ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF BHUTAN

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PHUNTSHOLING: BHUTAN

Teaching Rate Analysis to Elite Future Engineers

27/08/2021:Nimesh Chettri Unit 2

 Introduction
Rate Analysis: The basis of arriving at a correct and reasonable rate per
unit item of work following its specification is called rate analysis.
For rate analysis the following sub–head costs are taken into
account:
(a) Cost of labor: Number of labors x wages of labor per day.
(b) Cost of equipment or tools and plant: Tools required for particular work,
lump sum cost depending upon nature of work.
(c) Cost of water charges: 1 to 2 % of cost of materials and labor.
(d) Cost of overhead and profit: 10% of cost of material and labor.
(e) Cost of materials which includes original cost of materials,
loading and unloading costs, transportation costs, sales tax,
insurance charges etc. i.e., spot delivery rate of materials.
• Cost of materials=quantity of material x rate of materials

• Total cost= a+b+c+d+e

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 QUANTITY FOR RATE ANALYSIS
Generally quantities taken for the rate analysis are as
follows:
• For mass works: 10cu.m (example: cement concrete
work, stone and brick masonry work, etc).
• For surface works: 100sq.m (example: pointing,
plastering, flooring, etc).
• For running meter works: 100RM (example: pipeline
works, etc).
• For unit quantity works: 1 number (example: fixing of
plumbing items such as wash basin, w.c. urinals, etc).

3
 Factors affecting the rate analysis
The rate of an item of work mainly depends on the following factors.
• Specification of the item which indicates the qualities and
proportion of materials, the methods of construction.
• The present rate of materials.
• Daily wages of different categories of labor and their respective
outputs.
• The range of lead and lift requires (ground floor or fist floor, etc).
• Profits and miscellaneous and overhead expenses of contractor.
• Site condition, site organization and cost control during
execution, etc.
The rate analysis of some common items is worked out by adopting
the rates of materials and labor prevailing in T/phu, P/ling, S/khar,
city in 2009. Students may use their local prevailing rates for rate
analysis.
4
 Purpose of Rate Analysis

1) To determine the actual cost per unit item; and

2) To examine the item for economic processes and economic
uses of materials involved in making the item/
Sustainability.

5
 Schedule of Rates
• A schedule or list of rates of various items is prepared after the analysis of rates of these
items − Schedule of Rates (BSR 2021).
• It is prepared by large concerns or public bodies.
• It becomes very useful in deciding the rate of an extra item carried out by the
contractor.
• Normally, a clause in the conditions of contract is inserted, stating that: “Any extra item
that might occur during the execution of the work shall be paid as per rate in the
schedule of rates”.
• Comprises groups of items such as demolishing items, excavation items, concrete
items, brickwork items, etc. and also information regarding the present wages of labour
and process of different items is given in it.
• S.O.R vary and are periodically revised after every three years.
• The rates of the finished items are worked out by the analysis of rates with the
standard requirements of material, labour, and necessary sundries like water charges,
contractor’s profit, etc.
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 Task work per day:
• Represents the quantity of an item which an ordinary labourer of a particular
trade can do in a working day of eight hours.
• Thus, it depends on various variable factors such as type of labour, nature of
work, climatic conditions, situation of work, skill of labourer, site
organisation and many other factors often outside the control of the
contractor.
• The task work per day is also known as the labour constant and it is the most
uncertain part of rate analysis.
• The task work per day is calculated either by maintaining a record of labour
employed and the work done or by experience.
• The task work per day becomes useful in framing the rate of an item.
• It is, however, found that if the work is given on piece-work basis, the
efficiency of the labourer increases considerably and in some cases, the turn out
may be doubled than the task work per day under normal conditions for such
category of labourer.
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 Standardize unit quantity of materials
• 1 cu.m of Portland Cement = 1440 kgs
• 1cu.m of Portland cement =30 bags (normally taken)
• 1 bag of cement of 50 kg = 0.034 cu.m
• Nominal size of bricks = 20 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm
• No. of bricks per m³=500 nos
• Dry mortar volume =25%-30% wet mortar volume but
used 33%

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Standardize unit quantity of materials cont…
Cement Concrete
Normally adopted values
Dry volume is taken 52.7% above wet volume
Dry volume = 1.527 x wet volume
Densities
Cement=1440 kg/ 𝑚3
Fine aggregate = 1450-1600 kg/ 𝑚3
Coarse aggregate= 1450-1500 kg/𝑚3
For example
Take M15 Concrete (1:2:4)
i)Cement=1
ii)Sand=2
iii)Aggregate=4
Total =1+2+4=7

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Standardize unit quantity of materials cont…
CEMENT
• 𝐦𝟑 : Cement = 1 𝑥 1.527/7=0.22 𝑚3
• kg: Cement = 1 𝑥 1.527/7 x 1440 =312.7 kg
• Cft: Cement=1 𝑥 1.527/7 x 35.3147=7.66 cft

Since 1 𝑚3 =35.3147 cft

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Standardize unit quantity of materials cont…
SAND
• 𝐦𝟑 : Sand = 2𝑥1.527/7=0.43 𝑚3
• kg: Sand= 2 𝑥 1.527/7 x 1500 =651.43 kg
• Cft: Sand =2 𝑥 1.527/7 x 35.3147=15.34 cft
AGGREGATE
• 𝐦𝟑 : Aggregate = 4 𝑥 1.527/7=0.87 𝑚3
• kg: Aggregate= 4 𝑥 1.527/7 x 1500=1302.86 kg
• Cft: Aggregate =4 𝑥 1.527/7 x 35.3147=30.67 cft

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 Quantity of materials for 10 cu.m of concrete for different proportions (variation 5% allowed)

Coarse Aggregate (cu

Proportion Cement (bags) Sand (cu m)
m)

1:1:2 15.4/4=3.9cu m (112.4bags) 3.90x1=3.90 3.90x2=7.80

1:1½:3 15.4/5.5=2.80cu m (80.7bags) 2.80x1.5=4.20 2.80x3=8.40

1:2:4 15.4/7=2.2cu m (63.4bags) 2.2x2=4.4 2.2x4=8.80

1:3:6 15.4/10=1.54cu m (44.4bags) 1.54x3=4.62 1.54x6=9.24

1:4:8 15.4/13=1.2cu m (34.6bags) 1.2x4=4.8 1.2x8=9.60

1:5:10 15.4/16=0.97cu m (28bags) 0.97x5=4.85 0.97x10=9.70

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Standardize unit quantity of materials cont…
Cement Plaster
• Normally adopted values
• 12 mm thick inside and 20 mm thick outside with ratio 1:6 for wall
• 12 mm thick in ceiling with ratio 1:4
Densities
• Cement=1440 kg/ 𝑚3
• Fine aggregate = 1450-1600 kg/ 𝑚3
• For example
• Take volume of mortar in plaster as 1 m x 1 m x 12 mm thick plaster with ratio 1:6 of
wall
• i)Cement=1
• ii)Sand=6
Total =1+6=7 13
Standardize unit quantity of materials cont…
Cement Plaster
• Total volume of mortar in plaster = 1 x 1 x 0.012=0.012 𝑚3
• Total dry volume=0.012 x 1.33=0.015967 𝑚3
For example
• Take volume of mortar for plaster as 1 m x 1 m x 0.012 m thick plaster with ratio 1:6 for wall
• i)Cement=1
• ii)Sand=6
Total =1+6=7
CEMENT
• 𝐦𝟑 : Cement = 1/7𝑥0.015967=0.00228 𝑚3
• kg: Cement = 1/7 𝑥 0.015967 x 1440 =3.28 kg =0.0656 bags
• Cft: Cement=1/7 𝑥 0.015967 x 35.3147=0.081 cft
SAND
• 𝐦𝟑 : Cement = 6/7 𝑥 0.015967=0.01368 𝑚3
• kg: Cement = 6/7 𝑥 0.015967 x 1500 =20.52 kg
• Cft: Cement=6/7 𝑥 0.015967 x 35.3147=0.483 cft
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 Standardize unit quantity of materials cont…
Brickwork
Normally adopted values
• Modular brick size=190 mm x 90 mm x 90 mm with ratio 1:6
• Mortar thickness = 10 mm
Densities
• Cement=1440 kg/ 𝑚3
• Fine aggregate = 1450-1600 kg/ 𝑚3
For example
• Take volume of brickwork=1 𝑚3
• Volume of 1 brick with mortar =0.200 x 0.100 x 0.100 = 0.002 𝑚3
• Cement=1
• Sand=6
Total = 1+6=7
No. of bricks in 1 𝑚3
=1/0.002=500𝑛𝑜𝑠
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 Standardize unit quantity of materials cont…
Brickwork
• Volume of 1 brick without mortar = 0.19 x 0.09 x 0.09=0.001539 𝑚3
• Volume covered by 500 nos of bricks =500 x 0.001539=0.7695 𝑚3
• Volume of mortar in wet condition = 1-0.7695=0.2305 𝑚3
• Dry volume of mortar = 0.2305 x 1.33=0.306565 𝑚3
• Dry mortar volume =1.33 x wet mortar volume
CEMENT
• 𝐦𝟑 : Cement = 1/7 𝑥 0.3065657=0.043795 𝑚3
• kg: Cement = 1/7 𝑥 0.3065657 x 1440 =63.065 kg =1.26 bags
• Cft: Cement=1/7 𝑥 0.365657 x 35.3147=1.5466 cft
SAND
• 𝐦𝟑 : Sand = 6/7 𝑥 0.3065657=0.26277 𝑚3
• kg: Sand = 6/7 𝑥 0.3065657 x 1440 =378.389 kg
• Cft: Sand=6/7 𝑥 0.3065657 x 35.3147=9.2796 cft
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Standardize unit quantity of materials cont…
CEMENT CONCRETE
Calculation of materials
To determine the quantity of materials for 10 cu.m concrete is to divide
15.27 by the sum of the numerical of the proportion of the materials
which gives the quantity of cement in cu m.
For 1:2:4 proportion
• Summation of proportion=1+2+4=7
• Therefore, cement= 15.27/7=2.2 cu m
• Sand=2.2 x 2=4.4 cu m
• Coarse aggregate=2.2 x 4=8.8 cu.m
Note: 1 bag cement (50 kg) =0.0347 cu.m
• 2.2 cu.m=2.2/0.0347=63.4 bags.
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 Brick Work
First class brickwork in cement mortar 1:4 in superstructure, ground floor
Take 10 cu.m
Calculation of materials per 10 cu.m of brick work
• Number of bricks (with mortar 10 cm x 10 cm x 20 cm)=5000 nos
• Wet mortar=10 - (5000 x 0.09 x 0.09 x 0.19) = 2.30 cu.m.
Adding extra 15% for frog filling, brick bonding courses and
wastages, etc.
Volume of wet mortar=2.3+0.15*2.3=2.64 cu.m
• For dry mix mortar, adding 1/3rd extra
Therefore, volume of dry mortar=1.33 * 2.64 = 3.50 cu.m.
Cement and sand for 1:4 mortar
• Cement= (1/5) * 3.5=0.7 cu.m=21 bags
• Sand=0.7 * 4=2.8 cu.m
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 Flooring
C.C (1:4:8) flooring 75 mm thick
Take 100 sq.m
Calculation of materials:
• Volume of concrete=0.075 x 100=7.5 cu.m
• Adding 10% extra for unevenness of base concrete=7.5 + 0.10*7.5 =8.25 cu.m
• Adding 50% (1.527-1.54) extra for dry volume =8.25+0.5*8.25=12.375 cu.m
• Cement =(1/13)*12.375 =0.95 cu.m=27.40 bags
• Sand=0.95 x 4 =3.8 cu.m
• Course aggregate = 0.95 x 8=7.6 cu.m

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 Plastering
Analyze rate for 12 mm thick cement plastering 1:6 on new brick
work.
Take 100 sq.m
Calculation of materials:
• Volume of wet mortar= 0.012 x 100= 1.20 cu.m
• Adding extra 20% for filling the depressions, joints, wastage, etc.
• Volume of wet mortar=1.2 + 0.2 x 1.2=1.2=1.44 cu.m
• Volume of dry mortar, add 1/3 extra=1.44+ (1/3) *1.44=1.92 cu.m
• Cement=(1/7)*1.92 = 0.274 cu.m=8.2 bags
• Sand=0.274 x 6=1.64 cu.m

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Materials required for cement plastering with different proportions
12mm thick plastering

proportion Cement Sand

1:3 (1/4)*1.92=0.48cu m (14bags) 0.48x3=1.44cum

1:4 (1/5)*1.92=0.38cu m (11.4bags) 0.38x4=1.52cum

1:5 (1/6)*1.92=0.32cu m (14bags) 0.32x5=1.6cum

1:6 (1/7)*1.92=0.27cu m (14bags) 0.27x6=1.62cum

20 mm thick plastering

1:2 (1/3)*3.2=1.0cu m (30bags) 1.0x2=2cum

1:3 (1/4)*3.2=0.8cu m (20bags) 0.8 x3=2.4cum

1:4 (1/5)*3.2=0.64cu m (19.2bags) 0.64 x4=2.56cum

1:5 (1/6)*3.2=0.54cu m (16bags) 0.54 x5=2.70cum

1:6 (1/7)*3.2=0.45cu m (13.25bags) 0.45 x6=2.70cum

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 EXAMPLE ON RATE ANALYSIS
Coefficient for per
S.No BSR ref. Description Unit Rate(Nu.) Total(Nu.)
cu.m
Excavation in foundation trenches or drains
not exceeding 1.5m in width or area 10
sq.mon plan, and depth > 300 mm including
1 EW0109 dressing & ramming, disposal of surplus soil
within 50m lead & 1.5m lift. Hard rock
requiring chiselling(where blasting is
prohibited)Extra
LB0032 Blacksmith (metal-worker) 0.03375 Day 632.50 21.35
LB0051 Mason Gd.2 0.20326 Day 575.00 116.88
LB0077 Labour 2.32804 Day 460.00 1070.90
Total 1209.12
Water charges@1% of the total 12.09
Profit and overhead@ 10% of the total 120.91

Total Rate per cu.m

1,342.12
22
 Coefficient for per
S.No BSR ref. Description Unit Rate(Nu.) Total(Nu.)
cu.m
Providing and laying 50mm thick Plinth Protection
and grouted with fine sand mix including well
2 DR0003 rammed, finishing the top smooth-With cement
concrete 1:3:6, 20mm aggregate, laid over 75mm
thick layer of compacted dry brick aggregate (40mm)
LB0036 Mason Gd.1 0.00245 Day 632.50 1.55
LB0039 Work Supervisor (Lajab) 0.00196 Day 632.50 1.24
LB0051 Mason Gd.2 0.02852 Day 575.00 16.40
LB0053 Plant Operator Gd.3 0.00274 Day 575.00 1.58
LB0077 Labour 0.29255 Day 460.00 134.58
MP0111 Concrete Mixer(7/5 cu.ft) 0.00357 Day 1832.00 6.54
MP0112 Concrete Vibrator(M/C5) 0.00357 Day 1136.00 4.06
MT0043 Sand 0.02997 cu.m 473.33 14.19
MT0070 Crushed Rock -20mm 0.04794 cu.m 967.20 46.37
MT0126 Brick aggregate 0.075 cu.m 2051.60 153.87
MT0145 Cement (OPC / PSC) 0.01122 tonne 6627.50 74.36
Total 454.72
Water charges@1% of the total 4.55
Profit and overhead@ 10% of the total 45.47

Total Rate per sq.m 23

504.74
S.No BSR ref. Description Coefficient for per cu.m Unit Rate(Nu.) Total(Nu.)
Constructing second class brick masonry open surface drain
in cement mortar 1:4 including earth work in excavation
100 mm thick concrete bed 1:5:10, 40mm aggregate and x
3 DR0013 450mm depth including 12mm cement plastering 1:4 with a
floating coat of neat cement and disposal of surplus earth
etc. complete -300mm25mm thick cement concrete 1:2:4,
12 mm aggregate for filling haunches
LB0036 Mason Gd.1 0.14141 Day 632.50 89.44
LB0039 Work Supervisor (Lajab) 0.00268 Day 632.50 1.70
LB0051 Mason Gd.2 0.071 Day 575.00 40.83
LB0053 Plant Operator Gd.3 0.00376 Day 575.00 2.16
LB0077 Labour 0.5033 Day 460.00 231.52
MP0111 Concrete Mixer(7/5 cu.ft) 0.0049 Day 1832.00 8.98
MP0112 Concrete Vibrator(M/C5) 0.0049 Day 1136.00 5.57
MT0043 Sand 0.07022 cu.m 473.33 33.28
MT0068 Crushed Rock - 40mm 0.04005 cu.m 872.91 34.96
MT0071 Crushed Rock - 12.5 - 6mm 0.02225 cu.m 963.02 21.43
MT0125 Bricks 2nd class 0.0468 1000 9666.67 452.40
MT0145 Cement (OPC / PSC) 0.0274 tonne 6627.50 181.60
Total 1103.80
Water charges@1% of the total 11.04
Profit and overhead@ 10% of the total 110.38
Total Rate per m 1,225.22
24
 Coefficient for per
S.No BSR ref. Description Unit Rate(Nu.) Total(Nu.)
cu.m
Providing and laying in position plain cement
concrete 1:1.5:3 (1 cement : 1.5 sand : 3 graded
4 CW0002 crushed rock 20 mm nominal size) excluding the cost
of centering and shuttering -All work uptoplinth
level.
LB0036 Mason Gd.1 0.04869 Day 632.50 30.80
LB0039 Work Supervisor (Lajab) 0.03895 Day 632.50 24.64
LB0051 Mason Gd.2 0.04869 Day 575.00 28.00
LB0053 Plant Operator Gd.3 0.05453 Day 575.00 31.35
LB0077 Labour 1.21275 Day 460.00 557.87
MP0111 Concrete Mixer(7/5 cu.ft) 0.07 Day 1832.00 128.24
MP0112 Concrete Vibrator(M/C5) 0.07 Day 1136.00 79.52
MT0043 Sand 0.441 cu.m 473.33 208.74
MT0070 Crushed Rock -20 mm 0.6615 cu.m 967.20 639.80
MT0071 Crushed Rock - 12.5 - 6mm 0.2205 cu.m 963.02 212.35
MT0145 Cement (OPC / PSC) 0.403 tonne 6627.50 2670.88
Total 4612.18
Water charges@1% of the total 46.12
Profit and overhead@ 10% of the total 461.22
Total Rate per cu.m 25
5,119.52
S.No BSR ref. Description Coefficient for per cu.m Unit Rate(Nu.) Total(Nu.)
Bhutan type Traditional Cornices in R.C.C 1:2:4, 20 mm aggregate
including cost of formwork including finishing with 6mm thick
plaster on the exposed surface with cement mortar 1:3 (1
cement : 3 sand) , excluding reinforcement & decorative painting
5 RC0041
cost as per standard design (Measurement to be taken along the
cornice and wall junction) -Multi-Storeyedbuilding..atfloor 2 level
and at other floors where lhanglagis provided including the cost
of lhanglag
LB0021 Carpenter Gd.1 0.75825 Day 632.50 479.59
LB0033 Carpenter Gd.2 0.40458 Day 632.50 255.90
LB0036 Mason Gd.1 0.53449 Day 632.50 338.06
LB0039 Work Supervisor (Lajab) 0.25637 Day 632.50 162.15
LB0051 Mason Gd.2 0.28174 Day 575.00 162.00
LB0053 Plant Operator Gd.3 0.00254 Day 575.00 1.46
LB0077 Labour 1.57991 Day 460.00 726.76
MP0111 Concrete Mixer(7/5 cu.ft) 0.00251 Day 1832.00 4.60
MP0112 Concrete Vibrator(M/C5) 0.00251 Day 1136.00 2.85
MT0043 Sand 0.02048 cu.m 473.33 9.69
MT0070 Crushed Rock -20 mm 0.03186 cu.m 967.20 30.81
MT0145 Cement (OPC / PSC) 0.01367 tonne 6627.50 90.60
MT0325 Ballies75 to 125mm dia. 0.4459 m 30.43 13.57
MT0330 Rough-sawn timber (urban rate) -Class 'B' (Mixed Conifer) 0.00706 cu.m 12973.87 91.60
Total 2369.65
Water charges@1% of the total 23.70
Profit and overhead@ 10% of the total 236.96
26
Total Rate per m 2,630.31
 Coefficient for per
S.No BSR ref. Description Unit Rate(Nu.) Total(Nu.)
cu.m

Providing & fixing, Thermo Mechanically Treated

6 RC0083 (TMT) bars for R.C.C work including cutting,
bending, binding and placing in position complete

LB0032 Blacksmith (metal-worker) 0.01142 Day 632.50 7.22

LB0077 Labour 0.01142 Day 460.00 5.25

53.85
Reinforcing Bars & Mesh -Thermo Mechanically
MT0208 1.05 kg 51.29
Treated Bars (TMT bars)

Total 66.33

Water charges@1% of the total 0.66

6.63
Profit and overhead@ 10% of the total
Total Rate per kg 73.63

27
 Coefficient for per
S.No BSR ref. Description Unit Rate(Nu.) Total(Nu.)
cu.m

Providing & fixing centering and shuttering

7 RC0090 (formwork), including strutting, propping etc. and
removal of formwork -Foundation and plinth etc.

LB0033 Carpenter Gd.2 0.11965 Day 632.50 75.68

LB0077 Labour 0.10951 Day 460.00 50.37

MT0325 Ballies75 to 125mm dia. 0.42 m 30.43 12.78

Rough-sawn timber (urban rate) -Class 'B' (Mixed 175.15

MT0330 0.0135 cu.m 12973.87
Conifer)
Total 313.98

Water charges@1% of the total 3.14

31.40
Profit and overhead@ 10% of the total
Total Rate per sq.m 348.52
28
 Coefficient for per
S.No BSR ref. Description Unit Rate(Nu.) Total(Nu.)
cu.m
P&L Second-Class Brick work in Foundation & Plinth
8 BW0001
-in cement mortar 1:3

LB0036 Mason Gd.1 0.37426 Day 632.50 236.72

LB0051 Mason Gd.2 0.37426 Day 575.00 215.20

LB0077 Labour 1.49807 Day 460.00 689.11

MT0043 Sand 0.2675 cu.m 473.33 126.62

MT0125 Bricks 2nd class 0.407 1000 9666.67 2697.39

MT0145 Cement (OPC / PSC) 0.1275 tonne 6627.50 845.01

Total 4810.05

Water charges@1% of the total 48.10

481.00
Profit and overhead@ 10% of the total
Total Rate per cu.m
5,339.15
29
 Coefficient for per
S.No BSR ref. Description Unit Rate(Nu.) Total(Nu.)
cu.m

Providing &laying Coursed Rubble Masonry with

9 SM0025 hard stone hammer-dressed in foundation & plinth
-In cement mortar 1:3

LB0051 Mason Gd.2 1.0362 Day 575.00 595.82

LB0077 Labour 3.3137 Day 460.00 1524.30

MT0043 Sand 0.321 cu.m 473.33 151.94

MT0060 Boulder 1.1 cu.m 861.81 947.99

MT0145 Cement (OPC / PSC) 0.153 tonne 6627.50 1014.01

Total 4234.05

Water charges@1% of the total 42.34

423.41
Profit and overhead@ 10% of the total
Total Rate per cu.m 4699.80
30
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