Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND CAMPUSES
MARAGONDON BRANCH

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR

Living in the New I.T Era

Compiled by: Checked by:

Rustan C,Talicol, LPT

Faculty Chairman
Committee on Instructional Materials

Date: Date:

Approved by:

Engr. Rosalia R. Pinlac, LPT Dr. Agnes Y. Gonzaga

Head, Academic Programs Director

Date: Date:
 DISCLAIMER
The information compiled in this resource are for educational purposes only is not intended to
violate the intellectual property rights of the true owners. All other materials and resources used
are properly credited in the reference sections.

LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The main platform to be used for this course is Schoology. This is where all the other materials,
exams and announcements related to this course will be posted.

TOOLS NEEDED
To be able to accomplish the tasks in this course, you will be needing the following applications:
1. Online application for photo editing (Any Version)
2. You tube
3. Microsoft Word
4. Photoshop (Any Version)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY..............................................................................................................................5
OVERVIEW................................................................................................................................5
MODULE OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................5
DISCUSSIONS...........................................................................................................................5
THE CURRENT STATE OF ICT TECHNOLOGIES..................................................................6
ONLINE SAFETY, SECURITY, ETHICS AND ETIQUETTE.....................................................8
Online Safety Tips.................................................................................................................8
Internet Threats (Spam, Phishing and Viruses).................................................................8
CONTEXTUALIZED ONLINE SEARCH AND RESEARCH SKILLS........................................9
Searching the web................................................................................................................9
LEARNING MATERIALS.........................................................................................................10
ASSESSMENT.........................................................................................................................10
MODULE 2: INFORMATION, CONTROL AND PRIVACY.........................................................11
OVERVIEW..............................................................................................................................11
MODULE OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................................11
DISCUSSIONS.........................................................................................................................11
INFORMATION AS A RESOURCE.........................................................................................11
VALUABLE INFORMATION....................................................................................................12
VALUE OF INFORMATION.....................................................................................................13
INFORMATION CONTROL.....................................................................................................13
Intellectual Property............................................................................................................13
Data Privacy Act 10173.......................................................................................................14
LEARNING MATERIALS............................................................................................................14
ASSESSMENT............................................................................................................................15
MODULE 3: INTRODUCTION TO PHOTO IMAGING AND EDITING.......................................16
OVERVIEW..............................................................................................................................16
MODULE OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................................16
DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................16
GET TO KNOW PHOTOSHOP................................................................................................17
The Photoshop Interface....................................................................................................17
Image Size............................................................................................................................18
Color Mode..........................................................................................................................19
LEARNING MATERIALS............................................................................................................20
ASSESSMENT............................................................................................................................20
MODULE 4: WORKING WITH LAYERS.....................................................................................21
OVERVIEW..............................................................................................................................21
MODULE OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................................21
DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................21
THE LAYERS PANEL..............................................................................................................22
Rename a Layer...................................................................................................................22
Create a New Layer.............................................................................................................22
Duplicate a Layer................................................................................................................23
Reorder Layers....................................................................................................................23
Layer Visibility.....................................................................................................................24
Lock Layers.........................................................................................................................24
Link Layers..........................................................................................................................25
Layer Groups.......................................................................................................................25
Save a File with Layers.......................................................................................................26
LEARNING MATERIALS............................................................................................................27
ASSESSMENT............................................................................................................................27
MODULE 5: THE PHOTOSHOP TOOLS....................................................................................28
OVERVIEW..............................................................................................................................28
MODULE OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................................28
DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................28
PHOTOSHOP TOOL BAR.......................................................................................................28
SELECTION TOOLS............................................................................................................29
CROP AND SLICE TOOLS..................................................................................................31
MEASURING TOOLS...........................................................................................................31
RETOUCHING TOOLS.........................................................................................................32
PAINTING TOOLS................................................................................................................33
DRAWING AND TYPE TOOLS............................................................................................33
NAVIGATION TOOLS..........................................................................................................34
LEARNING MATERIALS............................................................................................................35
ASSESSMENT............................................................................................................................35
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................36
 MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE INFORMATION
AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

The concept of technology has evolved throughout the years. As the rate of human progress
continues to increase, society has adapted in such a way that technology no longer appeals to
mechanical or electrical systems alone. The term technology presently includes advancements
in communication and how information is handled, thus enabling governments, organizations,
industries and ordinary individuals to improve on their decision-making, business processes and
everyday living. The term information and communication technology or ICT was defined in a
study conducted by Zuppo (2012) “related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of
information and various types of electronically mediated communication”.

MODULE OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

 Define ICT
 Trace the evolution of Web
 Recognize the current trends in information technology.
 Identify the ways to access and connect to the internet.

DISCUSSIONS

Have you ever seen anyone in your school or community or home use a phone? Have you ever
withdrawn money from an ATM (Automated Teller Machines, also known as 'Any time money'),
or seen someone get money from an ATM? You may have seen a movie on your computer or
chatted with a friend or recorded a video with your phone. Have you ever wondered how these
things are done? There is one thing that is common across all these things - the use of
Information Communication Technologies, ICT. As students, you may have been introduced to
some or many of these terms in your school, in your family or in your neighborhood. The cell
phone tower, your nearest ATM, your mobile phone, games, whatsapp chats, email, the selfie,
internet, videos and songs on your computer - all these are examples of a new kind of ICT.
These technologies are called digital technologies and they are changing the way we talk to
each other, work with each other. The computer is becoming like a television, the phone is
becoming like a computer, you can use the computer to make voice calls, you can record a
video with your phone, you can read your newspaper on the phone, and you can even paint with
your computer! The technologies that make all these possible are collectively called ICT.

ICT refers to those set of technologies that help us create information, access information,
analyze information and communicate with each other. Human beings have always accessed
information and communicated, but what makes these present technologies special is their

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digital

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nature. Many things we do now are based on information. Many devices - mobile phones,
television, computers, tablets, cameras, scanners, collectively called ICTs, have made this
possible. How we collect information, how we analyze it, how we communicate the information
and how we use the information to make decisions are all very important. ICT and broadly digital
technologies are changing the way we do things, thus making today's society an information
society. You may be familiar with the computer but now ICT have moved far beyond the
computer alone. As students you must learn ICT to build your skills for functioning in the
information society

THE CURRENT STATE OF ICT TECHNOLOGIES

The world of information and Communications Technology is an ever-changing landscape. New

technologies are constantly being invented and existing technologies keep on evolving.
Improvements in computing hardware enable the development of better software, which in turn
empower new ICT trends. In this chapter, you will learn about current ICT concepts and
technologies that affect our everyday lives.

As you may already know, the internet or the World Wide Web is a massive digital network that
connects billions of electronic devices all over the planet where data and other internet
resources are distinguished by URLs. Today, there has been numerous practical applications in
business, education, health care, entertainment, and many other fields.

In a historical point of view, the internet can be divided into generations. Each generation
represents the combination of technologies, trends and ways of thinking that drive the
development of the internet. For now, there are 3 recognizable generations: Web 1.0, Web 2.0,
Web 3.0.

1. Web 1.0. Web 1.0 is commonly associated as the initiated or the first stage of the WWW.
The first stage of the web was made up of web pages and was entirely connected by
hyperlinks. Well, the official definition for this version is a moot. But it is believed to be
connected to the web when it was a kind of static websites which were not able to deliver
interactive content. It is some limited interaction between the end users and websites.
Unfortunately, you can’t put any feedback or comments in this version.

2. Web 2.0. The second stage of WWW Web 2.0 is identified by the modification from static
to dynamic web pages which are better organized and are completely based on serving
web applications, user-generated content to the end users. Web 2.0 is not only readable
but also writable form with a connection to data. It allows the end users to navigate and
to interact in a better way. It cheers the participation and data sharing.

3. Web 3.0. Web 3.0 is referred as the new pattern in web and the evolution of Web 2.0
that will mark the changes in the creation of websites and particularly in what way people
reach out to those websites. It is the executable clause of WWW with dynamic services.
Web
3.0 is the read, write and executable format of WWW. It can easily read the data just like
human and could also distribute or tailor the useful content to the end users.
Table 1.0: Key Differences to Note in the Terms Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0
Web 1.0 Web 2.0 Web 3.0
As per definition Accessible as Read Accessible as Read- Accessible as Read-
Only Mode Write-Mode Write-Execute Mode
Stages First Stage Second Stage Third Stage
Classification Simply Web Social Web Semantic Web
Technologies 1. Web Servers Instant Messaging Personal Digital
Connected With... 2. E-mail Adobe Flex Assistants
3. Portals Java script Semantic Searching
4. Subscribe Frameworks
Technologies Blogs
5. File Sharing
Fundamental To Connect Information To Connect People To Connect
Concept Knowledge
Highlights 1. It allowed to do 1. It gave 1. Highly mobile, 3D
bookmarking and introduction to 2. Artificial
hyperlinking on web applications. Intelligence
pages. 2. It allows end 3. Information is
2. User Participation users to better connected
3. Static Pages differentiate and to semantic data
4. Content served from find information 4. Every device i.e.
the server’s file 3. It counts on every content
system instead of functions like seems handy
RDBMS. video streaming, through multiple
5. Graphics, GIF image hosting. applications
buttons to promote
operating systems
and other products.

4. Technological Convergence. The term technological convergence is often defined in a

very generalized and simplified terms as a process by which telecommunications,
information technology and the media, sectors that originally operated largely
independent of one another, are growing together.

Technological convergence has both a technical and a

functional side. The technical side refers to the ability of
any infrastructure to transport any type of data, while
functional side means the users may be able to
integrate in a seamless way the functions of
computation, entertainment, and voice in a unique
device able to execute a multiplicity of tasks. One
example is the smartphone. A smartphone integrated
several independent technologies—such as telephone,
Figure 1. Example of
computer, camera, music player, television (TV), and Technological
geolocating and navigation tool—into a single device. Convergence
ONLINE SAFETY, SECURITY, ETHICS AND ETIQUETTE

Most of us are ‘connected’ via our laptops, mobile phones, tablets or personal computer. The
potential for the internet to be a valuable and a fun resource for entertainment, making friends,
keeping in touch and learning is huge. But if you use the internet, you could be at risk of illegal
activity or abuse - be it bullying, fraud or something more serious. Unlike seeing someone face
to face, on the net, people aren't always what they first seem. In the same way you learn about
safety when you leave the house, it is important to learn how to stay safe online.

Online Safety Tips

1. Do not give out personal information. Always be mindful on what you share online.
2. Do not share your password with anyone and always use a ‘strong’ password.
3. Passwords are like underpants. Change them often, keep them private and never share
them with anyone.
4. Don't become online ‘friends’ with people you don't know.
5. Do not send pictures of yourself to anyone, especially indecent pictures.
6. Never post anything about a future vacation.
7. Avoid visiting and downloading anything from untrusted websites.

Internet Threats (Spam, Phishing and Viruses)

1. Spam. It is usually considered to be electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings. Some
people define spam even more generally as any unsolicited email. However, if a long-lost
brother finds your email address and sends you a message, this could hardly be called
spam, even though it is unsolicited. Real spam is generally email advertising for some
product sent to a mailing list or newsgroup.

Why Spam is a Problem?

In addition to wasting people's time with unwanted email, spam also eats up a lot of network
bandwidth. Consequently, there are many organizations, as well as individuals, who have
taken it upon themselves to fight spam with a variety of techniques. But because the
Internet is public, there is really little that can be done to prevent spam, just as it is
impossible to prevent junk mail. However, some online services have instituted policies to
prevent spammers from spamming their subscribers.

2. Phishing. The act of sending an email to a user falsely claiming to be an established

legitimate enterprise in an attempt to scam the user into surrendering private information
that will be used for identity theft. Phishing email will typically direct the user to visit a
website where they are asked to update personal information, such as a password, credit
card, social security, or bank account numbers, that the legitimate organization already has.
The website, however, is bogus and will capture and steal any information the user enters
on the page.

3. Viruses. A computer virus is a program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer
without your knowledge and runs against your wishes. Viruses can also replicate
themselves. All computer viruses are man-made. A simple virus that can make a copy of
itself over and over again is relatively easy to produce. Even such a simple virus is
dangerous because it will quickly use all available memory and bring the system to a halt.
An even more dangerous type of virus is one capable of transmitting itself across networks
and bypassing security systems.
CONTEXTUALIZED ONLINE SEARCH AND RESEARCH SKILLS

Internet research is the practice of using Internet information, especially free information on the
World Wide Web. It has a profound impact on the way ideas are formed and knowledge is
created. Common applications of Internet research include personal research on a particular
subject, students doing research for academic projects and papers, and journalists and other
writers researching stories.

Research is a broad term. Here, it is used to mean "looking something up (on the Web)". It
includes any activity where a topic is identified, and an effort is made to actively gather
information for the purpose of furthering understanding. It may include some postcollection
analysis like a concern for quality or synthesis.

The Internet can be a researcher's dream come true. By browsing the Internet, much as you
would browse the shelves of a library, you can access information on seemingly limitless topics.
In addition, web-based catalogs are available in many libraries to assist researchers in locating
printed books, journals, government documents, and other materials.

Possibly the biggest obstacle facing researchers on the Internet is how to effectively and
efficiently access the vast amount of information available with the simple click of the mouse.
With the Internet's potential as a research tool, teachers must instruct and guide their students
on manageable strategies for sorting through the abundance of information. The search for
reliable resources can be both overwhelming and frustrating if students are left on their own in
their initial search. A few simple guidelines can make conducting research more manageable,
reliable, and fun.

Searching the web

There are billions of pages of information on the World Wide Web, and finding relevant and
reliable information can be a challenge. Search engines are powerful tools that index millions of
web sites. When entering a keyword into a search engine, you will receive a list with the number
of hits or results and links to the related sites. The number of hits you receive may vary a great
deal among different search engines. Some engines search only the titles of the web sites, and
others search the full text.

Techniques for using the different search tools vary. For best results, read the search tips or
hints that are provided at each search site. Also, note that some of the search engines do not
allow Boolean searches that combine words with the logical connectors of AND, OR, or NOT.

Common commands for search engines include:

1. Quotation Marks ( " ) Using quotation marks will help to find specific phrases involving
more than one word. For example: "Martin Luther King"

2. Addition Sign ( + ) Adding a + sign before a word means that it MUST be included in
each site listed. For example: + Florida + taxes

3. Subtraction Sign ( - ) Adding a - sign before a word means that it will NOT appear in
the sites listed. For example: + Washington -DC
 4. Asterisks ( * ) Asterisks can be used for wild-cards in some search engines. For
example: Mexic* will look for Mexico, Mexican, Mexicali, etc.

LEARNING MATERIALS

Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOkogpQXSuc
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42aWAAqoUfI

ASSESSMENT

1. Make a list of your 10 favorite websites or applications and identify the reasons for
choosing them. Indicate how often you visit those websites, why you visit them and how
these sites affect your daily life. Provide picture for each.

2. Perform a search using the same keywords with Google, Yahoo and Bing. Then compare
the search results. What did you find out? Provide screenshots and explain.
 MODULE 2: INFORMATION, CONTROL AND PRIVACY
OVERVIEW

The amount of information that can be stored or processed in an information system depends
on the technology used. The capacity of the technology has increased rapidly over the past
decades. This holds for storage capacity, processing capacity, and communication bandwidth.
We are now capable of storing and processing data on the exabyte level.

These developments have fundamentally changed our practices of information provisioning. The
rapid changes have increased the need for careful consideration of the desirability of effects. In
both the technical and the epistemic sense, emphasis has been put on connectivity and
interaction. Physical space has become less important, information is ubiquitous, and social
relations have adapted as well.

As connectivity increases access to information, it also increases the possibility for agents to act
based on the new sources of information. When these sources contain personal information,
risks of harm, inequality, discrimination, and loss of autonomy easily emerge.

MODULE OBJECTIVES

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

 Identify the characteristics of information as a resource

 Explain the major points of the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No.10173)

DISCUSSIONS

INFORMATION AS A RESOURCE

Information can be simply defined as "facts about something or someone that are provided or
learned." Facts are considered relevant truths which have been validated and identified. Data
are considered facts; therefore, processed data are considered as information as they are
organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts
themselves. Unlike other organizational resources, information is considered:

1. Expandable. Information can be expanded without compromising its integrity. In fact, by

having additional information, much more can be understood from it. An example is a
person's personal information. While knowing his or her name, contact details and current
work may be useful, having the person's full curriculum vitae becomes more useful for
those in, for example, the HR Department.

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2. Compressible. Although expanded information can give a more detailed explanation, it
may not always be needed. An example of this is in news sites. Instead of a barrage of
details, news sites would often give one-liner headlines that provide enough 1nformation
about the news. Another example is research abstracts. An abstract is normally a half- or a
one-page Summary of the entire research.

3. Transportable. Information, especially digital information is easily transportable. With the

use of the internet and various technologies, information can be sent anytime and
anywhere.

4. Diffusive. Gossip or rumors tend to spread easily. Unfortunately, the same applies to any
kind of information be it true or not.

5. Sharable. Since information can be easily spread, it is considered sharable as well.

Information can be kept calling a secret. However, once a person decides to tell it to
someone, then he or she will no longer have control over it.

Information is not all different from other resources. Like how physical resources are managed,
information is considered valuable and has a life cycle. It begins with transforming raw materials
into a finished product – processing data to come up with valuable information. One example is
weather forecasting. Scientist use statistical data from previous days to predict possible weather
conditions the next day. Another example is the academic grades of students in a university. By
determining the students’ weighted average from first year to senior year the school can identify
honor students based on their academic standing.

VALUABLE INFORMATION

Information is said to be valuable if it has the following characteristics:

1. Accurate. Accurate information is error-free. In some cases, inaccurate information is

generated because inaccurate data was processed. Analysts call this as “garbage-in-
garbage-out”.

2. Complete. Complete information contains all the important facts.

3. Economical. Information should be relatively economical to produce. Decision-makers

must always balance the value of information with the cost of producing it. With the spread
of the internet, information dissemination has become easier, faster and a lot cheaper.

4. Reliable. Reliable information can be depended on. In many cases, the reliability of
information depends on the validity of the data collection methods. In other cases, reliability
depends on the source of information, which brings us back to valuable information being
economical.

5. Flexible. Flexible information can be used for different purposes. Depending on the
situation, personal information can be used for a variety of ways.

6. Relevant. Information should be relevant to be an agent in making decisions.

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7. Simple. Information should also be simple, not overly complex. Sophisticated and detailed
information may not be needed. Complex information may sometimes lead to confusion
which could result in inaccuracy of details.

8. Timely. Timely information is delivered when it is needed. This is true in the case of
weather predictions, stock market forecasts and traffic management.

9. Verifiable. This means that information can be checked for correctness and authenticity.

10. Accessible. Information should be easily accessible by authorized users to be obtained in

the right format at the right time meet their needs.

11. Secure. Information should be secure from access by unauthorized users.

VALUE OF INFORMATION

Information is considered valuable mainly for business purposes as businesses depend on it to

produce quality products and services. This helps organizations become globally competitive
and be up to date with the latest trends and technology. With businesses gearing toward IT
automation, the strategy now is to come up with business activities that shorten time frames
while increasing productivity. Valuable information helps make good decisions which is why
valuable or useful information is called knowledge.

INFORMATION CONTROL

A Large requirement for information control comes from commerce, industry and copyright
owners in general. Information control comes in the form of keeping secrets inside a business or
selling IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) to those prepared to purchase it.

Information control is about allowing those who have appropriate authority to access and use of
information based on the authority that they hold.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual Property (IP) refers to several distinct types of intangibles assets for which a set of
exclusive rights are recognized. IP is any creation or product of the human mind and may be
expressed in the form of original ideas, expressions and processes. Intellectual Property Rights
(IPR) are the rights given to persons over their creations. They usually give the creator an
exclusive right over the use of his or her creation for a certain period. According to the
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293 s. 1998), IPR is consists of
the following:

1. Copyright and related rights

2. Trademarks and service marks
3. Geographic indications
4. Industrial design
5. Patents
6. Layout designs (topographies) of Integrated Circuits (ICs)
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 7. Protection of undisclosed information

The Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines is the government agency in charge of the
implementation of the law protecting intellectual property rights in the Philippines as provided for
under R.A. 8293, or the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines and the revised Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines known as R.A. 10372.

Data Privacy Act 10173

With all these pieces of information made available online, countries have come up with ways to
protect their data from malicious individuals who might use them for illegal purposes. The
Philippines, with its booming IT industry is no exception. To protect the privacy of Filipino
citizens, Republic Act No. 10173, also know as the Data Privacy Act of 2012, was signed and
approved by then President Benigno Aquino III on August 15, 2012.

The law defines sensitive personal information as being:

 Individual’s race, ethics origin, marital status, age, color and religious, philosophical or
political affiliations
 Individual’s health, education, genetic or sexual life of a person, or to any proceeding or
any offense committed or alleged to have committed.
 Issued by government agencies “unique” to an individual, such as social security number
 Marked as classified by an Executive Order or an act of Congress

All processing of sensitive and personal information is prohibited except in certain

circumstances. The exceptions are:

 Consent of the data subject

 Pursuant to law that does not require consent
 Necessity to protect the life and health of a person
 Necessity for medical treatment
 Necessity to protect the lawful rights of data subjects in court proceedings, legal
proceedings or regulation

Digital data in the Philippines seem to be free-flowing and the challenges of data privacy and
security also keep on coming so it is important for any organization to invest in good data
security measures.

LEARNING MATERIALS

Read: https://www.privacy.gov.ph/data-privacy-act/
Read: https://euipoeuf.eu/sites/default/files/arise-docs/2019/PH_Intellectual-Property-Code-of-
the-Philippines-Republic-Act-No-8293-2015-Edition.pdf

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 ASSESSMENT

Read the following paragraph excerpted from the “Letter to Isaac McPerson, August 13, 1813” in
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. XIII, edited by A. Lipscomb:

“If nature has made any one thing less susceptible, than all others,
of exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking power called an
Idea; which an individual may exclusively possess as long as he
keeps it to himself; but the moment it is divulged, it forces itself into
the possession of every one, and the receiver cannot dispossess
himself of it. It is peculiar character too is that no one possesses
the less, because every other possesses the whole of it. He who
receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself, without
lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light
without darkening me. That ideas should freely spread from one to
another over the globe, for the moral and mutual instruction of
man, and improvement of his condition, seems to have been
peculiarly and benevolently designed by nature, when she made
them, like fire, expansible over all space, without lessening their
density in any point; and like the air in which we breathe, move,
and have our physical being, incapable of confinement, or
exclusive appropriation. Inventions then cannot in nature be a
subject of property”

1. What is your personal understanding of exclusive property?

2. How did Thomas Jefferson understand the principle of an “idea” as a non-exclusive

property?

3. Do you agree with Thomas Jefferson’s concept of an “idea”?

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 MODULE 3: INTRODUCTION TO PHOTO IMAGING AND
EDITING

OVERVIEW

Image editing encompasses the processes of altering images, whether they are digital
photographs, traditional photo-chemical photographs, or illustrations. Traditional analog image
editing is known as photo retouching, using tools such as an airbrush to modify photographs or
editing illustrations with any traditional art medium. Graphic software programs, which can be
broadly grouped into vector graphics editors, raster graphics editors, and 3D modelers, are the
primary tools with which a user may manipulate, enhance, and transform images. Many image
editing programs are also used to render or create computer art from scratch.

MODULE OBJECTIVES

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

 Define an image-editing program

 Know the important features of image-editing program
 Realize the value of compositing the image/picture

DISCUSSION

The meaning of photo editing is process of altering images, whether they are digital
photographs, traditional analog photographs or illustrations. Photo editing and processing is
almost as old as photography itself. Since the birth of the photo, photographers have always
strived to improve their photos by developing them at home, tinting, toning, and cropping their
pictures to make a good photo great. In the days when all photography was shot on film, the
option to edit and process photos was pretty much limited to professionals and enthusiasts with
a lot of time and patience. These days however, the development of the digital camera has
meant that you no longer need your own darkroom to improve your photos. Using a standard
PC and some digital image editing software you are pretty much ready to roll.

Simple photo-editing techniques include:

1. Noise reduction. Smoothing the picture out, typically accomplished by reducing the pixel
size
2. White balance. The color of the light in the image
3. Contrast. Higher contrast makes an image punchier, while lower contrast makes it flatter in
color
4. Exposure. The brightness of the photo
5. Lens correction. Addresses any issues with the camera lens
6. Color adjustments. Change the color of an item or element in the photo
7. Resizing and cropping. Adjust the dimensions of the image

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8. Background removal. Delete the background from the image, isolating the subject (this is
often used for white background product photography)

The more complex, advanced techniques include:

1. Clipping paths. Extract a subject or element from an image

2. Portrait corrections. Fix the complexion of people in images
3. Drop and reflection shadow. Create or adjust shadows
4. Special effects. This can mean an array of things, from animation to adding weather
conditions like fog or snow
5. Adjusting text and visuals. Add overlays or manipulate what is already there
6. Photo stitching. When you seamlessly put two images together to make it look as though
they were shot that way
7. Photo masking and Layers. The process of hiding and revealing specified portions of an
image

GET TO KNOW PHOTOSHOP

Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Inc. for
Windows and macOS. It was originally created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll. Since then,
this software has become the industry standard not only in raster graphics editing, but in digital
art as a whole.

The Photoshop Interface

Figure 2: Photoshop Interface

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Photoshop lays out the most important tools that you will need right on the main workspace.
This allows you to easily find the tools that you need without digging through menus.
Furthermore, Photoshop allows users to use simple keyboard shortcuts in order to get to these
tools faster.

1. Tool Bar – Provides access to a variety of tools with multiple image-editing functions.

 These tools typically fall under the categories of drawing; painting; measuring
and navigation; selection; typing; and retouching.
 Some tools contain a small triangle in the bottom right corner of the tool icon;
these tools can be expanded to reveal similar tools.

2. Options Bar – Works in coordination with your tool bar to provide additional settings for
the tool you are currently using.

 The options bar changes according to whichever tool you are using.

3. Menu Bar – Contains menus for performing common tasks.

 Consists of eleven menu options: File; Edit; Image; Layer; Type; Select; Filter;
3D; View; Window; Help
 Menu items containing an ellipsis indicate that a dialogue box will follow that option.
 Menu items with an arrow indicate a submenu for that particular option.

4. Panels/Palettes - Helps you monitor and modify your work.

 Provides groups of functionalities specific to certain tools or tasks.

 You can create a custom workspace by moving and manipulating panels.

Image Size

When working on an image in Photoshop you must first properly size the image, depending on
the media discipline you are using. This is specifically important due to images varying for Web
and Print use. Larger images on a website will slow the site down, making it difficult for your
viewer to see the content. Larger images are used for print in order to ensure that detail of your
visual image is present.

 To resize an image, select Image Size... from Image in the top menu. (Ctrl + Alt + I)

 Set your Resolution according to your media discipline

 For Web set this to 72

 For Print set this to 300

 It is important that you understand your media size when setting your height and width.
For web, you always want to ensure that your image will be viewable on any or most
screens.

Page 18 of 38
 Figure 3. Image Size Panel

Color Mode

It is very important to establish your color modes based on the media discipline you are using.
Each media output (computer screen, printer, etc.) interprets colors differently, so it is important
to be able to set your color mode for the output to understand it.

To change the color mode, go to Image in the top menu and select Mode.

 RGB
 RGB stands for “Red, Green, Blue”
 These are the three colors on electronic devices (computers, phones, tv,
etc.) and therefore used for anything displayed on the screen
 Additive color mode
 Red, Green, and Blue add up to make White

 CMYK
 CMYK stands for “Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key”
 Key is black
 These are the four inks in a standard printer and therefore used for any
print materials (photographs, papers, posters, etc.)
 Subtractive color mode
 Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow add up to make Black (but not the true “Key”
black)

Page 19 of 38
 LEARNING MATERIALS

Read and Watch:

https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/how-to/ps-basics-fundamentals.html
https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/how-to/image-resizing-basics.html

ASSESSMENT

Download the images and try do the following.

https://learndownload.adobe.com/pub/learn/photoshop/basics-fundamentals.zip

1. Open an existing image.

2. Resize an image to 900x600 pixels.
3. Set a resolution 300 pixels per inch

Page 20 of 38
 MODULE 4: WORKING WITH LAYERS
OVERVIEW

Using Layers in Photoshop allow you to add new elements to an image without altering the
original image. With Layers, you can place text, additional images, shapes and even vector
graphics into your Photoshop document while maintaining the ability to move, delete or adjust
those elements individually without affecting one another.

Using Layers is a good policy whenever you need to modify an existing image; by working in
Layers, you can maintain the integrity of your original image until you’re satisfied with your
changes.

Many creative professionals keep a layered version of their Photoshop image that they can
return to and edit later, as well as a flattened version of the modified image to use on
ecommerce sites.

MODULE OBJECTIVES

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

 Know how to work with layers

 Know how to add a selection from one image to another
 Appreciate the value of layer. Layer is the heart and soul of image-editing program.

DISCUSSION

A Photoshop layer is like a sheet of transparent film, like ones used for an overhead projector.
When you stack films (layers) together, you will be able to see through the transparent parts and
not be able to see through the parts with content. You can move, rotate, and manipulate a single
layer without affecting any others. You can also change the opacity, or transparency, of one
layer to make content partially visible

Layer are located in the Layer Panel, which depending on which is selected, may be located on
the bottom right side of the Photoshop Window.
Figure 4: The Layer

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THE LAYERS PANEL

On the bottom of the layers panel, there are seven buttons that can be used for visual
manipulation or for layer organization.

A. Link Layers. Allows layers to be linked together so they can be edited, moved, etc. as a
single layer.

B. New Layer Style. Add styles to layers such as, drop shadows, bevel and emboss, stroke,
etc.

C. Add Layer Mask. Allows for the ability to control

the transparency of all pixels within a layer.

D. New Adjustment or Fill Layer. Allows for non-

destructive adjustments to layers such as
brightness and contrasts, hue/saturation,
gradient, etc.

E. New Group. Creates a group of layers that can

be moved, edited and or selected together as
one layer.

F. New Layer. Creates a new layer within the

Layers panel Figure 5: Layer Panel Options

G. Delete Layer. Deletes the selected layer(s)

within the layers panel.

Rename a Layer

Renaming layers within Photoshop can make it easier to determine which layer is which when
editing a document. To rename a layer within Photoshop, double click on the current layer name
in the Layers Panel. The layer name will become highlighted and can either be typed over with
the new name or one can hit the delete key to the delete the text and then type in the new
name. When the new name has been typed, hit the Enter key to accept the new
name.

Create a New Layer

To create a new layer on an existing document, click on the Create a new layer icon on the
bottom of the layers panel. When a new layer is created, it will be placed on top of the layer that
was selected prior to creating the new layer. The new layer will be given the default name of
Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3, etc.

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Another way to create a new layer is to click on the fly-out menu on the upper left corner of the
Layers panel and then select New Layer. The new layer window will appear which will allow
users to enter in a new name for the layer before creating the layer. It is recommended to type
in a unique layer name and then click on the OK button to create the new layer within the Layers
Panel.

Figure 6: Creating New Layer Figure 7: Renaming a New Layer

Tip: The shortcut to create a new layer is Shift+Ctrl+N

Duplicate a Layer

Duplicating a layer will make and exact copy of an existing layer so the layers can be edited
independently. To duplicate a layer, right click on the layer to be duplicated, then select
Duplicate Layer from the menu. When duplicating a layer this way, Photoshop will ask to
rename the new layer. Photoshop will produce an identical layer with the same name as the
original layer with the text copy after it.

Figure 8: Duplicate a Layer

Reorder Layers

Layers work like transparencies in that the layer on top covers the
layers below it. Any layer within the layers panel, with the exception
of the background layer, can be moved in the layer order.

When the line appears in the correct location, let go of the mouse
button to place the layer in the new location.

Figure 9: Reorder Layers

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Layer Visibility

To the right of every layer in the layers panel there is an eyeball icon which indicates layer
visibility. When the eyeball icon is visible, it means that the layer is visible. To toggle the visibility
of a layer on and off, simple click on the eyeball icon.

A. Layer 0 and Layer 1 are both visible.

Figure 10. Layer

Visibility

A. Layer 0 is visible; Layer 1 is not visible.

Figure 11: Layer

Visibility

Lock Layers

Any layer within the layers panel can be locked to protect its contents from being changed
entirely, or a layer can be locked to prevent it from being moved, any pixels being changed, or
any changes to the transparency on the layer.

To lock a layer, select the layer within the layers and then select the
appropriate lock icon, which are located on the top of the layers panel.

Lock options.

A. Lock Transparent Pixels. Confines editing to the opaque

portions of the layer.

B. Lock Image Pixels. Prevents modification to the layer’s pixels

using the painting tools. Figure 12: Lock Layers
C. Lock Position. Prevents the layers pixels from being moved.

D. Lock All. Prevents any modifications of any piece of the layer.

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When a layer has been locked, a padlock icon will appear next to the layer name within the
layers panel. The icon will appear differently depending if there is a full lock (Solid Lock), or a
partial lock (Hollow Lock) on the layer.

Figure 13: Partially Figure 14: Fully Locked

Locked Layer Layer

Link Layers

By default, all layers are independent of each other, so any changes that are done to a layer will
only affect the selected layer. Linking together can be very beneficial when several layers are
related to each other. Any movement, resizing, blending, etc. that is done to one layer, will be
done to all other layers that are linked.

To link layers, select the layers to be linked and then click the Link icon in the bottom left corner
of the Layers Panel.

Once the layers have been linked, a link icon will display to the right of all layers that are linked.

To unlink the layers, select and click on the Link icon in the layers panel.

Figure 16: How to Link Figure 15: Linked Layers

Layers

Layer Groups

Layer Groups work like linking layers in that the layers within a group can be moved, resized
blended, etc. together. The benefit of Layer groups is the ability to add and remove single layers
into groups, the ability to make changes to individual layers within the group that won’t affect
other layers within the group, and for the purpose of organization if the document that is being
created has multiple layers, which will space within the Layers Panel.

Create a Layer Group by clicking on the New Group icon in the Layers Panel. The group will be
created with the default naming scheme of Group 1, Group 2, etc. To rename the group, double
click on the Group name. With the name selected, either type in the new name, or delete the
text and type in a new group name.
Page 25 of 38
 Figure 18: Create Group Icon for Figure 17: Renaming a Group
Layers Folder for Layers

When a group is created, it is created with no layers in it. To add layers into the group, layers
from the Layers Panel must be selected and drag into the new group. To do this, click, hold and
drag the desired layer below the group name. When the layer is being drag, there will be a faint
line that will appear under the group name to show that the layer has been added to the group.
When this line appears, let go of the left mouse button to place the layer within the group.

Save a File with Layers

Any time a Photoshop file has layers, at least one of the files that
is saved must be a .psd files. A .psd file is an essential file type to
save a Photoshop file because it will preserve all layers in the
document, which allow anyone who opens the file to be able to
view and edit all layers in the file.

To save the Photoshop document as a .psd, navigate to the File

menu and select Save.

When creating a document for commercial print, it is

recommended to save the file as a TIFF file. TIFF files are
considered a lossless compression file, meaning the file will not Figure 19: Saving a File
lose any image data as it is created.

TIFF files can also be used to save the layers within a Photoshop document, but any time a
TIFF file saves layers, it will also create a flat file with the layers, which results in larger file sizes
than what a PSD layered file creates.

To save a file as a TIFF for commercial print, click on the File menu and select Save As. On the
Save As Window, navigate to the appropriate folder and provide a name for the file. Click on the
Save as type dropdown and select the TIFF option, which is located at the bottom of the
dropdown. When these changes have been made click, on the Save button on the bottom right.

Figure 21: Saving a File

Figure 20: Save as TIFF File

Page 26 of 38
 LEARNING MATERIALS

Read: https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/how-to/ps-layers-basics.html
https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/layer-basics.html
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gxcIn8L w

ASSESSMENT

Download the images and try do the following.

https://learndownload.adobe.com/pub/learn/photoshop/layers-basics.zip

1. Show the Layer Panel

2. Create a new layer
3. Give each layer a proper name
4. Create a layer group
5. Give each layer group a proper name
6. Add images to each layer
7. Link Layers
8. Lock Layers

Page 27 of 38
 MODULE 5: THE PHOTOSHOP TOOLS
OVERVIEW

The Photoshop toolbox is the most important user interface in Photoshop it includes the primary
tools to work with graphics. These include the tools that let you use type, and select, paint,
draw, sample, edit, move, annotate, and view images.

MODULE OBJECTIVES

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

 Know functionality of each Photoshop Tools

 Can properly use Photoshop tools

DISCUSSION

If you are just starting out with Photoshop, you will no doubt be spending plenty of your time
using the Tools panel, which contains various tools for working with type, painting, drawing,
moving objects, and so forth.

In this module, you will get a beginner's overview of the various tools contained within the Tools
panel. From the selection tools to the retouching tools, you will learn all about them and their
uses.

PHOTOSHOP TOOL BAR

Arguably the most frequently used Photoshop element is its toolbox-the long rectangular Tools
bar that displays icons for choosing functions, colors, and views. When you launch Photoshop,
the Tools bar automatically appears on the left side of the window. If you wish, you can click the
bar at the top of the toolbox and drag the Tools bar to a more convenient place. If the Tool Bar
is not visible, click Window on the Menu bar at the top of the screen. A drop-down menu will
appear. Then click Tools and the Tool Bar will be displayed.

The Tool Bar is illustrated below. Note that the actual tools displayed will depend on the settings
left by the last user. In most instances, clicking and holding on one of the buttons can access
several tools. This illustration shows many of the typical tools.

Page 28 of 38
 Figure 22: Photoshop
SELECTION TOOLS

The selection tools are located in the Tools panel, which is located, by default, on the left side of
your screen.

Rectangular Marquee Tool. Draws square or

rectangular selection borders.

Figure 23: Rectangular

Marquee Tool

Elliptical Marquee tool. Draws round or elliptical

selection borders.

Figure 24: Elliptical Marquee Tool

Page 29 of 38
 Lasso tool. Draws freehand selection borders, best for
precision.

Figure 25: Lasso Tool

Polygonal Lasso tool. Draws multiple straight-edged

segments of a selection border.

Figure 26: Polygonal Lasso

Tool

Magnetic Lasso tool. Draws a selection border that

automatically snaps to edges when you drag over in
the photo.

Figure 27: Magnetic Lasso

Tool

Magic Wand tool. Selects pixels of similar color with

one click

Figure 28: Magic Wand Tool

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 Selection Brush tool. Automatically selects or
deselects the area you paint, depending on whether
you are in Selection or Mask mode.

Figure 29: Selection Brush

Tool

CROP AND SLICE TOOLS

The Crop and Slice tools are used to separate and eventually extract or use part of the image
that is most important. Cropping takes out everything outside your cropping area. Slicing an
image into multiple areas makes smaller image tiles from the main image.

 Crop (C). Click and drag with this tool to create an adjustable crop area of your
image. Press Enter to crop the canvas to your rectangular area. Press Esc to cancel
the crop. After you crop your image, part of the image is gone; make sure that if you
save over the original image, you won’t need the content you have cropped out.

 Slice (K). Used for creating web images, the slice tool creates rectangular slices
from which you can export individual graphics. Build web button interfaces in one
canvas and save to sliced areas for your web page.

 Slice Select (K). Select your image slices and adjust the size of the slices by moving
the handles. Hold down the Shift key to select multiple slices at once.

 Perspective Crop. Let you transform the perspective in an image while cropping.
Use the Perspective Crop tool when working with images that contain keystone
distortion. Keystone distortion occurs when an object is photographed from an angle
rather than from a straight-on view.

MEASURING TOOLS

The following are the measuring tools you can use in Photoshop:

 Eyedropper Tool. We can use this tool for matching a color and we also match a
color from a web page or something else while working in Photoshop. Just click with
the eyedropper tool somewhere in your Photoshop file, and drag the cursor off to
sample colors from anything visible on your screen. Your color will be selected.

 Color Sample Tool. The Color Sampler Tool can used to match colors in an image,
like the Eyedropper tool, but its values can be stored in the Info palette for future
reference. The keyboard shortcut key for this tool is “I”.
It is quite helpful when adjusting an image's colors. The Color Sampler tool is
bundled
Page 31 of 38
 with the Eyedropper tool in the Toolbox. It works differently from the Eyedropper tool
in that you use it to click and place sample points in an image. The color values at a
sample point are stored in the Info palette for as long as the sample point remains in
the image. You can place up to four sample points per image.

 Ruler Tool. The Ruler tool calculates the distance between any two points in the
workspace. When you measure from one point to another, a nonprinting line is
drawn, and the options bar and Info panel show the following information. The
shortcut key of the Ruler Tool is "Ctrl+R".

 Note Tool. The Note Tool is a Toolbox. Through the Note Tool we can attach little
notes to your .psd files. There are two versions of Photoshop Notes: text and audio.

To create a text note:

 Click on the Note Tool when it is shaped as a sheet of notepaper.

 If it is shaped like a loudspeaker then right-click and toggle it to the
notepaper. Your mouse pointer will now become a note icon. Now click
anywhere on your document. A note window will pop up.
 If you look just below the top menu of Photoshop, you will see how you can
adjust the author, font, font size, and color of the note.

You can drag and drop your note around like any other object, and double-clicking
will allow you to edit and view it.

 Count Tool. When we click on an image after selecting the Count tool, a click
number is displayed on the item. Count numbers are saved when you save a file.
Photoshop can also automatically count multiple selected areas in an image, and
records are stored in the Measurement Log panel.

Figure 30: Count Tool

RETOUCHING TOOLS

One of the most important benefits of Photoshop is your ability to retouch images to improve or
perfect them. Frankly, the trickery and deception are quite fun. These tools help you patch and
heal tears, scratches, and even red eyes from erratic camera flashbulbs:

Page 32 of 38
  Spot Healing Brush (J). Click on a blemish in a photograph and this tool samples
pixels in the area around the blemish to blend it out. This is like the Healing Brush
tool, but with the Spot Healing Brush you do not need to select a source area.

 Clone Stamp (S). Clone areas of an image into another part of an image with this
tool. Press and hold the Alt key (in Windows) and click a source area. Then paint
within another area of the image and watch the tool blend the source area into the
destination area.

 Eraser (E). This tool erases the content on the layer you are working.

 Blur (R). This tool enables you to brush areas blur only those areas. It averages the
pixel color and contrast of surrounding pixels to create a "softer" transition between
the pixels and, consequently, the blur effect.

 Dodge (O). This tool mimics a photographic technique that underexposes or lightens
parts of the image you brush over.

PAINTING TOOLS

The following are the painting tools you can use in Photoshop:

 Brush Tool (B). This tool is used to paint any image, first of all a selected color and
size. There are various options of the Brush Tools sizes and shapes that can be
found in the options bar. It is also used on layer masks for showing or hiding parts of
the image.

 History Brush Tool (Y). This tool works in a similar way as the Brush Tool, except
the information that it paints with is from the original state of your image. If you go to
"Window" > "History" then you will see the History Palette. The History Brush Tool
paints with the information from whatever History State is selected.

 Gradient Tool (G). You can use this tool to make gradient colors. It creates a
blending of your foreground color and background color when you click and drag it.

DRAWING AND TYPE TOOLS

The following are the drawing and type tools you can use in Photoshop:

 Pen Tool (P). This tool is for creating paths, in this we use the Path Selection Tool to
select the path and we can use Paths in a few ways, mostly to create clipping paths
or to create selections. We use the tool by clicking to add a point. If we will click and
drag, it will change the shape of your path, allowing bend and shape the path for
accurate selections and such.

Page 33 of 38
 Figure 31: Pen Tool Figure 32: Pen Tool Path

 Horizontal Type Tool (T). Through this tool we can write text in Photoshop when
you click a single point, it is put in a separate layer and a bounding box. You can
drag the bounding box to increase the text size and click on the move tool to move
the text around.

 Path Selection Tool (A). The path selection tools make shape or segment
selections showing anchor points, direction lines, and direction points.

 Rectangle Tool (U). When you click the Rectangle Tool and drag in a new
document then by default a new layer is created and the color is whatever
foreground color you have selected.

NAVIGATION TOOLS

The following are the navigation tools you can use in Photoshop:

 Hand Tool (H). The hand tool allows you to click and drag around the Photoshop
canvas. If the entire canvas currently fits on the screen, this tool won't do anything.
This tool is for easily navigating around when you're zoomed in, or a picture is simple
too big to fit on the screen at 100%.

 Zoom Tool (Z). The zoom tool lets you zoom in and out of the Photoshop canvas by
clicking on a given area. By default, the zoom tool only zooms in. To zoom out, hold
down the option key and use the zoom tool as you normally would.

Page 34 of 38
 LEARNING MATERIALS

Read: http://anson-bowles.com/resources/tutorials/photoshop_cs2_introduction.pdf
Watch: https://youtu.be/3LNi0WdJuJE

ASSESSMENT

Identify each tool and briefly explained its functionality.

Page 35 of 38
 REFERENCES

Book
Eleazar, V. Christian, & Caoili-Tayuan, Ronina R. (2019). Living in the Information Technology
Era
Electronic Sources

https://www.f5buddy.com/basic-definitions-of-web-1-0-web-2-0-and-web-3-0/
https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R45746.html
https://www.itu.int/osg/spu/youngminds/2007/essays/papadakissteliosym2007.pdf
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/it-privacy/#ImpInfTecPri
https://www.wcupa.edu/infoServices/training/documents/courses/Adobe/PhotoshopCS6.pdf
https://wsnet2.colostate.edu/cwis6/ttcpdf/how_to/PSD/PSDLayers.pdf
https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/understanding-color-management.html
https://mashable.com/2010/08/12/12-beginner-tutorials-for-getting-started-with-photoshop/
http://artsites.ucsc.edu/faculty/gustafson/FILM20P.W06/Film%2020P%20%5BW06%5D%20files
%20/toolbar%20handout.pdf
https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop-elements/using/making-selections.html
https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/da6585/measuring-tool-in-photoshop/
https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=415187&seqNum=4

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