IB Sports Exercise &

Health Science (SL)

#1.1 The skeletal system
Key questions to consider:

1. What makes a bone multi-functional?

2. How does the structure of a bone support its function?
3. How does the structure of a synovial joint and its’ connective tissues facilitate movement?

¥
1.1.1 I can Distinguish anatomically between the axial and appendicular skeleton.
I can Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of
1.1.2 function
1.1.3 I can State the four types of bone.

1.1.4 I can Draw and annotate the structure of a long bone.

1.1.5 I can Apply anatomical terminology to the location of bones.

1.1.6 I can Outline the functions of connective tissue. ✓

1.1.7 I can Define the term ‘joint’ ✓
I can Distinguish between the different types of joint in relation to movement
1.1.8 permitted. ✓
1.1.9 I can Outline the features of a synovial joint. ✓
1.1.10 I can List the different types of synovial joint. ✓

Name: ………
IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System

Q1. What makes a bone multi-functional?

BEL S Morley

1.1.1 & 1.1.2 The axial & Appendicular skeleton

TASK 1: There are 22 key bones we will focus this Q around – what do bones do and perhaps why do they do it?
a) In a group of 4, use the stickers provided to label one person’s skeleton in your group; no repetition, only use each label
once.
b) After task a) is concluded, label the diagram below with as many as you can remember. Using the Slide provided and in a
different coloured pen, check the spellings and re-write any mistakes. Also add in the names of the bones you couldn’t
remember – useful for revision. cranium

-
☐ axial
☐ appendicular mandible
clavicle

scapula
sternum

Humerus
ribcage

vertebrae

pelvic Girdle ① radius

① Ilium sacrum
② Ischium ⑧ Ulna
③ pubis ③
carpals
metacarpals

phalanges
Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Takes
Tarsals
metatarsals

— For Discussion: Using the skeletons and bones in the room, consider the properties and shapes of the different bones.
Is there any evidence to suggest they may have different purposes in the skeletal system? Use evidence to back up your points
ready for a group recap.

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IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System FEET
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TASK 2:
a) On the same diagram, use one or two colours to colour code the axial and appendicular skeletons.
b) Note down the function of each and recap by listing the bones included in each skeleton.

Axial Skeleton: protection of vital organs

upright support ligaments
rich some or bone marrow friend ons

or connective tissues
Appendicular Skeleton: overage for movement → attachment
protection or digestive + reproductive organs

TASK3: The vertebral column contains 33 bones divided into 5 sections, some of which are fused bones and thus immovable.
a) Label and colour code each section of the spine according to how many bones are in that section.
b) Look at the location of the bones, perhaps on a partner. Consider their size and appearance in the diagram.
In the space below, suggest potential purposes of the vertebral column as a whole, but also for its’ specific sections.

cervical 7 ④
Atlas

Axis
④
Thoracic 12
cervical
lumbar 5 movement at neck

sacral 5 (fused to 1) + therefore head .

Coccyx 4 (fused to 1)

Atlas 1
Axis 1

Thoracic
Flatter = better

attachment for
Notes & Observations muscles + ribs

•
irregular shapes that
vary within the column

• 33 bones

⑥ coded ie .
-17 = thoracic vertebrae 7th L4= Lumbar 1st
.

• protection of spinal chord

•
support of body weight ,
head

• movement oh the trunk , permits movement or

ribcage .

Lumbar

largest strong=

weight bearing
=

support
-

sacral
Fused = strong .

Pelvic girdle

coccyx
No function -

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2
to

tail for balance

IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System S Morley
TEE
1.1.3 Types of bone
Going back to the group discussion on different bone properties and the
identification of bones in the appendicular and axial skeleton, we have
identified 2 key functions of the skeleton:

• PROTECTION
• MOVEMENT

TASK 4:
a) Are there any other functions of the skeleton as a whole system?
Discussion and research suggests:
have lots or RBC 's
• cell production ; flat bones
yellow marrow
-

bones have
long
•
Attachment ; shapes of bones facilitates connective
tissues to attach .

•
mineralswra.ge -
calcium , phosphorus

b) Do any of the bones in the skeleton appear to be multi-functional or

their function is unknown? patella pelvis vertebrae → odd shapes
, ,
.

c) Complete the table below, including an example of each.

d) Colour code the skeletal diagram to highlight the bone type of each
major bone we have covered so far.

Type of Bones Appearance Function/s

•
cylindrical shaft =
length Yellow marrow -

storage or fat

\
and WBC 's

① N G
often red when
young
( •
large + small in size
spongey Bone -

strength spaces
)
between

phalanges vs
bone
e.
g femur

Leverage
> -

movement
complex structure
small and cube /cuboid
light t
•
Support
.

strong
=
and lots of hollow space like
•
Light
S H OR T the bone
spongy
.

Thick or compact bone

articulate with
many other bones layer
e-
g- carpals

Broad surfaces otter curved

.

, Protective -
no marrow
instead bone Thick
FLAT spongy
-

cavity
. -

Thick bone between 2 layers

.

spongey
of compact bone = STRONG

e- sternum scapulae . ribs -

g. ,

specialised shapes protection + support

\, •

IRREGULAR e.
g
multifunctional Aid movement
.

vertebrae , patella

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 IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System •
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1.1.5 anatomical language
Throughout Topic 1 we will apply the anatomical language used to locate and describe different positions of the body. This should
be used with reference to the anatomical starting position (below)
midline

Inferior beta structure

Superior adore a structure

Proximal closer to the origin of the

body part /
attachment

Distal
" ' '

further from

Medial toward the midline of the

body

Lateral A_way from the midline of the body

Posterior -
towards the bad oh the
body
Anterior towards the front of the
body

TASK 5: Complete the statements below and create your own statement and sketch for number *9.

1. medial to the arm.

The heart is ……………….. 5. The head is superior
………………… to the
abdomen.

2.
lateral
The arms are …………………. To the 6.
chest. interior to the chin.
The navel is ……………..

3. 7.
proximal
The elbow is ………………..to the
wrist. anterior
The sternum is ………………… to the
vertebral column.
4. interior to the hip 8.
The knee is ……………..
or
posterior to the
The heart is ……………………
sternum.
distal

*9.

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IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System
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f
STARTER: Provide as much information about the circled bones as possible, including key terms. Consider factors such as
their purpose as a prompt.

flat

cranium

pong
pelvis flat
snot /

/ nong coccyx

☒ long
femur
Erb

,
fibula
""
pase
/
irregular , org

Q2. How does the structure of a bone support its function?

1.1.4 Structure of long bones
Today we will be exploring the anatomy of a long bone through a dissection and labelling activity. Ahead of this lab practical, which
counts towards the requirements of the SEHS course, there is some background information to consider.

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IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System S Morley
JEFE
TASK 6:
a) Using the key below, colour in the different components of a long bone (those with a line through are not on the syllabus
and should not be coloured to avoid confusion)

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IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System
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N INVESTIGATION
b) You are now going to apply this information to explore and label a bone from a cow foreleg – a long bone. Use the cocktail
sticks and stickers provided to make clear labels throughout.

c) As you complete this task, explore the physical properties of the bone and note down key observations – aim to make
one for each component of the bone. There is an extra row for ‘additional observations’ that may not be categorised at this
point. This may lead you to formulate ideas regarding the functions of each part.

Expanded ends of the bone .

Articulate with other bones to form joints .

Epiphysis

Found
mainly in the epiphysis of long
bones -
Ct in flat bones )
plates with spaces between
branching bony
.

Spongy Bone contains numerous ,

↳ contain red /
yellow marrow
-

↳ reduce weight .
adds
strength
Thin
layer of bones : solid white slippery
of hyaline cartilage covering
-

the end ,

Articular Some exists around bone but much thinner than on the ends
cartilage the .

Cartilage
↳ prevents friction + absorbs shock .

shaft / length of the bone Thick cylinder or compact bone which encases
•

The

Diaphysis
the
medullary cavity .

wall
Tightly packed tissue or the diaphysis
-

Compact Bone ↳ resists

bending = STRONG

consists of blood cells and adipose ( fat) .

Yellow for adults red in people involved in RBC production

Bone Marrow ,
younger as more

central cavity
bone at the
Marrow Cavity continuous with the spaces of spongy epiphysis

supplies the bone with Oz , removes coz . Also other nutrients for bone

Blood Vessel growth

-

cells can exit the bone via the vessels ( nutrient artery capillaries ,
)
.

fibrous cells /tissue

diaphysis Membrarie
:
•
surrounds the - .

• outlet + inner
layer containing blood +vessels → nutrients
Periosteum nerves
.

• Also where tendons + ligaments ✓ + lymph vessels

attach .

growth .

Other
Observations

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IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System Is
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d) After sharing ideas with the other groups in a market place style format, read the passage below and highlight any
additional relevant information. You can add this to your table in a different coloured pen.

1.

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extra
8 Key Term Detail : function + form
IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System S Morley
so
Q3. How does the structure of a synovial joint and its
connective tissues facilitate movement?

1.1.7 joints
TASK 7: Mind map everything you know about joints in the space below. Does this allow you to come up with a definition or
explanation of sorts?

Summary definition:

Agreed definition: A place where two or more bones meet to produce movement /articulate .

1.1.8 types of joint

The key way we can decide on what type a joint is relates to the amount of movement it can produce.

— FOR DISCUSSION: Considering this, and the definition we have agreed, can you identify contrasting examples of joints in
the body, in relation to their movement?

Example Description
'

cranium • Fused joints .

'
fixed joint

Fibrous movement
• No

☒ no synovial fluid
' '

sternum + ribs →
ribcage • some movement → slightly movable
Cartilaginous vertebral column
cartilage\features joining
'

• as a tissues + shock absorber .

fibro cartilage
✗ no synovial fluid
'
'

knee , hip ,
fingers , Knuckles
,
•
freely movable → full
ranges
or motion possible but

Synovial neck
• complex with
←
many features
varies mom
to
type
support
to
type
+
^✓synoÑ"
facilitate
movement .

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IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System
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cranial plates

ribcage

elbow : radio ulna joint

-

vertebral
column

Hip

wrist
!

! Bones in
the talus ?

Fib /Tib ?

N INVESTIGATION
You are now going to complete a dissection of a synovial joint. You will be working in 3s with the following roles, which can be
rotated throughout:
• Instructor – leads the process
• Dissector – completes the process via the instructor,
• Recorder – physically notes down any observations made or discoveries
You will all need gloves to participate, along with an A3 recording and instruction sheet, lab kit, board and chicken leg.

Throughout the process it is important to take note of any physical properties or structures inside the joint – do you recognize
anything? How does it look or feel?

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 IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System
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1.1.6 Connective Tissues
TASK 8: Complete the table below, using your observations where possible, in addition to the Powerpoint slides.
Physical Properties Role and Function
slippery ,
strong , ends or bones Hyaline
-

Preventing friction at ends or bones .

Cartilage Fibro discs in between vertebrae for shock absorblion

-
-
- -
- -
- -
-

padded
discs , fibrous mixed
'

cushioning ie bursae
.

layers or collagen +
hyaline
the muscle to contract and
strong tough fibrous Bone to muscle for
'

i ,

Tendon Attaches to the bone's periosteum

Collagen] pull the bone
. .

while -

→ tendonitis as overuse
injury due to lack or thx .

bands connect bone to bone

strong
.

movement possible to allow her unpredicted movement

slightly elasticated /
stretch
Ligament some

at joint otherwise rigid for srncheoet

stability
.
.

1.1.9 structure of A synovial joint

TASK 9: a) Complete the diagram below by unscrambling the terms below
A_ _ic_l_r c_ _t_l_ge | S_n_v_a_ m_m_r_ne | Sy_o_i_l f_u_d | Bu_s_e | Me_i_ _us | L_g_m_n__ |
Ar_ic_la_ c_p_u_e

patella tendon

✓
femur
patella
bursa

/ synovial
pl .
bursae
fluid
synovial fat
membrane
meniscus - C shaped piece
Articular or
cartilage between
shin
cartilage lemur
+
.

patella
ligament can be
torn
.

Listing
(turning )

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IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System
b) Complete the table below to explain the function of each component of a synovial joint – link in your observations from the
-8s
S Morley

practical.

Feature Function
provides protection where the bones attach
Hyaline cartilage
.

Articular Cartilage fibrous

Tough +
.

Synovial Membrane
secretes synovial fluid for lubrication for free movement -

( inflames with injury or conditions line arthritis )

.

viscous fluid that loosens with heat ie movement

-
.

Synovial Fluid
joint cavity
'

Lubricates the

sacs that friction cushions

Bursa/Bursae ease
.
.

absorb
Meniscus/Menisci
Discs of
cartilage that shock .

Attach bone to bone

Ligaments

Tendon Attach muscle to bone

Protection
Joint Cavity capsule membrane that encases the joint
.
.

1.1.10 Types of synovial joints

As the diagram below shows, a joint may be mobile but perhaps not quite in the same way as that in a different part of the body.
We will revisit this in more detail in Topic #4 Movement Analysis. It is important to recognise at this stage that joints articulate in
different ways, thus the 6 types of synovial joint.
Saddle Ball + socket

condyloid

PIVOT

Gliding Hinge (C) 2022

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IB SEHS 1.1 Skeletal System E-
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TASK 10: Cut and stick the correct images to match the description and name of each joint.

Joint Type Examples Structure Description

•
Fingers
Hinge Knee

6 A convex surface fits into a concave surface

•

⑧ elbow (

• radio ulnar
-

Rounded surface of one bone rolls around in a ring

Pivot • neck : atlas
atxis S F formed by another bone and ligament

• Hip
• shoulder
Ball and Socket Sphere shaped head of one bone fits into a rounded
4E cavity on the other bone

• thumb

Saddle 3 D A saddle shaped bone fits against another bone shaped

like the legs of a rider sitting in the saddle.

• radiust

Condyloid
carpals
2 B Oval or egg shaped convex surface fits into a
reciprocally shaped concave surface
• 1st Knuckle

(metacarpal -

phalanges)
• tarsal bones

1 A Usually flat or slightly curved bones that slide across

@ ankle

Gliding • carpal bones each other.

@ wrist

44 $ 66
I 22 33

C D E
A B F
0

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