£9 Cee Series Wis 2022-23 EDITION EO a AN): a eS) Co) ees ke Liod Po aa oe 5 roost ie rarThe table below illustrates the complete idea about the subject, which will be helpful to plan and score good marks in the end examinations. This unit covers the topics: Types of Mobile Clients (Mobile Phones, PDAs, Laptop Computers, Vehicle-mounted Devices, Hybrid Devices). Device Limitations: Considerations for User Interface and Application Design, Device Location Technology: GPS, Triangulation. Mobile Client Software: Mobile Device Operating Systems, Microbrowsers, | Mobile Device Communications Protocols: WAP, i-Mode, Mobile Device Page Description Languages, Mobile Device Application | Software. This unit covers the topics: Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Technology: Cellular Systems, 2G (CDMA, TDMA, GSM), 2.5G (GPRS, EDGE), 3G (WCDMA/UMTS, CDMA2000), 4G, 5G, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Technology (Wi-Fi), Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) Technology (WiMAX), Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Technology (Bluetooth). This unit covers the topics: Mobile Financial Services, Mobile Advertising, Mobile Payment, Mobile Ticketing, Mobile Product Location and Shopping, Mobile Business Services, Mobile Auction, Mobile Entertainment, Mobile Office, Mobile Distance Education. It is sincerely hoped that this book will satisfy the expectations of students and at the same time helps them to score maximum marks in exams. ‘Suggestions for improvement of the book from our esteemed readers will be highly appreciated and incorporated in our forthcoming editions.MosiLE COMMERCE BBA IIL-Ye: V-Semester (OU) (Generic Elective) CONTENTS SYLLABUS (As per 2019-20 Curriculum) LIST OF IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS Li - L3 UNIT-I__ INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE COMMERCE 1-14 Part-A SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Ql- Q7 2-4 Part-B ESSAY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS as - Qis) 5-11 1.1 Definition, Scope of Mobile Commerce as 5 1.2. Benefits and Limitations of M-Commerce ay ‘6 1.3 M-Commerce Framework aio 8 1.4 M-Commerce Business Models qu 9 1.5 E-Commerce Vs M-Commerce, Impact of M-Commerce @i2- ais 10 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 12-14 UNIT-Il_ _MOBILE COMMERCE TECHNOLOGY 15 - 36 Part-A SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Qi - Qo 16-18 Part-B ESSAY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Qi - Q25 19-33 2.1 Types of Mobile Clients (Mobile Phones, PDAs, Laptop Computers, Vehicle-mounted Devices, Hybrid Devices) @il- qa Ww 2.2 Device Limitations: Considerations for User Interface and Application Design Qis - Qs 24 2.3 Device Location Technology: GPS, Triangulation Q17- Qi? 25 2.4 Mobile Client Software: Mobile Device Operating Systems, Microbrowsers 20 - @2 272.5 Mobile Device Communication Protocols: WAP, I-Mode 22 - Q24 29 2.6 Mobile Device Page Description Languages a2s 32 2.7 Mobile Device Application Software Qe 32 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 34-36 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY 37 - 62 Part-A SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Ql - QI0 38-40 Part-B ESSAY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Qi - Q28 41-59 3.1 Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Technology: Cellular Systems 2G (CDMA, TDMA, GSM) a - ais a 3.2 2.5G (GPRS, EDGE) ais - ais “9 3.3 3G (WCDMA/UMTS, CDMA2000) ay 51 34 46,56 @20 - @2i 52 3.5 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Technology (Wi-Fi) 22 - Q25 54 3.6 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) Technology (WiMAX) 26 57 3.7 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Technology (Bluetooth) a2 - 28 58 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT - 60 - 62 UNIT-IV_M-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS 63 - 88 Part-A SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. Ql - QI0 64-67 Part-B ESSAY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Ql - @30 68-85 4.1 Mobile Financial Services an 68 4.2 Mobile Advertising, Mobile Payment N\ @i2- @i7 “oy 4.3. Mobile Ticketing Qs - Q24 74 4.4 Moblle Product Location and Shopping 2s 80 4.5 Mobile Business Services 926 - Q27 81 4.6 — Mobile Auction, Mobile Entertainment 28 83 47 Mobile Office ay a 48 — Moblle Distance Education @30 a INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 86 - 88== Syllabus UNIT - I INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE COMMERCE, Definition, Scope of Mobile Commerce, Benefits and Limitations of M-Commerce, M-Commerce Framework, M-Commerce Business Models, E-Commerce Vs M-Commerce. Impact of M-Commerce. UNIT - I MOBILE COMMERCE TECHNOLOGY ‘Types of Mobile Clients (Mobile Phones, PDAs, Laptop Computers, Vehicle-mounted Devices, Hybrid Devices). Device Limitations: Considerations for user Interface and Application Design, Device Location Technology: GPS, Triangulation. Mobile Client Software: Mobile Device Operating Systems, Microbrowsers, Mobile Device Communications Protocols: WAP, i-Mode, Mobile Device Page Description Languages, Mobile Device Application Software. UNIT - Il WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Technology: Cellular Systems, 2G (CDMA, TDMA, GSM), 2.5G (GPRS, EDGE), 3G (WCDMA/UMTS, CDMA2000), 4G, 5G. Wireless Local ‘Area Network (WLAN) Technology (Wi-Fi), Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) Technology (WiMAX), Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Technology (Bluetooth). UNIT - IV M-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS 1 Mobile Financial Services, Mobile Advertising, Mobile Payment, Mobile Ticketing, Mobile Product Location and Shopping, Mobile Business Services, Mobile Auction, Mobile Entertainment, Mobile Office, Mobile Distance Education.3. M-Commerce ‘M-commerce or Mobile commerce refers to any business activity or transaction that is done through mobile devices that are connected to wireless networks. Business Model A business model can be defined as a method using which a business organization can gain profits. Payment Model A payment model is a mechanism that provides an online financial exchange facility between two parties. Advertiser Model Advertiser model is an enhanced version of conventional e-commerce advertiser model. E-Commerce E-commerce or Electronic commerce is simply an ‘online business’ wherein the buying and selling of products and services are carried out through Internet. Laptop A laptop can be defined as a PC that is portable. This means that it can be moved from one place to another. Vehicle-mounted Devices Vehicle-mounted devices are the electronic devices that are connected to a vehicle. They are designed inorder to achieve the various business specific operations efficiently and accurately. User Interface ‘The mobile user interface is a component or software of a mobile device that can be touched, felt, heard, visualized and communicated by the users. Triangulation Triangulation is a mobile device location technology. It makes use of many towers to calculate the time delays that a signal takes to travel from the mobile device to tower. Mobile Operating System ‘An operating system which is specially designed to run on mobile devices is called mobile operating system or mobile OS. Microbrowser ‘A microbrowser is a mobile browser/software that is used to access the webpages on the internet by using a mobile, Mobile Device Communication Protocol Mobile device communication protocol refers to a set of communication rules using which the data can be efficiently exchanged or transmitted among several computers, (rs ePincaping ot bois CRIMINAL sc Aron nd iy LUABLE wee LEGAL pores)10. 10. Wireless Access Pratgcpl (WAP) (or) Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) \WAPis a communication protocol for deployment of information resources, advanced telephony services and internet access from mobile devices. Page Description Language Page Description language can be defined as a language which is used to describe the page content and format in a way that is to be printed or displayed. Wireless Markup Language (WML) Wireless Markup Language (WML) is a markup language intended to describe page content on mobile devices. Wireless Communication Wireless communication is a technology that allows high speed data transmission without using any physical devices like wires, cables and electric conductors. Cellular System cellular system allow multiple users to gain access to a network distributed over large geographical region within a limited frequency spectrum. 1G Systems 1G (or) first generation systems use analog networks or analog radio signals to allow communication between base station towers and mobile devices. AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) AMPS is an FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) based system which was the first 1G system developed as an analog cellular network. 2G Systems 2G (or) second generation systems are used to improve the overall quality of signal transmission by making use of digital communication technology. CDMA Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a form of multiplexing that allows the various signals to capture a single transmission channel. TDMA Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a channel access method used in shared-medium networks. Network and Switching Sub-system (NSS) ‘Network and switching sub-system links the wireless network with standard public networks. Visitor Location Register (VLR) VLR is a dynamic database linked to each MSC and holds all essential information required for the mobile station users currently in the location area. Cognitive Radio Cognitive radio is a wireless technology which is used for improving the communication efficiency of wireless networks. Pervasive Computing Pervasive or ubiquitous computing technology embeds microprocessor chips in the electronic appliances and in other household items which are used in daily life. ia, 4@ SLAPUBLISHERS AND DISTRIBUTORS PVT. LTD. )12. 13. 4 1s. 10, MW. wm WiFi WiFi is the wireless Internet access that provides wireless net connection or WiFi connection. WiMax WiMAX is a Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN). WiMAX is an acronym for worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. WPAN WPAN stands for Wireless Personal Area Network. Itis limited to a small area with an ad hoc topology supporting voice and data applications. Bluetooth Bluetooth can be defined as a short range wireless networking technology or standard which is used to interconnect devices like mobile phones, laptops, telephones, digital cameras, GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers etc., which are in the short range. Mobile Advertising Mobile Advertising enables marketers to offer products through text messages to the mobile users. Mobile Payment Mobile payment refers to the process of making payments through mobile devices such as tablets and mobile phones. Mobile Ticketing Mobile ticketing refers to the process of buying tickets using mobile devices for journeys and several other events. mlicket mTicket is an online mobile ticketing service that helps the organizers in all parts of the business i.e., selling, distributing and marketing of events. MogoTix MogoTix is a mobile ticketing service provider that usually provides solutions to event organizers. Mobile renee Mobile shopping is a new form of shopping that enables a customer to locate the required product from intended seller using a internet connected mobile phone. Mobile Auction Auction can be defined as a process of optimizing the price or cost of a product or service. MobMart MobMart is the first mobile auction application that enables the user to perform auction by using mobile handsets. ABT ABT is a well known mobile auction application that enables the organization to develop a customized mobile auction site. MobHappy MobHappy application enables the users to download the bidding website in their mobile browsers. Mobile Office Mobile office can be defined as a virtual workplace that is used to enhance the personal efficiency by providing outstanding potential values. Mobile Distance Education Mobile distance education can be defined as the learning of multiple courses off the campus. ‘Xerox/Photocopying of this book isa CRIMINAL act Anyone found gully Is LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedingsDefinition, Scope of Mobile Commerce, Benefits and Limitations of M-commerce, M-commerce Framework, M-commerce Business Models, E-commerce Vs M-commerce, Impact of M-commerce Introduction to Mobile Commerce ‘The Definition and Scope of M-Commerce The Various Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile Commerce ‘The Framework of M-Commerce The Various Business Models of M-Commerce ‘The Difference between E-Commerce and M-Commerce vVvvvvvyv The Impact of Mobile Commerce M-commerce or Mobile commerce refers to any business activity or transaction that is done through mobile devices which are connected to wireless networks. Here, the mobile or wireless devices like cell phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), tablet PCs, laptops etc., are used. All these devices are required to have Internet connection via the wireless networks like GSM, CDMA, GPRS ete. The internet connectivity provided by these networks can be used to access information stored on several providers and web servers. M-commerce works with various new technologies by using the wireless application protocol. It embeds web-ready micro browsers into the mobile devices for browsing the Internet ubiquitously. ‘A business model is defined as a method using which a business organization can gain profits. It specifies how an organization must make investments, then add money to the investment, obtain the final product and gain profits after selling the product. The revenue obtained from sales must be ‘greater than the operating cost so that company achieves some profit. Thus, business model defines the method for developing profit-margins and for maintaining the value chain, The various business ‘models include Payment model, Advertiser model, Shopping model and Content provider model. (Waning erence of ibook na CRIFINAL A Anyone ound gat nLIABLE ene LEGAL proceeding)QI. Define M-Commere Answer: ‘Model Paper-il, 1 M-commerce or Mobile commerce refers to any business activity or transaction that, is done through mobile devices that are connected to wireless networks. Here, the mobiles or wireless devices like cell phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), tablet PCs, laptops etc., are used. All these devices are required to have intemet connection via the wireless networks like GSM, CDMA, GPRS etc. The internet connectivity provided by these networks can be used to access information stored on several Providers and web servers. M-commerce works with various new technologies by using the wireless application Protocol. It embeds web-ready micro browsers into the mobile devices for browsing the Internet ubiquitously. @2 what's the principle behind the mobile devices? Answer The principle behind the mobile device is wireless communication system. It makes use of digital cellular technology. The cellular network contains large number of cell sites which in turn contains a stationary base station tower antenna and hexagonal geographical area. This cell has a radio frequency band which is responsible to connect with any mobile device surrounding it. For instance, if'a mobile device is present in a cell, then it can start interacting with the base station with the help of cell frequencies. The base station receives signals from the mobile device and resends them to other base station by tower antenna for the purpose of call delivery. Signals that are obtained from several mobile devices at the same base station can be distinguished through different access technologies like Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Q3. List out the benefits of M-Commerce. Answer ‘Model Paper-, a1 ‘The major benefits of M-commerce are listed as follows, (@ Quick Connectivity Gi) Cost Effective (iii) Personalization. (@ Quick Connectivity Keep an eye onme M-commerce is ubiquitous i.e., that it can be used at any location and at any time. The users of M-commerce use handheld/mobile devices like PDAs, tablet PCs, smart phones etc. These devices provide support for real-time information and communication irrespective of the location. (ii) Cost Effective The cost of transaction by using any mobile device is comparatively less, Business related data like reports, photographs etc., can be captured and transferred easily without involving any high-priced equipment, (ill) Personalization Personalization refers to delivering information and providing services to users based on their personal choice preference or context. G ‘> SIA PUBLISHERS AND DISTRIBUTORS PVT. LTD. )‘Model Paper-il, Qt The following are the four major business models in M-commerce, (Payment model (ii) Advertiser mode! ii) Shopping model (iv) Content provider model. (Payment Model ‘A payment model is a mechanism that provides an online financial exchange facility between two Parties. The M-commerce payment system requires cooperation among banks, mobile operators and technology providers. (i) Advertiser Model This model is an enhanced version of conventional e-commerce advertiser model. It includes various sites which can be seen in user mobile device. Companies who wish to advertise their product, exhibit their product messages in these sites by paying to the hosting website. (il) Shopping Model ‘This model operates similar to the merchant model in e-commerce. Here, business entrepreneurs develop websites for displaying their list of products on the consumer’s mobile device. (iv) Content Provider Model In this model, the mobile service provider gives information about many entertainment areas like breaking news, weather forecast, traffic updates, music, mobile games, TV shows etc., which can be downloaded on the user mobile device. Q5. List the applications of M-Commerce in industry. Answer : ‘Model Paper-|. a2. In an industrial field, applications of mobile commerce are broadly categorized into three types. They are as follows, (@ Transactional Applications (ii) Content Delivery Applications (iii) Telemetry Applications. (Transactional Applications In transactional applications, users are allowed to perform online transactions like online purchase, online payment, online bank transactions, online ticket booking by downloading the required websites on their mobile devices. (i) Content Delivery Applications Content delivery applications enable the user to download digital data in the form of MP3'music CDS, movies, videos, digital games, books, high resolution pictures on their mobile devices. (ill) Telemetry Applications ‘Telemetry applications capture user activities and object locations and send them to the remote locations in real time. This type of application consists of video conferencing, space flight, monitoring, meteorological data transmission, wildlife tracking, camera controlled robotics etc. (rin ersuicncprog fir wok CNMINAL se Anon and ily ABLE ce LEGAL pce) aT teQ6. Differentiate e-commerce and m-commerce. Answer : ‘Model Paper-tI, a2 E-commerce or electronic commerce is simply an ‘online business’ wherein the buying and selling of products and services are carried out through internet. E-commerce uses wired networks for browsing intemet. Thus, it is limited within a building only. These devices can be connected anytime. It is more authentic and it undergoes less disruption, It transmits data at the speed of 1000 Mbps. M-commerce or Mobile commerce refers to any business activity or transaction that is done through mobile devices which are connected to wireless networks. M-commerce uses wireless networks for browsing internet, It can be connected anywhere at anytime. It is disrupted from the adjacent channel frequencies due to which the intensity and quality of transmission decreases. It transmits data at the speed of 100 Mbps. It involves more reliable transactions since It involves transactions that are prone to hacker) the networks are secured within a building. or other security attacks. It requires high security organization for preventing the data from misuse Q7. Write a short note on the impact of m-commerce. Answer : Model Papert, 2 Mobile commerce is emerged from the wireless communication technology. It is widely adopted by the existing corporate world. The present wireless technology possess some advantages over the traditional wired networks. Wireless network includes microwaves, radio or infrared waves which reduce the number of wires used, time taken by the user and the cost for building network. Whereas traditional networks make use of fibre optic cables for connecting two or more computing devices. Wireless networking technology with wireless application protocol serves as the backbone to the mobile commerce applications, Mobile commerce offer high productivity in several areas like retail, healthcare, manufacturing, warehousing.1.1 DEFINITION, SCOPE OF MOBILE COMMERCE 8. What is M-Commerce? Explain the scope of M-commerce. Answer ‘Model Papert, Qa} M-commerce M-commerce or Mobile commerce refers to any business activity or transaction that(@j"«tm cecert is done through mobile devices that are connected to wireless networks. Here, the mobiles or wireless devices like cell phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAS), tablet PCs, laptops etc., are used. All these devices are required to have intemet connection via the wireless networks like GSM, CDMA, GPRS. etc. The intemet connectivity provided by these networks can be used to access information stored on several providers and web servers. M-commerce works with various new technologies by using the wireless application protocol. It embeds web-ready micro browsers into the mobile devices for browsing the Internet ubiquitously. Mobile devices that are WAP-enabled with the bluetooth technology provides the user with various functionalities like fax, e-mail, phone capabilities and helps in business transactions. Due to this fact, most of the entrepreneurs have opted M-commerce as the most convenient method for communicating with the consumers. Moreover, data exchange with these mobile devices have become fast, cheap and secure. For ‘example, online ticket booking for travelling. This not only reduces the time of the passenger but also reduces their mental stress. Therefore, M-commerce is generally regarded as next generation of E-commerce. Scope of M-commerce M-commerce quickly connects the mobile users regardless of their geographical location and time. Therefore, scope of M-commerce have increased with the huge development of wireless and mobile technology. With the implementation of rapid technologies like 3G, M-commerce initiated new vistas of digital media applications. 3G technology built with WiMax and UMTS standards deliver the mobile applications at higher bandwidths. So, user can watch TV programmes or download the movies even while travelling. M-commerce offers various applications that can be used for playing online games, downloading MP3 audio, video and participating in live video conference which is common now a days. In addition to this, ‘SMS-based messaging is widely accepted in day-to-day business transaction. This messaging tool has become an efficient method for advertising, product-related information such as launching the products, providing discounts on products and so on. M-commerce is mainly used in micro payments field wherein it replaces the credit cards inorder to reduce the time and cost. Mobile devices are in built with smartcard having a SIM card, which acts as a digital credit card. This smartcard is used for online payments by generating the PIN for security purpose. The principle behind the mobile: device is wireless communication system. It makes use of digital cellular technology. The cellular network contains large number of cell sites which in turn contains a stationary base station tower antenna and hexagonal geographical area. This cell has a radio frequency band which is responsible to connect with any mobile clevice surrounding it, For instance, if a mobile device is present in a cell, then it can start interacting with the base station with the help of cell frequencies. The base station receives signals from the mobile device and resends: them to other base station by tower antenna for the purpose of call delivery. Signals that are obtained from several mobile devices at the same base station can be distinguished through different access technologies like Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). The scope of M-commerce is as shown in below figure. (Waring: Xerox/Photocopying ofthis book sa CRIMINAL act Anyone found guilty s LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings)Mobile Content Delivery (Mobile TC ‘Mobile Enterprise Applications . ii), Mobile Radio (Mobile ERP ii) Mobile Movies Gi) Mobile Business Intelligence (BI) (iv) Mobile Games (ii) Mobite Cloud (¥)_Mobile Study Material (iv) Mobile Social Networking Mobile Customer Services Scope of, (Mobile CRM ‘M-Commerce Gi) Mobile Payment (ii) Mobile Banking (iv) Mobile Auction “Mobile Governance Services (%) Mobile Share Trading (@ Mobile Bill Payment as Dn oa aand Mobile Marketing and Advertisement] Gi) Mobile Health Service @ Mobite Shopping (Gv) Mobile Agricultural Service LT fy Mobic Tekeing (0) Mobile loicial Service Mobile Coupons (iv) Mobile Advertisement Figure: Scope of M-Commerce For example, consider a mobile user who intends to shift from one cell to the other cell through cell frequency switching. Here, old cell frequency is removed and new frequency is assigned to mobile device. This method of assigning frequency is known as cell handover. 1.2 BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF M-COMMERCE @9. State the benefits and limitations of mobile commerce. Ae: ‘Model Paper. @9(0) Benefits of M-Commerce “The benefits of M-commerce such as mobility, convenience, instant connectivity, personalization etc., are the reasons for popularity of M-commerce. Now a days, people no longer stand in long queues to pay bills or buy movie tickets instead, they simply use their mobile phones for this purpose, Moreover, many web portals enable mobile device users to play games, download music and video, interact with one another etc. ‘The major benefits of M-commerce are as follows, 1. Quick Connectivity 2. Cost Effective 3. Personalization. 1. Quick Connectivity M-commerce is ubiquitous ice, it can be used at any location and at any time. The users of M-commerce use handheld/mobile devices like PDAs, tablet PCs, smart phones etc. These devices provide support for real-time information and communication irrespective if the location. Mobile devices are small and handy, hence they can be carried anywhere. Moreover, they provide instant connectivity to internet and other networks. C @) STAPUBLISHERS AND DISTRIBUTORS PVT. LTD. _)UNTT-1: INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE COMMERCE 2. Cost Eifective The cost of transaction by using any mobile device is comparatively less. Business related data like Feports, photographs ete., can be captured and transferred easily without the use of any high-priced equipment. Additionally, SMS-based micro payments enable bank account transfer in just few seconds by sending an SMS. The payments made for electricity bills, telephone bills through mobile phones will be considered as part of their mobile phone bills only. Thus, this eliminates the requirement of third party payment systems like credit cards. 3. Personalization Personalization refers to delivering information and providing services to users based on their personal choice, preference or context. For example, if user is travelling to some place (say Goa), then he/she ‘might get information like good restaurants/hotels, travel packages, cab services etc., in Goa. Mobile devices are handheld devices and are attached to a particular network, for example 2G network. When ‘mobile users move from one place to another, their location can be identified. And based on this location information, they can be offered services and products that are near by (i.e., localization). For example, when a user searches for a hospital, he/she is given information about the nearest hospital from the user’s current location. Limitations of M-Commerce The limitations of M-commerce are as follows, 1. Mobile Devices Limitations Mobile devices possess the following restrictions, ()_ Size of the Screen is Small Mobile devices offer small screen whose resolution is less and hence rich user experiences like web browsing is not so easy on mobile devices. Moreover, it also makes the task of data entering difficult because of combinational keypads which restrict the amount of data to be entered. It provides less suitable user interface in the form of menu-based scroll-and-click mode. (ii) Processors are of Low Speed Mobile devices with small microprocessor cannot perform heavy computations. This is because low speed processors limit the downloading speed in mobile commerce applications in comparison to sophisticated processors. Ifa mobile device have low speed processor then high processing power ‘must not be used, mobile websites must be optimized and unnecessary plugins, flash images and animation must be eliminated. (ili) The Capacity of Memory is Small The memory storage capacity of mobile devices is less when compared to desktops/laptops. Hence, large video files cannot be stored easily in mobile devices. (iv) Backup Power is Less Mobile devices contain batteries whose power remains for 2-3 days. Within this period, the battery must be charged again. This issue increases the burden of a user. In addition, if computing power is less they cannot run complex applications and encryption services. 2. Bandwidth is not Sufficient Mobile devices are usually not capable of handling large bandwidth. Moreover, the wireless networks provide limited bandwidth which is insufficient for supporting multimedia and other advancedM-commerce applications, However, with the advent of 3G networks, the bandwidth of wireless networkshas improved alot. 3. Networks are Incompatible Several cellular network protocols exist in today’s cellular network evolution which are incompatible. For example, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) etc. These protocols are different in their nature, but they are the available mechanisms to interconnect them. However, the mobile commerce application developers have to consider this heterogeneity while developing applications. (Ceaarotooring of bes ERMINAL ac yon oon ays LIABLE wo ace LEGAL paced)