Singly and Doubly Reinforced Beams Falng

Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams

According to BS8110.
By:
Eng. Ayman Omar Ali
Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Contents
Design code .................................................................................................................................
References ...................................................................................................................................
Introduction ................................................................................................................................1
Reinforced Concrete ................................................................................................................1
Stress & Strain In General. ..........................................................................................................3
Main Design Theories. ................................................................................................................3
Limit States Design Method ........................................................................................................3
Design Method............................................................................................................................4
Material Partial Safety Factors: m ...............................................................................................4
Characteristics and Design Strengths of Materials .......................................................................5
-1 Characteristics and Design Strengths of Concrete. ........................................................5
2- Characteristics and Design Strengths of Steel ................................................................6
Characteristic and Designed Load ...............................................................................................7
Characteristic load ...................................................................................................................7
Types of loads .........................................................................................................................7
Load combination for design ...................................................................................................7
Types of Beam Section ...............................................................................................................8
Flexural Strength of Sections ......................................................................................................8
Singly Reinforced Sections ....................................................................................................... 13
Internal Forces of Singly Reinforced Section ............................................................................. 14
Moment Of Resistance Of Singly Reinforced Section ............................................................... 14
(a) Concrete capacity ........................................................................................................... 15
(b) Steel capacity ................................................................................................................. 15
Types of Failure And Beam Section Classifications .................................................................. 16
1- Balanced section: ........................................................................................................ 16
2- Under-reinforced section: ............................................................................................ 16
3- Over-reinforced section: .............................................................................................. 16
Ultimate Moment of Resistance of Singly Reinforced Section ................................................... 17
Type of problems ...................................................................................................................... 18
Check for sections ..................................................................................................................... 18

Example (1) ( check for singly reinforced section ) ................................................................ 19
Design of Singly Reinforced Sections ....................................................................................... 21
1- Analytical Method ...................................................................................................... 21
2- Code Method .............................................................................................................. 22
3- Using charts ................................................................................................................ 23
Example (1)….. ( Design of singly reinforced section ) ......................................................... 24
Example (2) ….. ( Design of singly reinforced section ) ........................................................ 28
Doubly Reinforced Section ....................................................................................................... 32
Internal Forces of Singly Reinforced Section ............................................................................. 33
Moment Of Resistance Of Doubly Reinforced Section .............................................................. 33
(a) Concrete capacity ........................................................................................................... 33
(b) Steel capacity .............................................................................................................. 34
Ultimate Moment of Resistance of Doubly Reinforced Section ................................................. 34
Type of problems ...................................................................................................................... 36
Check for sections ..................................................................................................................... 36
Example (3):……. (check for doubly reinforced section ) ......................................................... 37
Designee the sections ................................................................................................................ 39
1- Analytical Method ...................................................................................................... 39
2- Code Method .............................................................................................................. 40
3- Using charts ................................................................................................................ 41
Example (1) … (Design of Doubly Reinforced Section) ............................................................ 42

Design code
8110-1-1997 -Design & Construction.
8110-2-1985-Special Circumstanced.
8110-3-1985- Design Charts.

6399-1-1996 (DL+LL).
References
British books such as:
1- Reinforced Concrete Design theory and examples
Third edition Prab Bhatt, Thomas J.MacGinley and Ban Seng Choo.
2- Design of Structural Elements
W.M.C. McKenzie BSc, PhD, CPhys, MInstP, CEng. Teaching Fellow, Napier University,
Edinburgh.
3- Design of Structural Elements Third Edition

Concrete, steelwork, masonry and timber designs to British Standards and Eurocodes by
Chanakya Arya.
4- Reinforced Concrete Design

W.H.Mosley .
5- Reinforced Concrete Design To B.S8110.

Simply Explained by A.H.ALLEN.

Introduction
Reinforced Concrete
It is a well-known fact that plain concrete is strong in compression and very weak in
tension. The tensile strength of concrete is about one-tenth its compressive strength. As a result,
a plain concrete beam fails suddenly as soon as the tension cracks start to develop. Therefore,
reinforcing steel is added in the tension zone to carry all the developed tensile stresses; this is
called a reinforced concrete beam.
The advantages of each material seem to compensate for the disadvantages of the other. The great
shortcoming of low concrete tensile strength is compensated for by the high tensile strength of the
steel. The tensile strength of the steel is approximately equal to 100-140 times the tensile
strength of the usual concrete mix. Also, the two materials bond together very well with no
slippage, and thus act together as one unit in resisting the applied loads.
The disadvantage of steel is corrosion, but the concrete surrounding the reinforcement
provides an excellent protection. Moreover, the strength of the exposed steel subjected to fire
is close to zero, but again the enclosure of the reinforcement in the concrete produces very
satisfactory fire protection.
Reinforced Concrete Behavior.

The addition of steel reinforcement that bonds strongly to concrete produces a relatively ductile
material capable of transmitting tension and suitable for any structural elements, e.g., slabs,
beam, columns. Reinforcement should be placed in the locations of anticipated tensile stresses
and cracking areas as shown in Fig. For example, the main reinforcement in a simple beam
is placed at the bottom fibers where the tensile stresses develop (Fig. A). However, for a
cantilever, the main reinforcement is at the top of the beam at the location of the maximum negative
moment (Fig. B). Finally for a continuous beam; a part of the main reinforcement should be
placed near the bottom fibers where the positive moments exist and the other part is placed
at the top fibers where the negative moments exist (Fig 3C).
REINFORCED CONCRETE FUNDAMENTALS 2
Fig. Reinforcement placement for different types of beams

Stress & Strain In General.
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒄
- Stress =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
- Force = Stress x Area
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
- Strain =
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
- E (modulus of elasticity) =
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
Main Design Theories.
- Elastic theory.
- Plastic theory.
Limit States Design Method
The code BS 8110, states that the aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability
that the structure will perform satisfactory during its life. It must carry loads safely, not deform
excessively and have adequate durability and resistance to the effect of misuse and fire.
Limit State design method has been developed to take account of all conditions that can make the
structure become unfit for use. The design is based on the actual behavior of materials and
structures in use. It can be divided into two groups;
1- Ultimate limit states, in which when ultimate limit states are exceeded, the whole
structure or part of it collapse.
2- Serviceability limit states, in which when serviceability limit states are exceeded, make
the structure or part of it unfit for normal use, but do not indicate that collapse has
occurred.

Design Method
Three basic methods using factor of safety to achieve safe and workable structures have been
develop:
1- The permissible stress method in which ultimate strength of the materials are divided by a factor
of safety to provide design stresses which are usually within the elastic range.
2- The load factor method in which the working loads are multiplied by a factor of safety.
3- Limit state design method is done by applying partial factor of safety, both to the loads and to
the material strengths.
Main concept of Design Method is to increasing the loads throughout multiplying them by
factors of safety and decreasing the strength of martials throughout dividing them by
factors of safety.
Material Partial Safety Factors:  m
The appropriate values of γm for concrete and reinforcement are given in Table 2.2 of
Clause 2.4.4.1 as:

Characteristics and Design Strengths of Materials
1- Characteristics and Design Strengths of Concrete.
Characteristics Strength or Grade of Concrete (fcu ) is the 28 day cube strength in Newton's
per square millimeter. The minimum grades for reinforced concrete are given in Table 3.3
in the code These are grades C30, C35, C40, C45 and C50.
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉. (𝒇𝒄𝒖 )
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 =
𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍. 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓. 𝒐𝒇. 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒚. (𝜸𝒎 )
Short-term design stress/strain curve for reinforced concrete
𝟎. 𝟔𝟕. (𝒇𝒄𝒖 )
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 =
𝟏. 𝟓
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟕 𝒇𝒄𝒖

2- Characteristics and Design Strengths of Steel
Characteristics Strength or Grade of Reinforcement ( fy) is the yield stress.

Hot rolled mild steel fy=250 N/mm2
High yield steel, hot rolled or cold worked fy=460 N/mm2 .
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉. (𝒇𝒚 )

𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 =
𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍. 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓. 𝒐𝒇. 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒚. (𝜸𝒎 )
Short-term design stress-strain curve for reinforcement
(𝒇𝒚 )
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 =
𝟏. 𝟎𝟓
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 𝒇𝒚

Characteristic and Designed Load
Design load is a product of characteristic load and partial factor of safety
Designed load (FK) = Characteristic load (FK) x Partial factor (γK)
Characteristic load
The working service load having a probability of being excessed throughout the life of the structre
is termed as Characteristic Load, Working Load or Service Load.
Types of loads
- Dead loads ( Gk )
- Imposed load ( QK)
- Wind load ( WK)
- Earthquake load ( EK )
Load combination for design
Dead and imposed load …………. FK = 1.4 Gk + 1.6 QK

Dead and wind load …………. FK = 1.4 Gk + 1.4 WK
Dead, imposed wind load …………. FK = 1.2 Gk +1.2 QK + 1.4 WK

Types of Beam Section
The most common types of beam sections in structures are the following:
• Rectangular sections with tension steel only,
• Rectangular sections with tension and compression steel, and
• Flanged sections of either T or L shape with tension steel and with or without compression
steel.
Flexural Strength of Sections
The ultimate moment of resistance of a cross-section) is determined assuming the following

conditions as given in Clause 3.4.4.1, BS8110: Part 1.
Main assumption for section analysis

1- Plane sections remain plane i.e. the strain at any point along a beam cross section is directly
proportional to the distance from neutral axis. The surface of any cross-section does not
distort out-of-plane during deformation.
Fig. 3.1
2- The compressive stresses in the concrete may be derived from the stress-strain curve in
Figure 3.2 with γm = 1.5, i.e. resulting in a rectangular-parabolic stress block.

Fig. 3.2
Or alternatively
Using the simplified rectangular stress block as indicated in Figure 3.3
Fig. 3.3
The total compressive force in the concrete, Fc, is considered as acting through the centroid of a
reduced depth of stress block which is equal to 90% of the depth of the neutral axis from the
compression face.
The alternative simplified rectangular stress block is normally used in design since it is more
convenient when evaluating the magnitude of the total compressive force in the concrete and the
position of its centroid. This simplification produces results which are very similar to those given
by the rectangular-parabolic stress block.

3- The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored, i.e. all concrete below the level of the
neutral axis is considered ineffective.
4- The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from the stress-strain curve in Figure 3.4 with
γm = 1.05.
Fig. 3.4
The dimension from the extreme compression face to the centroid of the tensile force is known as
the effective depth of the cross-section and given the symbol d.
From the strain diagram in Figure 3.4:
𝜁 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝜁 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
=
( 𝑑 − 𝑥) 𝑥
( 𝑑−𝑥)
∴ 𝜁 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = ( ) 𝜁 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑥

The strain and consequently the stress in the steel are dependent on the depth of the neutral axis x
from the compression face.
When x ≤ d/2 then ζs ≥ ζc (i.e. ≥ 0.0035) and the steel has yielded, the steel stress is given by:
f steel = 0.95fy and the cross-section will fail by yielding of the steel.
The design ultimate moment of resistance will be governed by the capacity of the steel in the
section.
When x ≥ d/2 then ζs ≤ ζc
In this case it is possible for fsteel to be less than 0.95fy and the cross-section can fail by crushing
of the concrete. The critical value of x at which the steel stress becomes less than 0.95fy can be
found as follows:
𝜁 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝜁 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
=
( 𝑑 − 𝑥) 𝑥
0.00219 0.0035
=
( 𝑑 − 𝑥) 𝑥
0.00219x = 0.0035d − 0.0035x ∴ x = 0.615d
Since this type of failure occurs without warning and must be avoided, the value of x to the neutral
axis is limited to ≤ 0.5d as indicated in Clause 3.4.4.4 of the code, and hence limits the permitted
design ultimate moment of resistance when based on the concrete strength.
5- The lever arm (i.e. the distance z between the centroids of the total compressive force
and the tensile force) should be ≤ 0.95d

This effectively defines a lower limit on the depth of concrete which is considered to act in
compression. It limits the maximum strain which can be induced in the reinforcement to a value
of 0.0283 as shown in Figure 5.26, and in addition avoids the reliance on any poor quality concrete
material which may be present at the top of the beam.
Fig. 3.5
Singly Reinforced Sections

where:
h is the overall depth of a section,
b is the breadth of a section,
d is the effective depth from the compression face of the concrete to the centroid of the tension
reinforcement,
d′ is the depth from the compression face of the concrete to the centroid of the compression
reinforcement.
Internal Forces of Singly Reinforced Section
Fc = compressive force = (stress × area)

= 0.447fcu × b × 0.9x
Ft = tensile force = (stress x area)
= 0.95fy × As
Moment Of Resistance Of Singly Reinforced Section
The moment of resistance of singly-reinforced rectangular beams can be determined in terms of:
(a) the concrete capacity, and
(b) the steel capacity,

(a) Concrete capacity
Fig. 3.7
Consider the moment of the compressive force about the line of action of Ft :
MR concrete = (Fc × z)
Where
= 0.447fcu × b × 0.9 𝑥
z = lever arm
MR concrete = 0.447fcu × b × 0.9 𝑥 × z
= 0.447fcu × b × 0.9 𝑥 [d − 0.45 𝑥]
(b) Steel capacity

Consider the moment of the tensile force about the line of action of Fc:
MR steel = (Ft× z)
where
Fs = tensile force = (stress x area)
= (0.95fy × As)
and z = lever ram
MR steel = 0.95fyAs z
MR steel = 0.95fyAs [d − 0.45 𝒙]

Types of Failure And Beam Section Classifications
Returning to the stress strain diagrams for concrete and steel there are three failure situations
depending on the amount of reinforcement provided these as follows:
1- Balanced section:
The concrete fails and steel simultaneously at ultimate load

The amount of steel to give this solution can be determined by equating the internal forces
developed in the section
i.e. C=T
0.45 fcu 0.5bd = 0.95 fyAs
2- Under-reinforced section:
If less steel is provided than in case (1), the steel has reched yield and continues yielding before
concrete fails at ultimate load.
3- Over-reinforced section:
If more steel is provided than in case (1), the concrete fails suddenly without a warring before steel
riches yield.
For singly reinforced beam the code limits the depth of neutral axis to 0.5d to ensure that the design
is for the under-reinforced case.

Ultimate Moment of Resistance of Singly Reinforced Section
MUR = (Fc × z)
Where
= 0.447fcu × b × 0.9 𝒙
z = lever arm
MUR = 0.447fcu × b × 0.9 𝒙 × z
= 0.447fcu × b × 0.9 𝒙 [d − 0.45 𝒙] put 𝒙 = 0.5d
= 0.447fcu × b × 0.9 × 0.5d [d − 0.45×0.5d]
MUR = 0.156 fcu b d2

Type of problems
Check for sections
Find MR = Fc x Z
MR =0.447fcu b 0.9 × [d − 0.45 x]
If x ≤ 0.5d
Under Reinforced
section
Or Find MR = Ft x Z
MR = 0.95 fy As [d − 0.45 x]
Find the value of x
FC = Ft
0.447fcu b 0.9x = 0.95 fy As
Only Find
MR = Fc x Z with x=0.5d
MR =0.447fcu b 0.9× [d − 0.45 x]
If x > 0.5d MUR = 0.156 fcu b d2
Over Reinforced
section
Do not use
MR = Ft x Z
MR = 0.95 fy As [d − 0.45 x ]

Example (1) ( check for singly reinforced section )
A rectangular beam section 200mm wide and 500mm overall depth is assumed to be a singly-
reinforced in the tension zone only. Using the data given, determine the maximum moment which
can be applied to the section if it is reinforced with:
- 2 bars 14mm Ø
- 6 bars 22mm Ø
Data:
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) ………………………….. 25 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel (fy) ………………………….. 250 N/mm2

Effective cover (d/) ………………………….. 50mm2
Solution:
- For 2 bars 14mm diameter. As = 2 x π x 72 = 308mm2 , d = 500-50= 450mm

C=T
0.45 fcu b 0.9ϰ = 0.95 fyAs

0.45*25*200*0.9* ϰ = 0.95*250*308
ϰ = 36.12 mm < 0.5d = 0.5*450=225mm …….. Under-reinforced section

Since the section is under-reinforced the maximum moment can be calculated using
compression force or tension force.
Mur = T * Z OR Mur = C * Z , Z < 0.95d
Using Mur = T * Z
Mur = T * Z = 0.95 fy As * ( d – 0.45 ϰ )

Z = ( d – 0.45 ϰ ) = 450 – 0.45 *36.12= 433.75mm , Z = 0.95*450 = 427.5 mm
Z is the lesser value 427.5mm
Mur ={ 0.95 *250*308*427.5} /106 = 31.27 KN.m (Ans.)

Using Mur = C * Z
Mur = C * Z = 0.45 fcu b 0.9ϰ *Z

Mur = {0.45*25*200*0.9*36.12*427.5} /106 = 31.27 KN.m (Ans.)
- For 6 bars 22mm diameter. As = 2 x π x 112 = 2281mm2 , d = 500-50= 450mm
C=T
0.45 fcu b 0.9ϰ = 0.95 fyAs
0.45*25*200*0.9* ϰ = 0.95*250*2281
ϰ = 267.52 mm > 0.5d = 0.5*450=225mm …….. Over-reinforced section
Since the section is over-reinforced the ultimate moment can be calculated using compression
force only with ϰ = 0.5 d .
Mur = C * Z
Using Mur = C * Z
Mur = C * Z = 0.45 fcu b 0.9ϰ * Z …………….. ϰ = 0.5 d = 225mm

Z = ( d – 0.45 ϰ ) = 450 – 0.45 *225= 348.75mm , Z = 0.95*450 = 427.5 mm
Z is the lesser value 348.75 mm
Mur = {0.45*25*200*0.9*225*348.75}= 158.9 KN.m (Ans.)
Assignment Q1

Design of Singly Reinforced Sections

There are three ways for sections design
1- Analytical Method
Step 1 : Find the value of x

MD = Fc x Z
MD =0.447fcu × b × 0.9X [d − 0.45 x]
Step 2 : Find the value of AS

If MUR ≥ MD Fc = Ft
Siglly Reinforced 0.447fcu × b × 0.9X = 0.95fyAs
section
Then provide Aspro
Find MUR
Step 3 : check
- Spacing of bars
- Cracks
If MUR < MD
Doublly Reinforced
section

2- Code Method
Step 1 : Find the value of Z

𝑲
𝒁 = 𝒅[ 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟎.𝟗 ]
with condition
Z ≤ 0.95 d
Step 2 : Find the value of AS

If K ≤ 0.156 𝑴𝑫
𝑨𝒔 =
Siglly Reinforced section 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝒇𝒚 𝒁
Find K
𝑴𝑫 Then provide Aspro
𝑲=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖
Step 3 : check
- Spacing of bars
- Cracks
If K > 0.156
Doublly Reinforced section

3- Using charts
Step 1 : Find the value of

M/bd2
Step 2 : Read the chart from right to left

by making a striaght horizonatal line
If K ≤ 0.156 untile the line hit the required Fcu
Siglly Reinforced section then draw a vertical line and equate the
obtained value to
Find K
𝑴
𝑲= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑨𝒔
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 =
𝒃𝒅
Then provide Aspro
Step 3 : check
- Spacing of bars
If K > 0.156 - Cracks
Doublly Reinforced section

Example (1)….. ( Design of singly reinforced section )
A simply supported rectangular beam of 8m span carries characteristics dead (including self-
weight of beam), gk, and imposed, qk, loads of 11 KN/m and 9 KN/m respectively. Calculate the
area of reinforcement required by:
(a) Analytical method
(b) Code formulas
(c) Design chart
Assuming the following material

strength.
fcu=25 N/mm2 and fy=460 N/mm2
Solution
Ultimate load (w) = 1.4 gk + 1.6 qk

= 1.4 × 11 + 1.6 × 9 = 29.8 KN/m
Design Moment 𝑀𝑑 = w l2 / 8 = 29.8 × 82 / 8 = 238.4 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
(a) Using Analytical method
Ultimate moment of resistance:
𝑀𝑢𝑟 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀𝑢𝑟 = 0.156 ∗ 25 ∗ 250 ∗ 5002 ∗ 10−6
𝑀𝑢𝑟 = 243.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑟 = 243.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑑 = 238.4 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚. . 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑑 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑧
𝑀𝑑 = 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.45𝑥)

238.4 ∗ 106 = 0.45 ∗ 25 ∗ 250 ∗ 0.9𝑥 ∗ (500 − 0.45𝑥)
238.4 ∗ 106 = 2531.25𝑥 ∗ (500 − 0.45𝑥)
238.4 ∗ 106 = 1265625𝑥 − 1139𝑥 2 … . 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 1139
𝑥 2 − 1111.2𝑥 + 209306.4 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−(−1111.2) ± √(−1111.2)2 − 4 ∗ 1 ∗ 209306.4

𝑥=
2∗1
1111.2 ± 630.5
𝑥=
2
𝑥 = 240.35𝑚𝑚
From equilibrium condition:
𝐶=𝑇
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥 0.45 ∗ 25 ∗ 250 ∗ 0.9 ∗ 240.35

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = = 1392.2 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 0.95 ∗ 460
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1392.2𝑚𝑚2
Assume 22 mmØ to be used:
𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋(22)2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = = 380 𝑚𝑚2
4 4
1392.2
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 3.67 ≅ 4
380
Provide 4T22…. 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 1520 𝑚𝑚2

Using the table of steel area
(b) Code formulas

𝑀 238.4×106
𝐾 = 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 250×5002 ×25 = 0.153
𝐾 = 0.153 < 𝐾 / = 0.156 … . 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2
Z = d [0.5+√0.25 − 𝑘/0.9] ≤ 0.95 d
2 0.153
= 500 [ 0.5 + √0.25 − ] = 391.4 𝑚𝑚
0.9
0.95 d = 0.95 × 500 = 475 𝑚𝑚
Take the smaller value Z = 391.4 mm

𝑀 238.4 ×106
As = 0.95 𝑓𝑦 𝑧 = 0.95 ×460 ×391.4 = 1393.8 mm2
Using pervious steps …..Provide 4T22…. 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 1520 𝑚𝑚2
(c) Design chart
Use the design chart to calculate the area of steel for the beam.
Data:

fcu =25 N/mm2 , fy = 460 N/mm2, b =250mm , d = 500 mm , M = 238.4 KN.m

𝑀 238.4×106
= = 3.8
𝑏𝑑2 250×5002
Using Chart No. 2
𝐴𝑠
100 𝑏𝑑 = 1.21
As = 1.21 × 250 × 500/100 = 1512.5 mm2

Example (2) ….. ( Design of singly reinforced section )
A cantilever rectangular beam of 1.2 m span has to resist an applied moment of 150KN.m.
Calculate the area of reinforcement required by:
(a) Analytical method
(b) Code formulas
(c) Design chart
Assuming the following material strength.
fcu=30 N/mm2 and fy=250 N/mm2
Solution
Design Moment 𝑀𝑑 = 150 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
(a) Using Analytical method
𝑀𝑢𝑟 = 0.156 ∗ 30 ∗ 200 ∗ 5502 ∗ 10−6
𝑀𝑢𝑟 = 283.14 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑟 = 283.14 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑑 = 150 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚. . 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑑 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑧
𝑀𝑑 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.45𝑥 )
150 ∗ 106 = 0.45 ∗ 30 ∗ 200 ∗ 0.9𝑥 ∗ (550 − 0.45𝑥)
150 ∗ 106 = 2430𝑥 ∗ (550 − 0.45𝑥)
150 ∗ 106 = 1336500𝑥 − 1093.5𝑥 2 … . 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 1093.5

𝑥 2 − 1222.2𝑥 + 137174.2 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−(−1222.2) ± √(−1222.2)2 − 4 ∗ 1 ∗ 137174.2

𝑥=
2∗1
1222.2 ± 972.15
𝑥=
2
𝑥 = 125 𝑚𝑚
From equilibrium condition:
𝐶=𝑇
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥 0.45 ∗ 30 ∗ 200 ∗ 0.9 ∗ 125

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = = 1278.9 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 0.95 ∗ 250
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1278.9 𝑚𝑚2
Assume 25 mmØ to be used:
𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋(25)2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = = 491 𝑚𝑚2
4 4
1278.9
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 2.6 ≅ 3
491
Provide 3R22…. 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 1470. 𝑚𝑚2

(a) Code formulas

𝑀 150×106
𝐾 = 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 200×5502 ×30 = 0.0826
𝐾 = 0.0826 < 𝐾 / = 0.156 … . 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2
Z = d [0.5+√0.25 − 𝑘/0.9] ≤ 0.95 d
2 0.0826
= 550 [ 0.5 + √0.25 − ] = 493.8 𝑚𝑚
0.9
0.95 d = 0.95 × 550 = 52205 𝑚𝑚
Take the smaller value Z = 493.8 mm

𝑀 150 ×106
As = 0.95 𝑓𝑦 𝑧 = 0.95 ×250 ×493.8 = 1279 mm2
Using pervious steps …..Provide 3T25…. 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 1470 𝑚𝑚2
(a) Design chart

Data:
fcu =30 N/mm2 , fy = 250 N/mm2, b =200mm , d = 550 mm , M = 150 KN.m

𝑀 150×106
= = 2.48
𝑏𝑑2 200×5502
Using Chart No. 1
𝐴𝑠
100 𝑏𝑑 = 1.21
As = 1.26 × 200 × 550/100 = 1386 mm2
Assignment Q4

Doubly Reinforced Section

When the applied design bending moment exceeds the concrete capacity (i.e. 0.156 bd2fcu)
compression reinforcement is required. Consider the rectangular beam shown in Figure 3.7 in
which the neutral axis depth is equal to d/2 and both tension (As) and compression (As′)
reinforcement are present:
Fig. 3.8
The force in the compression reinforcement is dependent on the stress and consequently the strain
ζcs. In order to ensure that this is greater than or equal to the yield stress, the ratio of (d′ / x) is
limited to 0.37 as shown in Figure 3.9.

Internal Forces of Singly Reinforced Section

Fcc = compressive force = (stress × area)
= 0.447fcu × b × 0.9x
Fcs = compressive force from steel = (stress x area)
= 0.95fy × As/
Ft = tensile force = (stress x area)
= 0.95fy × As
Moment Of Resistance Of Doubly Reinforced Section

The moment of resistance of singly-reinforced rectangular beams can be determined in terms of:
(a) the concrete capacity, and

(b) the steel capacity,
(a) Concrete capacity

Consider the moment of the compressive forces about the line of action of Ft :
MR concrete = (Fcc × z) + (Fcs × (d-d//) )
Where
= 0.447fcu × b × 0.9x
Fcs = compressive force from steel = (stress × area)
= 0.95fy × As/
z = lever arm = [d − 0.45 x]
MR concrete = 0.447fcu × b × 0.9x × [d − 0.45 x] + 0.95fy × As/ (d-d//)
(b) Steel capacity
Consider the moment of the tensile force about the line of action of Fcs:
MR steel = (Ft × (d-d//)) - (Fcc × (0.45x-d//) ) or

Consider the moment of the tensile force about the line of action of Fcc:
MR steel = (Ft × z ) - (Fcs × (0.45x-d//) )
Ultimate Moment of Resistance of Doubly Reinforced Section
MUR = (Fcc × z) + (Fcs × (d-d//) )
Where
= 0.447fcu × b × 0.9x
Fcs = compressive force from steel = (stress × area)
= 0.95fy × As/

z = lever arm = [d − 0.45 x]

but when x is 0.5d ……………. (Fcc × z) = 0.156 fcu b d2
M UR = 0.156 fcu b d2+ 0.95fy × As/ (d-d//)

Type of problems
Check for sections
Find MR = (Fcc × z) + (Fcs × (d-d//) )

MR =0.447fcu × b × 0.9x × [d − 0.45 x] +
0.95fy × As/ (d-d//)
If x ≤ 0.5d
Under Reinforced
section
Or Find
MR =(Ft × (d-d//)) - (Fcc × (0.45x-d//) ) Or
MR =(Ft × z ) - (Fcs × (0.45x-d//) )
Find the value of x
FCC + FCS = Ft
0.447fcu × b × 0.9x+ 0.95fyAs/
=0.95fyAs
Only Find
MR = = (Fcc × z) + (Fcs × (d-d//) )
MR =0.447fcu × b × 0.9x × [d − 0.45 x] +
0.95fy × As/ (d-d//)
If x > 0.5d M UR = 0.156 fcu b d2+ 0.95fy × As/ (d-d//)
Over Reinforced
section
Do not use
MR =(Fcc × z) + (Fcs × (d-d//) )
Or
MR =(Ft × (d-d//)) - (Fcc × (0.45x-d//) )

Example (3):……. (check for doubly reinforced section )
A rectangular beam section 200mm wide and 550mm overall depth is doubly- reinforced. Using
the data given, determine the moment of resistance if it is reinforced with:
- 6 bars 18mm Ø in tension, and 2 bars 16mm Ø in compression.
Data:
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) ……………..

25 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel (fy) ……………..
460 N/mm2
Effective cover for both tension and compression steel (d/) …………….. 50mm2
Solution:
- 6 bars 18mm Ø in tension, and 2 bars 16mm Ø in compression.
Ast = 1527mm2, Asc = 402mm2 , d = 550 – 50 = 500mm

T=C
T = CC + CS
0.95 fy Ast = 0.45 fcu b 0.9ϰ + 0.95 fy Asc
0.95 * 460 * 1527 = 0.45 * 25 * 200 * 0.9 * ϰ + 0.95 * 460 * 402
ϰ = 242.8mm < 0.5d = 0.5 * 500 = 250 mm ………………. under-reinforced.
ΣMT = CC * Z1 + CS * Z2
Z1 = (d – 0.45 ϰ ) = 500 – 0.45 *242.8= 404.24mm , Z = 0.95*450 = 475 mm.

Z2 = ( d – 50 ) = 500 -50 = 450 mm.
ΣMT = 0.45 fcu b 0.9ϰ * Z1 + 0.95 fy Asc * Z2

ΣMT = {0.45 * 25 * 200 * 0.9 * 242.8 * 404.24 + 0.95 * 460 * 402 * 450}/ 106
ΣMT = 277.8 KN.m …….. (Ans.)
Assignment Q3

Designee the sections

There are three ways for sections design
1- Analytical Method
Step 1 : Find the value of 𝐴′ 𝑠

MD = 0.156 fcu b d2+ 0.95fy × 𝐴′ 𝑠 (d-d//)
MD = MUR + 0.95fy × 𝐴′ 𝑠 (d-d//)
Then provide 𝐴′ 𝑠 pro
Step 2 : Find the value of ASt

If MUR < MD
FCC + FCS = Ft
Doubly Reinforced
Section 0.447fcu × b × 0.9x+ 0.95fy 𝐴′ 𝑠 =0.95fyAs
Find MUR Then provide Aspro
Step 3 : check
- Spacing of bars
- Cracks
If MUR > MD
Singly Reinforced
Section

2- Code Method
Step 1 : Find the value of 𝐴′ 𝑠
𝐾−𝐾 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2

𝐴′ 𝑠 = 0.95 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 −𝑑 ′ )
Then provide 𝐴′ 𝑠 pro
Step 2 : Find the value of ASt

𝐾 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′ 𝑠
0.95 𝑓𝑦 𝑧
If K > 0.156 with z = 0.775 d
Doubly Reinforced Section Then provide Aspro
Find K
𝑴
𝑲=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖
Step 3 : check
- Spacing of bars
- Cracks
If K ≤ 0.156
Sigly Reinforced Section

3- Using charts
Step 1 : Find the value of

M/bd2
Step 2 : Read the chart from right to left

by making a striaght horizonatal line
untile the line hit the required x = 0.5
then draw a vertical line and equate the
If K > 0.156 obtained value to
Doubly Reinforced Section 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑨𝒔
𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 =
Find K 𝒃𝒅
𝑴 Then provide Aspro
𝑲=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖 for 𝐴′ read it from right side values and
𝑠
equate the obtained value to
/
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑨𝒔
𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 =
𝒃𝒅
Then provide 𝐴′ 𝑠
Step 3 : check
If K ≤ 0.156 - Spacing of bars
Sigly Reinforced Section - Cracks

Example (1) … (Design of Doubly Reinforced Section)

A simply supported rectangular beam of 8m span carries characteristics dead (including self-
weight of beam), gk, and imposed, qk, loads of 14 KN/m and 9 KN/m respectively. Calculate the
area of reinforcement required by:
(d) Analytical method

(e) Code formulas
(f) Design chart
Data:
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) ………………………….. 25 N/mm2

Characteristic strength of steel ( fy ) …….……………...….. 460 N/mm2
Solution
Ultimate load (w) = 1.4 gk + 1.6 qk

= 1.4 × 14 + 1.6 × 9 = 34 KN/m
Design Moment 𝑀𝑑 = w l2 / 8 = 34 × 82 / 8 = 272 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
(d) Using Analytical method
𝑀𝑢𝑟 = 0.156 ∗ 25 ∗ 250 ∗ 5002 ∗ 10−6
𝑀𝑢𝑟 = 243.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑟 = 243.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑑 = 272 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚. . 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑀𝑑 = 0.156 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 + 𝐹𝑐𝑠 ∗ 𝑍2
𝑍2 = 𝑑 − 𝑑 − = 500 − 50 = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑑 = 0.156 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 + 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑍2
272 ∗ 106 = 0.156 ∗ 25 ∗ 250 ∗ 5002 + 0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ∗ 450
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 144 𝑚𝑚2
Provide 2R14…. 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 308 𝑚𝑚2
For tension reinforcement

𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 + 𝐹𝑐𝑠
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 0.9𝑥 + 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 0.9𝑥 + 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐

𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
0.95𝑓𝑦
0.45 ∗ 25 ∗ 250 ∗ 0.9 ∗ 250 + 0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 144

𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
0.95 ∗ 460
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1592 𝑚𝑚2
Provide 4 R 25…. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 1960 𝑚𝑚2

(e) Code formulas

𝑀 272×106
𝐾 = 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 250×5002 ×25 = 0.174
𝐾 = 0.174 < 𝐾 / = 0.156 … . 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

(𝐾 − 𝐾 ′ )𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑐 =
0.95 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
(𝐾 − 𝐾 ′ )𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 (0.174 − 0.156) 250 ∗ 5002 ∗ 25

𝐴𝑠𝑐 = = = 143 𝑚𝑚2
0.95 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ ( 500 − 50)
Using pervious steps …..Provide 2R14…. 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 308 𝑚𝑚2
For tension reinforcement
𝐾 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = + 𝐴𝑠𝑐
0.95 𝑓𝑦 𝑧
𝑧 = 0.775𝑑 = 0.775 ∗ 500 = 387.5𝑚𝑚
0.156 ∗ 250 ∗ 5002 ∗ 25

𝐴𝑠𝑐 = + 143 = 1582.4 𝑚𝑚2
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 387.5
Using pervious steps ….. Provide 4 R 25…. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 1960 𝑚𝑚2
(f) Design chart
Data:

fcu =25 N/mm2 , fy = 460 N/mm2, b =250mm , d = 500 mm , M = 272 KN.m

𝑀 272×106 𝑑′ 50
= 2
= 4.35 , = = 0.1
𝑏𝑑2 250×500 𝑑 500
Using Chart No. 3
100𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 1.36
𝑏𝑑
100𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 1.36
250 ∗ 500
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1687.5𝑚𝑚2 … Provide 4 R 25 … . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 1960 𝑚𝑚2

For compression reinforcement
100𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 0.2
𝑏𝑑
100𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 0.2
250 ∗ 500
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 250 𝑚𝑚2
Provide 2R14 …. 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 308 𝑚𝑚2

Effective Span of Beams
The span of beams which is used for analysis purposes is known as the effective span and given
the symbol l. Three situations are defined in Clause 3.4.1 of the code:

Minimum and Maximum Areas of Reinforcement in Beams
• The minimum areas of reinforcement in a beam section to control cracking as well as

to resist tension or compression due to bending in different types of beam section are given
in BS 8110: Part 1, clause 3.12.5.3 and Table 3.25.
• Maximum areas of reinforcement in beam section, Neither the area of tension

reinforcement nor the area of compression reinforcement should exceed 4 % of the cross-
sectional area of the concrete.



Deflection check
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = < 𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐵𝑅 ×𝑀𝐹𝑇 ×𝑀𝐹𝐶
Basic span-to-effective depth ratios
The code states that the basic span-to-effective depth ratios given in Table 3.9 for rectangular and
flanged beams are so determined as to limit the total deflection to span/250. This ensures that
deflection occurring after construction is limited to span/350 or 20 mm whichever is the less. The
support conditions have also to be taken into account. The basic span-to-effective depth ratios from
Table 3.9 of the code. The values in the table apply to beams with spans up to 10 m. For longer
span, the values in the table should be multiplied by (10 / span) except for cantilevers where the
design should be justified by calculation.
Tension reinforcement
The deflection is influenced by the amount of tension reinforcement and the value of the stress
at service loads at the center of the span for beams or at the support for cantilevers.
According to clause 3.4.6.5 of the code the basic span-to-effective depth ratio from Table 3.9 of
the code is multiplied by the modification factor from Table 3.10. The modification factor is given
by the formula in the code:
( 447 − 𝑓𝑠)
Modification factor for tension (M.F.T) = 0.55 + 𝑀 ≤ 2.0
120 (0.9+ )
𝑏 𝑑2
The design service stress fs is estimated from the equation

2 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠, 𝑟𝑒𝑞 1
𝑓𝑠 = ×
3 𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏

Compression reinforcement
All reinforcement in the compression zone reduces concrete shrinkage and creep and therefore the
curvature. This effect decreases the deflection. The modification factors for compression
reinforcement are given in BS 8110: Part 1, Table 3.11.
The modification factor is given by the formula
100 𝐴′𝑠. 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
𝑏𝑑
Modification factor for compression (M. F. C.) = 1 + 100 𝐴′𝑠. 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
≤ 1.5
(3.0+ )
𝑏𝑑
T and L Beams (Flanged Beam) ]
When reinforced concrete slabs are cast integrally with the supporting beams they may contribute
to the compressive strength of the beams during flexure. When subject to sagging moments the
resulting beam cross-section is either a T-section or an L-section, as shown in Figure, where the
top surface, i.e. the slab, is in compression.
Both types of beam are referred to as flanged beams. When subjected to hogging moments the top
surface is subject to tension and hence the beams are designed as rectangular sections.

The effective flange width (be) of flanged beams is defined for both cases in Clause 3.4.1.5 of the
code as:
for T-beams: web width + lz/5 or actual flange width if less,
for L-beams: web width +lz/10 or actual flange width if less,
Where lz is the distance between points of zero moment (which, for a continuous beam, may be
taken as 0.7 times the effective span).
Design formulae are given to determine the area of reinforcing steel required, depending on the
position of the neutral axis, i.e. either in the flange or below the flange in the rib. In general the
neutral axis will lie within the flange. The design process is the same as that used for rectangular
beams in which bending, shear and deflection are the main design criteria.

Singly reinforced flanged beam
Designee the sections
Case 1
Calculate the maximum moment Mflange that can be resisted, when the entire flange is in
compression that means ….. 0.9x = hf
M flange = 0.45 fcub hf (d−hf/2)
Compering the design moment M design with M flange, if the design moment M design ≤ M flange , then
design the beam as singly reinforced rectangular section ( b × d ).

Analytical Method

𝑀𝑑 = 𝐹𝐶 ∗ 𝑍
𝑀𝑑 = 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥 ∗ 𝑑 − 0.45𝑥
If MD ≤ M flange Step 2 : Find the value of As

Find M flange Singly Reinforced 𝐹𝑐𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝐹𝑡
M flange = 0.45 fcub hf (d−hf/2) Section 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥 = 0.95 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠
Step 3 : check
- Spacing of bars
- Cracks

Case 2
If the condition in step 2 is not met then calculate the maximum moment that the section can
withstand without requiring compression reinforcement, that means x =0.5d
Mmax = 0.45 fcu (b−bw) hf (d−hf/2)+ 0.156 fcu bw d2
Compering the design moment M design with M max, If M design ≤ M max, then the required steel area
can be determined to sufficient accuracy from the code formula
M flange < M design ≤ M max

Analytical Method

Md = Fcfanges * (d−hf/2)+ FcWeb * Z
Md = 0.45 fcu (b−bw) hf

(d−hf/2)+ 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥 ∗ 𝑑 − 0.45𝑥
Step 2 : Find the value of As

If MD ≤ Mmax Fccfanges + FccWeb = Ft
Find Mmax
Singly Reinforced
Mmax = 0.45 fcu (b−bw) hf Section
(d−hf/2)+ 0.156 fcu bw d2 0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓 + 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥
= 0.95 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠
Step 3 : check
- Spacing of bars
- Cracks

Doubly reinforced flanged beam
If the condition in step 3 is not met thus M design > M max, then the section is doubly reinforcement
and comparison steel is required. Generally, comparison reinforcement is rarely required in the
case of flanged beams.
Mmax = 0.45 fcu (b−bw) hf (d−hf/2)+ 0.156 fcu bw d2
M max <M design

Analytical Method
Step 1 Find the value of 𝐴′𝑠

Md = Mmax + Fcs * ( d – d//)
Md = Mmax + 0.95 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴′𝑠 * ( d – d//)
Step 2 : Find the value of 𝐴𝑠

If MD > Mmax Fccfanges + FccWeb + Fcs = Ft
Find Mmax
Doubly Reinforced
Mmax = 0.45 fcu (b−bw) hf Section 0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓 + 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥
(d−hf/2)+ 0.156 fcu bw d2 + 0.95 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴′𝑠 = 0.95 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠
Step 3 : check
- Spacing of bars
- Cracks

Singly reinforced flanged beam
Check the section
Find the value of 𝑀𝑟

𝑀𝑟 = 𝐹𝐶 ∗ 𝑍
𝑀𝑟 = 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥 ∗ 𝑑 − 0.45𝑥
Assume 0.9X ≤ hf
Find X
Fcc = Ft If 0.9X ≤ hf
0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 ∗ 𝑏𝑓 ∗ 0.9𝑥 under reinforced
= 0.95 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠
OR Find the value of 𝑀𝑟

𝑀𝑟 = 𝐹𝑡 ∗ 𝑍
𝑀𝑟 = 0.95 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑑 − 0.45𝑥

Find the value of 𝑥

Fccfanges + FccWeb = Ft
0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓 + 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏

∗ 0.9𝑥 = 0.95 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠C
Assume 0.9X ≤ hf
Find X If hf < 0.9X
Fcc = Ft but x ≤ 0.5d
0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 ∗ 𝑏𝑓 ∗ 0.9𝑥 under reinforced
= 0.95 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠
Find the value of 𝑀𝑟

𝑀𝑟 = Fcfanges * (d−hf/2)+ FcWeb * Z
𝑀𝑟 = 0.45 fcu (b−bw) hf

(d−hf/2)+ 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 ∗ 0.9𝑥 ∗ (𝑑
− 0.45𝑥 )

Assume 0.9X ≤ hf
Find X If x > 0.5d Find the value of 𝑀𝑟
Fcc = Ft over reinforced
0.447𝑓𝑐𝑢 ∗ 𝑏𝑓 ∗ 0.9𝑥 take x = 0.5d 𝑀𝑟 = 0.45 fcu (b−bw) hf (d−hf/2)+ 0.156 fcu bw d2
= 0.95 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠

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Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals

Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

8110-3-1985- Design Charts.

3- Design of Structural Elements Third Edition

4- Reinforced Concrete Design

5- Reinforced Concrete Design To B.S8110.

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Reinforced Concrete Behavior.

Fig. Reinforcement placement for different types of beams

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Stress & Strain In General.

- Force = Stress x Area

Main Design Theories.

Limit States Design Method

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Material Partial Safety Factors:  m

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Characteristics and Design Strengths of Materials

1- Characteristics and Design Strengths of Concrete.

Short-term design stress/strain curve for reinforced concrete

𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟕 𝒇𝒄𝒖

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

2- Characteristics and Design Strengths of Steel

Characteristics Strength or Grade of Reinforcement ( fy) is the yield stress.

High yield steel, hot rolled or cold worked fy=460 N/mm2 .

𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉. (𝒇𝒚 )

Short-term design stress-strain curve for reinforcement

𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 𝒇𝒚

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Characteristic and Designed Load

Design load is a product of characteristic load and partial factor of safety

Designed load (FK) = Characteristic load (FK) x Partial factor (γK)

Load combination for design

Dead and imposed load …………. FK = 1.4 Gk + 1.6 QK

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Types of Beam Section

• Rectangular sections with tension steel only,

• Rectangular sections with tension and compression steel, and

Flexural Strength of Sections

The ultimate moment of resistance of a cross-section) is determined assuming the following

Main assumption for section analysis

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

From the strain diagram in Figure 3.4:

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

When x ≥ d/2 then ζs ≤ ζc

0.00219x = 0.0035d − 0.0035x ∴ x = 0.615d

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Singly Reinforced Sections

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Internal Forces of Singly Reinforced Section

Fc = compressive force = (stress × area)

Moment Of Resistance Of Singly Reinforced Section

(b) the steel capacity,

Eng. Ayman Omar Ali B3C/E

Mur ={ 0.95 250308*427.5} /106 = 31.27 KN.m (Ans.)

Mur = {0.45252000.936.12*427.5} /106 = 31.27 KN.m (Ans.)

Mur = {0.45252000.9225*348.75}= 158.9 KN.m (Ans.)