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    Antagonism in Nature

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    Antagonism in Nature

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    sarkysherifsarky
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    Antagonism in nature

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    Antagonism in Nature

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    577124, 8:28 PM ‘Antagonism in nature: Inaspecic fights stem ebay Reb Romins Sewtd enelsh Espanol talono Pomgués Dewseh Fargas Po D Animal Ethics rons warvvewe newime — [ia DONATE SOCIAL MEDIA YouTube Fecebook ‘wie bstagram ‘VIDEO COURSE AND! Antagonism in nature: Intraspecific voseten mama fights scan bvoseton to wid animal su shook RECENT RESEARCH An busta physiology of sjstems ninvertebates DNA sampling This text examines intraspecific antagonism in wild animals. For other forms of antagonism in nature US low and wile erimsls ‘see Interspecies conflict and Sexual conflict. This part deals with other forms of confict amang animals of the same species. For information about other ways in which animals in the wild suffer ‘see the main page on the situation of animals in the wild Inpact of ree on wild an Antagonistic relationships are found not only between animals of different species, but within NEED HELP species too, Intraspecific conflict occurs when the interests of individual animals within a given species conflict. This happens when there is a imited supply of a valuable resource. For example, Map ‘some areas are better than others for finding food, shelter from the elements, places to hide from predatory animals, or opportunities for attracting a mate, Conflicts occur frequently because animals of the same species have very sitnilar requirements for their wellbeing, survival and Downloads reproduction, yet their demand for those resources exceed what is available.” Animals also compete with each other for access to mates, social status, food, and parental care. The conflict may be direct. with animals fighting each other (called “interference’) or indirect, with enimals competing without fighting each other directly (called “exoloitation)2 Both forms of competition can be harmful. Fighting can result in injury or death. Even if animals arerit directly harmed by WANT TO HELP? thers, they can be harmed by deprivation, Where to start Research help What you can do Fighting over territory Volunteer Territorialty is @ widespread cause of intraspecific conflict. It occurs when an individual animal contacts defends a particular area (the territory) against intrusion by other animals, and thereby maintains orate exclusive aocess to the resources within that territory? Those resources may inchide food or nesting sites. The territory might give therm more access to rates. Animals use a variety of Jon us on Pateon methods to cemarcate and defend their tertories, These methods include scent marking, where the animal marks her tenitory with strong smeling substances visual marking, for example by clawing at trees, or cubbing against them te leave fur deposits and vocalizations such as birdcalls nps:fiaew.animal-ethics.orgintraspecificfights/t:~text=Fighting over tertitorytextIt occurs when an indvidualtnem more access to mates. 1/12 ‘577124, 828 PM ‘Antagonism in nature: Inaspecic fights Cr wolf howls ° Sometimes, however, animals use force to defend their territories, and this means risking injury or even death for the defender or tne intruder Birds Many species of birds are teritorial, at least during the breeding season, and some will fight to defend their territory? These fights can be brutal, leaving one or both parties with painful injuries, Blackbirds are extremely territorial, with both males and fernales fighting to protect their territory. In the video below, we see two mature males fighting over teritory. The bird who loses the fight is pinned to the ground and pecked viciously by the other bird. After the fight, the loser is badly injured ‘seemingly dazed and unable to fy. Fighting Blackbirds - Territorrial fight of two common blackbirds (Video) Bluebirds fight to defend their nesting sites from other bluebirds as well as birds of other species such as sparrows and wrens. The video below shows two males fighting. According to the photographer, the fight lasted for forty-five minutes Male Bluebirds fighting over nest territory (2) Marnmals. Intergroup violence is cornmon among chimps. These conflicts have been compared to human ‘wars, due to their duration and high levels of planning and coordination. Such conflicts usually ccenter around control of terrary or the kidnapping of fertile females, Jane Goodall was the first scientist to witness war among chimpanzees. Here she recounts her experience of the “Gomoe Chimpanzee War’ For several years | struggled to come to terms with this new knowledge. Often when | woke in the night, horrific pictures sprang unbidden to my mind~Satan [ane of the apes), cupping his hand below Sniff's chin to drink the blood that welled fram a great wound on his face; ‘ld Rodel, usually 80 benign, standing upright to hurl a four-pound rack at Gadi’ prostrate ANIMAL ETHICS INO LANGUAGES ex Espatol Portugués Deutsch Poles Bests bitps:vw.animal-ethics.orgintraspecie-fghtsi~text=Fighting over teritorytextit occurs when an individualthem more access to mates, 2/12 ‘577124, 828 PM ‘Antagonism in nature: Inaspecic fights body, Jomeo tearing a stip of skin from D6 thigh: Figan, charging and hating, again and again, the stricken, quivering Body of Goliath, one of his chithood heroes ® Big cats are frequently territorial, Tigers are generally solitary, maintaining individual territories, The size of these territories depends on many factors such as the type of habitat, the density of animals to hunt, and the size, sex and age of the tiger? Tigers will ight to maintain their teritories against intruders. Generally these fights result in the weaker individual submitting, though sometimes injury (or ceath can resul. The viceo below shows a young female tiger hunting in the teritory of a mature male. He attacks her, and though she quicily subrn'ts, she is left with a gash on her paw. Tigers Fight For Territory | Mission Critical Insects Many species of ant are highly territorial. Honey ants are found in arid environments in North ‘America, Australia, and Africa, They are known for their specialized workers called repletes. The repletes are fed by the other workers and are used as living larders, storing honey for the winter, Territorial conflicts with other colonies are often resolved by ritualized display fights. When one colony is significantly stronger than the other, however, it will raid the weaker colony, killing or diving away the queen, enslaving the workers and capturing the honey-rich repletes to feed their ‘own colony." The video below shows one colony raiding another. Having overcome the opposition, they crag the repletes back to their nest. In order to access the honey, the workers chew through the abdomen of the replete. ‘Ant colony raids a rival nest | Natural World - Empire of the Desert Ants - BBC Fighting over mates Polygyny is @ mating system in which a single male lives and mates exclusively with multiple females. This system has been observed in elephant seals, gorillas, pheasants, ang baboons. Since the numbers of males anc fernales in most species are approximately ecual, polygynous rating systems lead to competition between males for access to femeles. Elephant seal males fight to control a beach and thereby to have exclusive mating rights over the females in that territory. A bitps:vw.animal-ethics.orgintraspecie-fghtsi~text=Fighting over teritorytextit occurs when an individualthem more access to mates, 3/12 ‘577124, 828 PM ‘Antagonism in nature: Inaspecic fights successful male can have a harem of up to 100 females, while most males will not have a chance: to mate at all. The fights between males can be brutal, especially when the males are evenly matched, The video below shows two mature elephant seals fignting for control of a beach, ‘The heavy, forced mating of the Elephant Seals Male zebras control harems of fernales and will fight other males who attempt to mate with therm These fights can be violent, with the males biting each other in the neck and head. The video below shows ‘wo stallions fighting for control of a harem. Notice how they attempt to bite the vital tendons on each other’ hind legs Zebra stallions fight for supremacy over a harem. Stallions expand their harems by abducting mares from their birth harem once they have reeched ‘sexual maturity, or by ‘stealing’ them from other males. f the captured female is already pregnant, the male will forcibly copulate with her until the fetus is either reabsorbed or miscarried. Studies of captive zebras show that abortion rates are three limes higher when a new male is introduced to a herd containing pregnant females." The video below shows a male zebra attempting to drown a foal fathered by a rival https:/gfycat.com/bollingquickalpinegoat Male kangaroos fight for privileged access to females. Ihese fights can be brutal, though serious injury is rare. Dorninant males rarely maintain their status for longer than a year, and due to Constant fighting, energy expenditure, and reduced feeding time, their physical condition worsens sign icantly, even to the point of death.1? The video below shaws two mature rales fighting for access to a female in estrus. bitpssraw.animal-ethics.orgintraspecie-fghtsi~text=Fighting over teritorytextit occurs when an individualthem more access to mates, 4/12 ‘577/24, 828 PM ‘Antagonism in nature: nkaspecic fights Kangaroo Boxing Fight | Life Story | BBC Earth Social status In social animals, social status is important because a higher rank may mean better access to mates and resources lke food and territory. Chimpanzees have been witnessed kiling members of their own groups over social status, mating rights, or in apparent poltical power struggles. In other ‘case, Foudouku, a previous leader of his group eefore losing his closest ally and being criven out, attempts to rejoin his old group in order to find a rate. While some of the older chimps accepted ‘oudouku back into the group, sore of the younger males, perhaps displeased about having rore Competition for mates, didn't accept him, and chased him away several times. Eventually this sub ‘group attacked Foudouku and killed him. His body was found with a multitude of serious injuries including a severe bite wound in his foot, a large gash in his back. a ripped anus and cracked ribs. Alter his death, the group continued to attack Foudouku's body with rocks and slicks, and even ate his flesh. The video below shows a similar intragroup killing Cannibalism and infanticide Camialism is common in nature It has been observed in around 1,300 species," in a wide variety Cf social and ecological contexts." The cannibal benefits both from the extra nutrition and by eliminating a competitor" The vietim, of course, loses his ife. Cannibals may also be a factor in intraspecific dsease transmission, at least in species that practice group cannivalism."® Some species have evolved morphologically cistinct specialist cannivals. This is called cannibalistic polyahenism, and it means that the cannibals within a population are phenotypically distinct from the non

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