in the Gujarat region in western India, collecting salt from the sea along the
way in opposition to Britain’s taxed monopoly on the manufacture of salt. Gandhi was arrested
in May of 1930 along with many
others. While Gandhi was released
in early 1931, the British
recognized Gandhi as a force that
could not easily be suppressed.
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Muslims onefourth representation in the dominion legislature. The Muslim League offered to go
along with the plan, but they demanded at least onethird representation and further autonomy.
These demands were rejected by the Congress Party, worsening HinduMuslim relations further.
Jinnah returned to the subcontinent in 1934 after being pressured by Indian Muslims, and
specifically by his political associate Liaquat Ali Khan, who would become secondinline to the
leadership of the Muslim League. During the next few years, Iqbal, once Jinnah’s opponent
within the League, became a mentor for Jinnah and convinced him to support the TwoNation
Theory in order to help the Muslim people. Jinnah worked to pull the Muslim League out of the
inactivity it had experienced during his absence, expanding the party and its influence. The two
sides began to become more defined: Gandhi and the Indian National Congress continued to
push for a unified independence, while Jinnah and the Muslim League pushed for separate states.
World War II
When World War II broke out in 1939, the Indian National Congress passed a resolution
promising to support the British war effort in return for independence. This plan, which Gandhi
had not supported, was rejected by the British. The Muslim League supported the war in hopes
of independence at a future date, but overall the leaders of the subcontinent were divided. By
1942, the British were frustrated with the lack of participation in the war from the subcontinent.
That spring, Stafford Cripps, the Leader of the British House of Commons, led a delegation to
negotiate with the Indian National Congress. His goal was to obtain widespread Indian
participation in the war in return for progressive redistribution of some powers to an elected
Indian legislature. The timeline for this process and the powers to be transferred were not defined
clearly, so the talks broke down. Another attempt at a resolution demanding independence,
which threatened civil disobedience, was drafted by the Congress Party that year. However, that
also did not gather much support as many issues, most notably how to deal with the Muslim
League’s desire for a separate state, were left unresolved by the plan.
The lack of progress frustrated Gandhi, and this, along with the threat of Japanese
invasion and the reality of Britain’s unwillingness to defend the Indian people, drove him to
launch the largescale civil disobedience campaign known as “Quit India” in August 1942.
Gandhi and almost all of the Congress Party leadership were arrested, with most of them being
imprisoned until 1945. This cut off Party leadership from the world for nearly three years.
Gandhi’s wife died in prison and he was released on account of his health in 1944, at which point
he lobbied for others to be released as well. The movement maintained support among the
masses, who continued to protest while their leaders were imprisoned. Some protests grew
violent, with bombings and fires prompting the police to shoot hundreds of civilians.
Quit India was opposed by the Muslim League; they were more concerned about gaining
their own country. Therefore, they encouraged people to fight in the war, growing the Indian
army to 2 million. Indian businessmen who profited from the war also opposed Quit India.
International support came from the United States, who supported Indian independence.
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However, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt had to cooperate with British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill in order to be successful in World War II, so any U.S. support was cautious
and largely inconsequential.
Soon after the release of the Congress Party leadership, the Constituent Assembly of
India was elected in August 1946 to draft a potential constitution for an independent, unified
India. The Muslim League refused to participate in this Assembly as it violated the TwoNation
Theory. In an effort to take true action towards creating an independent state or states, the
Interim Government of India was formed, consisting of members of the Constituent Assembly,
the Muslim League, and the Viceroy’s Executive Council, allowing for a wide variety of
viewpoints to be represented.
Questions to Consider
As stated previously, this committee will represent the Interim Government of India, and
it is tasked with drafting and passing a treaty that forms at least one new independent country on
the Indian subcontinent as well as with monitoring the new state(s) during the early stages of
independence. Several key questions will need to be addressed:
Will a partition be necessary? How will the risks of this decision be mitigated?
The Congress Party opposes a partition, while the Muslim League supports one. If a
partition is to be implemented, it will most likely be to create separate states for Hindus and
Muslims. Delegates must note that a unified country could put Muslims at risk of being
oppressed by Hindus, while separate states could force people to migrate and cause border
disputes.
How will the Princely States fit into the new subcontinent?
While most of the Princely States are of inconsequential size and will likely assimilate
into a new state or states, five of them (Baroda, Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Mysore, and
Gwalior) are significant in size, especially Hyderabad and Jammu & Kashmir. Their wishes must
be acknowledged by delegates to prevent conflict and border disputes within the subcontinent.
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How will this committee monitor the situation on the subcontinent after a treaty is passed?
This committee is responsible for ensuring that the plan they create in the form of a treaty
is properly implemented and that progress is monitored. Delegates must consider the difficulties
of keeping a closewatch without impeding on newlyacquired national sovereignty.
Positions
The following positions may be represented in this committee by delegates at WYOMUN II:
● Vice President of the Viceroy's Executive Council & Minister of External Affairs and
Commonwealth Relations–Jawaharlal Nehru
● President of the Constituent Assembly of India & Minister of Agriculture and
Food–Rajendra Prasad
● President of the Indian National Congress–J. B. Kripalani
● Minister of Home Affairs, Information and Broadcasting–Vallabhbhai Patel
● President of the AllIndia Muslim League–Muhammad Ali Jinnah
● Chairman of the AllIndia Muslim League's Central Parliamentary Board & Minister of
Finance–Liaquat Ali Khan
● Prime Minister of Bengal–Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
● Viceroy and GovernorGeneral of India–Louis Mountbatten
● CommanderinChief of India–General Sir Claude Auchinleck
● Secretary of State for India and Burma–William Hare
● Nizzam of Hyderabad–Asaf Jah VII
● Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir–Hari Singh
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Sources
This background guide is a great place for delegates to develop a basic understanding of the
situation in this committee. However, they must do their own research to further their
understanding. On the next page are a few sources to that should be used as starting points.
Delegates are strongly encouraged to find more sources, especially those concerning their
representative’s specific position. Learning as much as possible about the Indian Independence
Movement and the situation surrounding it will enable them to have an optimal committee
experience.
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Works Cited
Bates, Crispin. "The Hidden Story of Partition and Its Legacies." BBC News. BBC, 3 Mar. 2011.
Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
"Before the Indian Independence Movement in the Early 1900." Before the Indian Independence
Movement in the Early 1900. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
"Carnatic Wars | EuroIndian Wars." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica,
n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
Dalrymple, William. "The Mutual Genocide of Indian Partition." The New Yorker. N.p., 29 June
2015. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
"History of India." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
"India before the British." India before the British. The Victorian Web, 6 Nov. 2000. Web. 2
Oct. 2015.
"India: The Road to Independence." Insight Guides, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
"The Indian Independence Struggle (19301931)." N onviolent Conflict. International Center on
Nonviolent Conflict, June 2009. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
MerriamWebster. MerriamWebster, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
"Salt March." H istory.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
Images:
Cover – G andhi during the Salt March, March 1930. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia
Commons, 12 May 2005. Web. 19 Sept. 2015.
[1] – Edinburgh Geographical Institute; J. G. Bartholomew and Sons at Oxford University Press.
British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India. Digital image. Wikipedia.
Wikimedia Commons, 15 Mar. 2012. Web. 19 Sept. 2015.
[2] – Tantia Topee's Soldiery. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia, 5 Apr. 2012. Web. 19 Sept.
2015.
[3] – Tharoor, Shashi. Indian soldiers fighting under the British in World War I. Digital image.
BBC News. BBC News Service, 2 July 2015. Web. 19 Sept. 2015.
[4] – Ben Alford. T
he Amritsar Massacre. Digital image. Student Notes. Student Notes, 12 Mar.
2013. Web. 19 Sept. 2015.
[5] – Gandhi addressing a crowd of people. Digital image. Bollywood Sargam.
Bollywoodsargam.com, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2015.
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