BAA1432

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

HEAVY MACHINERIES
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

• At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Explain the machineries management in
construction.
2. Explain the machineries used in small powered
plants.
3. Explain heavy machineries used in construction.
HEAVY MACHINERIES
 INTRODUCTION

• Heavy Machineries can be classified to types such

as earth-moving & excavation plant &
transporting plant.
• Machineries are used in construction project in
order to achieve the followings:
a) To increase the rate of output
b) To reduce overall building costs
c)To carry out activities that can’t be done
manually or to do them more economically
 INTRODUCTION (Cont’)

• To eliminate heavy manual work thus reducing

fatigue and increasing the productivity of manual
workers
• To maintain a planned rate of production
where there is a shortage of either skilled or
unskilled operatives.
• To maintain the high standards often required by
present-day designs and specification, especially
when concerned with structural engineering
works.
EARTH-MOVING PLANT
 INTRODUCTION

• Earthmoving is the process of moving soil

from one location to another by excavating,
loading, hauling, placing, compacting, grading
and finishing.
• Heavy machineries is normally required to
carry out the task during earthmoving activity.
 EXCAVATOR

• To excavate soil at site during site clearing or

during cut and fill process at earthwork
activity.
• To dig trenches or drain
• To remove contaminated soil or unwanted
soil and transfer it to the tipper truck
• Razing interior or exterior wall
• Installing culverts or irrigation lines or utility
lines
 EXCAVATOR (Cont’)

• The size of an excavator selected for any particular job

is based on factors such as :
a) Capacity of the bucket
b) Type of soil being extracted
c) Radius required to reach the digging area
d) Radius required to reach the hauling area
e) Distance required to reach the stock pile
f) Clearance height required to reach over a hauling
unit
g) Physical clearance of the machine when working in
confined area
EXCAVATOR
EXCAVATOR
 DRAGLINE

• It remains on firm or undisturbed ground and

dig below its own level, backing away from the
excavation as the material is removed.
• Used for excavating in loose material and soft
soils below the level of the machine.
• It is able to do digging in excavations below
water level and in mud or quick sand
 DRAGLINE (Cont’)

• The accuracy where a dragline can excavate

depends upon the skill of the operator.
• The dragline attachment cosists of a dragline
bucket, hoist cable, drag cable and fairlead.
DRAGLINE (Cont’)
 TRACTOR SHOVEL

• Also known as loader or loader shovels

• Primary function is to scoop up loose
materials in the front mounted bucket, elevate
the bucket and manoeuvre into a position to
deposit the loose material into an attendant
transport vehicle.
TRACTOR SHOVEL
 BACKHOE

• Because of its small size, it is used for

excavation where space is limited and the
excavation relatively narrow.
• Typical uses include:
a) trenching for uility lines
b) digging drainage ditches & basements
c) sloping and grading embankments
d) reshaping existibng roadside ditches.
 BACKHOE (Cont’)

• Also can be used to dig the soil

• The loading bucket can be used to push either
carry dirt or gravel sand or other materials.
• To excavate soil and transfer it into the truck
BACKHOE (Cont’)
BACKHOE (Cont’)
 SCRAPER

• Consist of a power unit & a scraper bowl

• Design & basic operation of the scraper
bowl consist of a shaped bowl with cutting
edge that can be lowered to cut the top
surface of the soil to a depth of 300 mm.
• As the bowl moves forward the loosened
earth is forced into the container and when
full the cutting edge is raised to seal the
bowl.
 SCRAPER (Cont’)

• To ensure that a full load is obtain bulldozer can

be used where it act as a pusher over the last
metres of scrape.
• Excavate and transport soil where surface
stripping, site levelling and cut & fill activities are
planned.
• Also can be used on large site where large
quantities of soil need to be moved from one
area to another
• It is capable of producing a very smooth and
accurate formation level.
SCRAPER (Cont’)
SCRAPER (Cont’)
 BULLDOZER

• To do shallow excavations up to 300m deep

either on level ground or sidehill cutting
• To do stripping at the site
• To create a same level of soil
• Bulldozer can be used to assist scraper.
Where it act as a pusher over the last metres
of scrape in order to obtain a full load in the
shaped bowl of scraper.
BULLDOZER
BULLDOZER
 MOTORGRADER

• Also known as grader

• Used for finishing to fine limits large area of
ground that have been scraped or
bulldozed to the required formation level.
• Can only be used for grade the surface.
• Can produce a fine and accurate finish
• Can’t be used for oversite excavation work
because of their low motive power.
MOTORGRADER
TRANSPORTING PLANT
 DUMPER

• Used for transporting excavated material

• A dumper that is too small is likely to be
overloaded thus increasing the risks of
overturning and reducing its ability to stop
safely.
• Accident involving dumping can be avoided by
choosing dumper that is sufficiently stable in
all of the site conditions.
DUMPER
 FORKLIFT

• Handling mainly palleted materials quickly &

efficiently around building site areas.
• Also able to carry certain unpalleted
materials, but this activity will need hand
loading.
• As a conclusion, it is to lift & carry material
from one place to another.
FORKLIFT
FORKLIFT
 DUMP TRUCK

• To transport excavated topsoil or soil from

the site to place outside the site.
• To transport construction materials
(aggregates, sand, bricks) to the area in the
site.
• Registered to The Malaysian Road
Transportation Department (JPJ) and can be
used outside the site.
DUMP TRUCK (Cont’)
 DUMP TRUCK (Cont’)

• The unregistered truck to The Malaysian Road

Transportation Department (JPJ) , has no plate
number and therefore can only be used within
the site.
• Also known as tipper truck
• It can’t be driven on the road and usually trailer
used to carry / haul it from site to another.
• To transport soil / sand within the construction
site.
TIPPER TRUCK
 CRANE

• Was developed to provide efficient lifting

capability on the building site
• Cranes can be classified to 3 category:
a) Mobile Cranes
b) Static / Stationary Cranes
c) Tower Cranes
 MOBILE CRANE

• Many wide variety of design & capacities that generally

with 360 rotation / slewing circle, a low pivot & lifting
jib.
• Types of crane :-
a) Self-propelled crane
b) Lorry-mounted crane
c) Truck mounted crane
d) Floating crane
e) Gantry cranes
f) Crawler Crane
g) Mast crane
 TRUCK MOUNTED CRANE

• The truck with the crane mounted on allows

user to move it around
• Can be easily transported on the major road
TRUCK MOUNTED CRANE
 FLOATING CRANE

• Mostly used in bridges & ports construction

• Able to handle very heavy loads
FLOATING CRANE
 STATIC CRANE

• These crane are fixed at their working position

• Used primarily for lifting heavy loads such as
structural steelwork
• Among types of static crane are:-
a) Guy derrick
b) Scotch derrick
c) Monotower cranes
SCOTCH DERRICK
 TOWER CRANES

• Often the tallest crane

• Have to be assembled pieces by pieces
• Some basic types of tower cranes are:
a) Self-supporting static tower cranes
b) Supported static tower cranes
c) Travelling tower cranes
d) Climbing Cranes
TOWER CRANE
CLIMBING CRANE
CLIMBING CRANE
 SAFETY ISSUES

• Machineries can only be operated by skilled

worker
• Don’t operate machineries while under the
influence of drugs and alcohol
• Wear Personal Protective Equipment during
machine handling
• Follow procedure during the handling of
machineries
MACHINERIES ACCIDENTS AT SITE