Unit

Fuceks and Combution

ExGise

G-1 Explain the cQa silication_o Evels.

OR
Explain the classikication o Fvels on the basis thein.
SOuhce with example.
Ans
PhusicalPhimahyuRks Secondan4 uks
State

1 Solid Wood Peut, low dung, hancoal, Cthe

Lignite Bitumunovs Anthsacte

(2LiqjuId Cnude_oil kenosinediesel, 2thol,

tan vel oil, Pe weh
AlcoKok Bio -Di2sel

(haseovs| Natuhal gas Coa gas,watenga

|DLOgasLP ,CNG, LNG.

qasious
G2.Wnte mehits and demeh1ts o sokid eiqud and

Ans
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Date

1 Soliduel

Advantages on Menits
Mone headily available
Liss expensive and _mone po wRh{v
Can he taanspostedeas1ly.

DISaduantages Dh demehits.

Kequhe a nuch Lahgeh Qhea tostONR

TakemOne time to buhn_
High Lontain of ash and biphodut is ash.

2liauid url
Advanta gs

Handling is eas and Lquibk_VesS stohage sat

I t can be {ined easily-
Combvstion' is unikahm

Disad vcamtages

Theyahe toste
t heawibe special type of bunnehs
I n old clima te oil stoned in tanKs is to he heatro
avoid sto ppauga o ow
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3naseous Auel

hduantages
Stonage i easieh
combustion.
ess aih is heqvibed kon complhte
be Simpky_casthied
fhhoughpip5
t can

Disadyentages.

and hunnin4LOstis too_high.

(apital Aeasonabh extenz
ypehvnit enhgy is
Steage capait
ely Pange langa
and 5122 and wtight of enginea
Migh cost

clasikication of_ouß by
bant
S-3 Explain
Ans

1 Peat
contain 8o-904 Lates.
FiAst stage coal, it
coantent=25
(omp0Sition s Cahhon : 5 t Z a s h
Avehag
to 6 Z

5,Hooe keal/q.
2 (alohipic vokve is a bovt
(oals)
2. Lignite (bhown
meistvhe
(oul lontain 2 o to 6oh
0west ban
Fo-
Ayh a qe_(omposition ol canbpn=bo to
 aloniic valve is about 6,500-1, loo tal/rg,

3. Bituminovs ouls 1common toals)

L a iminatad stauctune is seen i t is uni4ue on in

the Coal

Avehay Lomposition_ok Cis g3,5

_Lalonifi valva isabout $300 KakIkg

4. Anthnacite

Highest anh toalcontaining lowest volatil_mette

and moistune lontents

Avennge_tomposition is Canbonlc)» 12-A8Z valatile

matten is ess han 8Z ash tontent Vess than 3

Lalonili valve is_akout 8, 6 5o to ,zoo kcaL/A.

-4 Dekine calohikic vaKue. Explain the pmeasuhement a
value by Bombcalohimeten with igube. -
Ans: Pninciple Foh detenmining the cakonipic
_valve ol Scl
and liqvid uels
Calenipi valvz oka pue) isTh: totaR quantity e hea'
iheHatRd when a unit mays othe Puos is 5untnt
Lompkat Vy-
 Poge Na

BecKmann's ToBaffny
Thehaometin Oygen
Vavr Eectieel
openated shnnen

Bomb
EQeeth caesS
Riag
eighted Same

apen Cal onime ten

Ah JaTMet
wuten Tacket

(ons thuction

I t (onsistscksthong stuinlessstee,called bomb

Lapable o ith Standing high paessuhe

b o m b is phovid ed with a Vrd which _(an he Sheld

bomb. The lidntuhn is pmouided
inmey on
lnmey the

two electnodes Qnd an 2 i n s t ualur

witn
accomo
w t h bing t o
One o_electnode ishovid ed
chucibe
date he 5ilic a
in (opAh_calenimtte haungA
>bemb is pküced
Kncnweight ok waten.
h f e R p e h C a l e n i m e t e n _ i y sUhnqurnded y a2 LA.
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haket 4d aten jacket to phevent oss heat.

heat.
hecalonimeten is phovid ed wih an eVeethoia
stihseh koh stihhiag waten_cmd a Bechmann
hehmo neteh.

WoKing-
waight amoynt ohuel/is aced ia sibca Chuible

The huci bleis suppohte ovk he hing

>AaeMgwihi touchina hi }vel1 sample is sthetches
achess h electa.cdes

Oxugen i fonud into ne_bogmb till aphessue4

25 30 atm
heinitial tempehatuse dthe Lwates is nated altes
fhsough stiAhing
When Cuhhent is
switched o n h e {u inthe Chvtib
buhns with ths eyolution dl heut.

The heat phod uced b4 buhning of he kuel istans

bhed o wateh whichS stibhed
hhoughout the
hout he.
expehinment by he eecthic stihbeh
Maximum tempehatyhe 3hom by thehmo meteh 1

Aeconded
 age N a -

0ate

Obsehvaton

Aue_Sample= m_gham
1weignt ok
D ight_owates =igham system=wgm-
calonimeten
3) Wateh Eq,uivalent_a
4)Rise in teprhatuhe= LT-Ti)
L6nal temp-Tnitial Top)

Fohmula {on taleulation

Calonii valveB =(WeuÍ-)allqm

DesChibe bactional distiRation (Re ining) el chude

-5 {Wel obtainad
petholeum pil amd name vahiovs li4,uid
with phopesties qnd VSes 7
stable emls
Ans he Chude oiR_hom oil elN_s_etheymal
ofoil nd SaQE Lateh

hechvdeoileil i aMeugd fe low betwsRntwo

higheuthahgd electnodes IHk Coleidak atteh -
dhopet Loalezce to {ohmlange dhcpswhich

S@puhate out hom Me ol

Remova o halmkul sulphuh (ompovnds ino oes ie

theating dho ittcpp h. oxides
AheaLtion occUhs Lln_SBA Sukphun ccmAovnds
which hesults in the hohmation al Lopn Sulphide
Colid whi.h i s belm0 ved by_kthaton

The Chudo oiP is hen haated fo ub0ut uooina

Lhon etoht uhene by a_volatihleasituats
 Page No

Date

erceptHA asphult_Oh_Lole ahe evafOAattol

The hot uapouhs Ls 0sSed u a hadionatin

Leluma i n isa Palley Sindic&D toweh tentni,
anumbeh_of hohironta $~aindess 2YAaysa
short distanles

Euch thay is Phouidod wih Smalg clhimneycovehed

Lwima Vose cap.

>AS Yhe _ivapouh go vp Mey becop alual Loces

Cmd hacdton ce Condons.ation taMASAEce_ai dilei
helgh of cokumo
Higheh oilin4huttion condenses ibst hile n_
loiweh boilin Phationstuhn-bi-tusn

shars

Tnay Petro9e um ethah

Chimner
Doun
>husolng
Spot Naphtha
Looye- keno 5ene
Cap
» Diese pi
Taluicating o

Chude
Steam \
Fuhnace
atHoo C
 Date

dnasoline oh pihol
pnopehties
It isobfained betweon Ho-2aC

Calohikic vabueis ahout 1,250kcal/hig-

s is highe _velatle jnflammablh snd ustd es

Auol into iitesnal combuis tien engunis
(2Kehoseneoil.

T pbtained bitLen 1S-250 c

Calehifie valve i about 11, 1pcKal[Kg.

high boiling point Aang,kehoseR deesALt Cve

chvapohise asily

ii Diesel cil
p a t i c s

fir2ld 250-320
Zt i obtainid he

calonZe value_is abeut_1, 00p KCallkq

engine fvel
T t i> vsed as a disse

Civ Uncondensed qas

Bekcw 3O
3cikin a sangi is
industhialal
vndi_t2e
s es As_cdomes
tic Dh
am PG.
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Date

V Pathole vm eth Lh
Photie

Boiling Sng iy 30- toic

Uses s a sokvenat

(ViyNaphtha oh solent spiht

Boiling ange s no-18o
yLRSAs solvond amd in dhy tLea nng
(V) Sezah Heavy oil2
hopties
SBoiLin4 banga i 320-4oO
Vses Eohgetting 4 asolineby chacting poce3s.
(vin) Residua may be eitheh.
h a Aphalt.
B c i ling hamge is A boveHoo'
Useswates Phooking obooks and ^oalmuhiny
h ) Petho Ve um Cohe
B o n g banga is Abov Ho
ASesA/>es Asa pual And in mo ulding ah Viqht cos.
eight nod
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pate

G-6. wnite duk0ng's kohmuka to caleukeate ghoss and

net calohihi balve?
Ans
lnossCL =18,080c+3 HH6o[H-0+22503
100
whehe,
bho5s CV=hoss Calosilic_alue i als0 knoun
valve.
as HVie ighen calonili
V ol Cahho2n
= Z Hydhogen
O =Z
5 = Slphuh

NET Cy =|4CV-9 Hx557|cara

100
whese
Valvg_itis alsaho wn
Nat C.y= Net Calonili
as LLV ia Lo weh lulohii alue
Valve
HCV E highes (clohii
heat ofsteam
587 = hisis Hhe valveal_latent

vantage amd disaduantage of LPh fuel2

- White _ad
ms
Advamtage-
tantnd buhns chanl,
highly_Anech-besis
2 T t ibch ecip,

n o n -f0xic
s0 1heht is no danges4fP0I3o2
LPGis

valye
I has high Calenii
 Page io
LDate

Non COhhosive to s teel.

Disad vamtuge

Diskaing- aih tausing adechease_ino6yglnlo,)

-belavgitis neasith ha aih.
Ii not 2as4to stoR

Ttis(olouh kess gas

G-9 Depine 0ctane num beh Mow to iothease octane

nimbeh D4aseline and Define letame lum beh
Ans
Octine numbeh>The batio A Mptane Cmd s0-odtni
pehtenfag in pethokR.
G-10
Cetom e umhen The batio e etaa e _and -Me thul Ms
NaphthaleNe pencentage in diAse
Octane numheh ok qaSoline can h incheased D-
odding totaaeHhll kead (C211, Ph amd a
EtheLc,u L D5 to lmpeh Rit
-q Distinguish bxtuseen pethol amd
diese0.
 tio

pase

pe thol Die sel

The Pgine o pethol gwes The Des ey eng ine 4Ves

a00d avohage md its lss avghage md its

Knoching is Vess than fnoching i nOhi han

DitseR eng'ne. Pethol engine
ItKhaction obtained Tt hation obtained
betuen Ho -120t batben 250-320'c

Calonikic valvs is obovtCaVohifi valve is_abeut

125oca'lNg. 1looo'kcal [Itg.
I t is vsed as ua Ko I t b used vel i
intehnal combbUstiQn engio jet enginesjautomabe
o automph i9ts Cm d Rtc
áthephcmes.
-10. Wite hhie note on 20weh alsoho, biodiese0.
ms Poweh aleohol

Poweh aleohol is am altehrnative {oe) Koh motoh wnen

alcohek i used oh qone nationof pöw9h It i
CaWed poweh altohol.

> Alcohe9 has high octans numbeh (a0) fhan jputaol it

phes ene in pethoV inthea se he octame nvmhen

ALron o0 blended peth has hetten an tihnoch fh0geni)

lends (ontai ning 20-25 ehy alccnod ond hest o
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Poge
Date

5chas M
om
mauHu
tu7ed d
alee.ho eis
KOhmetntation
n t a t i o n p o c loLLS5-
35.
nmdia

amd Llucos b
Euctose)
Ltnlvcose)

SuChose
>|0r
Vi
Ehy BLcohol.

Gusose

Advcmtag es-
lend.
DLacheases 2ctan njmbih o
dicvlty-
no5tahtinq
2DThahe i inp0weh ovtpui
3)hehe is lo de Chlase
thi
Disadvanta gl-
2etool
DAlcoho lovehS calbsiKit valug op
aence alcehek
DAlcchal is easily exdised to aids
may CaVse _tonhpsion
A ow tempEhatuhe _tahhng di vkty QAÍSLS-
Bio-dieSel:

Tt i mude hom vegetable oil on mimal a t

2 n In dia hoduetion obiodiesel hom soya heav

nap-segd and oheh vehetuhe oi Xee ds
The Use ov2ota lhlo oil a s diese
kuR
modili cdtion o heonuontional dLSeVAeq,vil
eng int
enAin
 No

dies
Many hepleyms
2Many ms koh dihect Use of vegetahle oil s
diesu2_aseassociated win hih viscosities
lew veCatilit high {las n point has heen
OCUSSEd on hocesses hat hed vco_visco.sity
he vegitabke oil,

>One o ne Successkol phonts kon $educing the

viscosty_efthe egetabtr oiA is the phdcessKnOnn.
as thans-stenipidien oh alcahclysis

H C0R

CH o0R" +30H 0 CataCy s>(Hz cH-

CH2 00R" R"OoCH3-
tnigly cenide
CHOH Ro
sKyceno Metnyl estrs
ohattyau
Bid-oiisel ).

Aduartuge
Dic diesel ahe biedo gadable

I t 's non to Xic

i s fe oh Sukphusand anematics

Cnd ess
Snoka CP1sS1e
Th best engin ehon nmene es*
a chi vid by bYond 2 0 bicdiex &ad
Cnveticnal dicsel