Review of Water Policy and Management Comparing TH

Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 5, Issue 2, February 2024
OPEN ACCESS
Engineering Science & Technology Journal
P-ISSN: 2708-8944, E-ISSN: 2708-8952
Volume 5, Issue 2, P.No. 402-411, February 2024
DOI: 10.51594/estj/v5i2.802
Fair East Publishers
Journal Homepage: www.fepbl.com/index.php/estj
REVIEW OF WATER POLICY AND MANAGEMENT:

COMPARING THE USA AND AFRICA
Zamathula Queen Sikhakhane Nwokediegwu1, Adedayo Adefemi2, Olushola Babatunde
Ayorinde3, Valentine Ikenna Ilojianya4, & Emmanuel Augustine Etukudoh5
1
Independent Researcher, Durban, South Africa
2
Chevron Nigeria Limited, Nigeria
3
Independent Researcher, Canada
4
Independent Researcher, UK
5
Independent Researcher, Abuja, Nigeria
___________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding Author: Emmanuel Augustine Etukudoh
Corresponding Author Email: emmanueletukudoh@gmail.com
Article Received: 04-01-24 Accepted: 01-02-24 Published: 17-02-24
Licensing Details: Author retains the right of this article. The article is distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License
(http://www.creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use,
reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is
attributed as specified on the Journal open access page.
___________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This research paper conducts a comparative analysis of water policies and management in the
United States (USA) and Africa, aiming to distill insights, challenges, and recommendations
for global water governance. Examining both regions' historical development, institutional
frameworks, and critical challenges reveals diverse approaches to water scarcity, infrastructure,
and climate change. The USA's well-established institutions and regulatory frameworks
contrast Africa's complex governance landscape, highlighting the need for context-specific
solutions. Recommendations emphasize strengthening governance, inclusive stakeholder
engagement, and climate change resilience. Recognizing the importance of international
collaboration, the paper proposes knowledge exchange and capacity-building initiatives.
Ultimately, this research contributes valuable lessons for policymakers, stakeholders, and
communities worldwide, fostering a collaborative vision for sustainable water futures.
Keywords: Water Policies, Water Management, Comparative Analysis, Governance,
International Collaboration.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nwokediegwu, Adefemi, Ayorinde, Ilojianya, & Etukudoh, P.No. 402-411 Page 402
INTRODUCTION
Water, a finite and essential resource, lies at the heart of global sustainability and development.
As populations grow and climates shift, effective water policy and management are critical in
ensuring equitable access, environmental sustainability, and economic resilience (Connor,
2015; Grey & Sadoff, 2007; Rockström et al., 2014). This research delves into the intricacies
of water policy and management, drawing a comparative analysis between two diverse
regions—the United States of America (USA) and the vast continent of Africa. The necessity
of robust water policies and management strategies has never been more apparent. Water
scarcity, pollution, and inadequate infrastructure pose formidable challenges, impacting
communities, ecosystems, and economies worldwide (Jury & Vaux Jr, 2007; Singh, Saha, &
Tyagi, 2019; Zehnder, Yang, & Schertenleib, 2003). The consequences of mismanaging this
precious resource reverberate globally, underscoring the interconnectedness of water-related
issues.
The USA and Africa present compelling case studies in water policy. The former, characterized
by well-established institutional frameworks and technological advancements, faces challenges
ranging from water scarcity in the arid West to contamination issues in urban areas. Conversely,
the African continent, diverse in geography and socioeconomic conditions, grapples with
complex water management issues, including equitable distribution, infrastructure
development, and climate-induced vulnerabilities (Opitz-Stapleton et al., 2021; Sokona &
Denton, 2001).
Despite the pressing need for adequate water policies, disparities persist in developed and
developing regions. This research aims to scrutinize the water policies of the USA and Africa,
exploring commonalities, differences, and the implications of their respective approaches. By
identifying challenges and successes, the study aspires to contribute to a nuanced understanding
of water management on a global scale. This research holds significance in shedding light on
the intricate dynamics of water policy and management, offering valuable insights for
policymakers, scholars, and stakeholders. The comparative approach seeks to unveil each
region's unique challenges and uncover potential synergies and collaborative pathways toward
sustainable water futures. Through this exploration, we aim to contribute to the ongoing
discourse on global water governance and inspire targeted interventions for a more water-secure
world.
Background
Water policy and management represent critical dimensions of sustainable water use, involving
intricate principles and strategies to address the complex challenges associated with water
resources. Scholars emphasize the necessity of integrated approaches considering ecological,
economic, and social dimensions. This review explores the historical development of water
policies in the United States and Africa, providing insights into the institutional frameworks
and stakeholder engagement crucial for effective water governance.
In the United States, the evolution of water policies boasts a rich history encompassing legal
frameworks like the appropriation doctrine and riparian rights. Federal agencies such as the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have shaped
water management practices (Rogers, 1996; Sabatier, Weible, & Ficker, 2005). In Africa, the
historical development of water policies is diverse, reflecting geopolitical and environmental
variations. Colonial legacies, post-independence reforms, and regional organizations contribute
to the complex water governance landscape. In the USA, federal and state-level policies like
the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act form the backbone of water management
(Houck, 2002; Meehan & Moore, 2014). The decentralized nature of water governance allows
states to tailor policies to regional needs, addressing challenges such as water scarcity, pollution,
and ecosystem protection. In Africa, countries exhibit varying approaches to water governance,
influenced by political and economic landscapes. While some have comprehensive policies,
others face institutional capacity, funding, and transboundary water management challenges.
Regional initiatives like the African Water Facility aim to foster collaboration and resource-
sharing (Chikozho, 2014; Mirumachi & van Wyk, 2010).
The institutional framework for water management in the USA involves federal, state, and local
agencies, with roles played by organizations like the EPA, the U.S. Department of the Interior,
and state water boards. African countries grapple with the need for robust institutional
frameworks, where the roles of national water authorities, regional organizations like the Nile
Basin Initiative, and transboundary cooperation mechanisms vary, influencing the effectiveness
of water governance. Stakeholder engagement is a cornerstone of water governance in the USA,
ensuring a holistic approach involving government agencies, NGOs, industry, and local
communities. Successful case studies highlight the importance of inclusivity. In Africa,
stakeholder participation is evolving, with challenges including balancing traditional and
modern governance systems, addressing power imbalances, and ensuring equitable
representation in decision-making processes (Benn, Dunphy, & Martin, 2009).
The literature review establishes a foundation for understanding water policy and management
in the USA and Africa. Through historical context, comparative analysis, institutional
frameworks, and stakeholder involvement, it provides insights into the complexities and
challenges faced by each region. Subsequent research sections will delve deeper into critical
challenges, conduct a comparative analysis, distill lessons learned, and propose
recommendations for improved water governance. This holistic approach aims to contribute to
the ongoing global discourse on sustainable water management practices.
Key Challenges in Water Policy and Management
Water, an indispensable resource for life and development, is central to complex challenges that
demand effective policy and management strategies. The United States and Africa grapple with
unique issues in water governance, reflecting diverse geographical, socio-economic, and
climatic conditions.
Water Scarcity
United States: The western United States faces acute water scarcity challenges, exacerbated by
prolonged droughts and increased water demand. Competition for limited water resources
among agriculture, industry, and urban areas poses a significant policy dilemma. The Colorado
River Basin, for example, is experiencing decreasing water levels, threatening water security
for multiple states (Castle et al., 2014; Dettinger, Udall, & Georgakakos, 2015).
Africa: Water scarcity is a pervasive issue in many African regions, influenced by factors such
as climate variability, population growth, and inefficient water use practices. Unequal
distribution and access to water resources intensify challenges, with arid and semi-arid regions
particularly vulnerable. The Sahel region and parts of Southern Africa exemplify the critical
impact of water scarcity on livelihoods and ecosystems (Leal Filho et al., 2022).
Infrastructure and Access

United States: While the USA boasts advanced water infrastructure in many areas, aging
systems and inadequate maintenance present challenges. Aging pipelines contribute to water
loss and contamination risks. Urban areas, in particular, face the dual challenge of updating
infrastructure and ensuring equitable access, with marginalized communities often experiencing
disparities in water quality and service (Dos Santos et al., 2017; Hendricks & Van Zandt, 2021).
Africa: Infrastructure gaps in water supply and sanitation persist, hindering access to clean
water and sanitation services. Rural areas often lack reliable water infrastructure, leading to
waterborne diseases. Urbanization and population growth further strain existing systems,
necessitating comprehensive policies to improve infrastructure and expand access (Boadi,
Kuitunen, Raheem, & Hanninen, 2005).
Climate Change and Environmental Impact
United States: Climate change poses a multifaceted threat to water resources in the USA.
Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and wildfires,
disrupt water supply systems and escalate the risk of water contamination. Rising temperatures
contribute to changing precipitation patterns, affecting the availability of water resources
(Arnell, 1999; Raymondi et al., 2013).
Africa: African nations are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change on water
resources. Erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, and increased temperatures exacerbate
water scarcity. Climate-induced challenges disproportionately affect agricultural practices, food
security, and the sustainability of ecosystems, amplifying the need for adaptive water policies
(Brief, 2019).
Governance and Institutional Challenges
United States: In the USA, the decentralized nature of water governance can lead to fragmented
approaches, making coordinated action challenging. Conflicting policies between federal and
state levels and jurisdictional issues in transboundary water management highlight the need for
cohesive governance structures (Jetoo, 2017).
Africa: Inadequate institutional capacity and complex transboundary water issues pose
governance challenges in Africa. Disparities in water governance frameworks across countries
can hinder collaboration and resource sharing. Strengthening institutional capacity and fostering
regional cooperation are essential for addressing these challenges (Sako, 2006).
Pollution and Water Quality
United States: Urban and industrial activities contribute to water pollution in the USA, with
contaminants such as chemicals, nutrients, and pathogens affecting water quality. Nonpoint
source pollution from agricultural runoff poses additional challenges. Regulatory frameworks
like the Clean Water Act aim to mitigate these issues, but implementation gaps persist.
Africa: Water quality issues stem from industrial discharge, inadequate sanitation facilities, and
agricultural runoff. Limited monitoring and enforcement exacerbate pollution concerns.
Addressing water quality challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including regulatory
measures and community-based interventions (Burgos, Páez, Carmona, & Rivas, 2013).
Comparative Analysis of Water Policies and Management: USA vs. Africa
Water policies and management strategies vary significantly between the United States and
Africa due to diverse geographical, socio-economic, and institutional contexts. This
comparative analysis explores the successes, failures, and critical lessons learned from each
region's approach to water governance.
Policy Frameworks and Regulatory Landscape
United States: The USA's water governance is characterized by federal and state-level
regulations. Landmark legislation, including the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act,
provides a robust legal framework for water management. Decentralized decision-making
allows states to tailor policies to their unique challenges, fostering adaptability.
Africa: African countries exhibit a spectrum of policy landscapes, reflecting historical, political,
and economic disparities. Some nations have comprehensive water policies, while others face
policy formulation and implementation challenges. Regional initiatives like the African Water
Facility seek to harmonize policies and promote collaboration (Nshimbi, 2019).
Institutional Frameworks and Governance Structures
United States: The institutional landscape in the USA is well-established, with federal agencies
like the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
playing pivotal roles. Collaboration between federal, state, and local entities fosters integrated
water management, ensuring a coordinated response to challenges.
Africa: In Africa, institutional frameworks vary widely. Often responsible for water
governance, national water authorities face capacity constraints in some regions.
Transboundary water management is a complex challenge, requiring stronger regional
cooperation and governance structures. Success stories, such as the Orange-Senqu River
Commission, demonstrate the potential for collaborative governance.
Stakeholder Engagement and Community Involvement
United States: Stakeholder engagement is integral to water governance in the USA. Partnerships
between government agencies, NGOs, industry, and local communities contribute to inclusive
decision-making. For instance, the establishment of Watershed Councils empowers local
communities to participate in water management processes (Perkins, 2011).
Africa: Community involvement in water management varies across African nations.
Traditional governance structures coexist with modern approaches, presenting both
opportunities and challenges. Initiatives promoting community-led water projects aim to
enhance local participation, but issues of representation and inclusivity persist (Munnik et al.,
2011).
Addressing Water Scarcity
United States: The USA employs regulatory measures, technological innovations, and
conservation strategies to address water scarcity. Water pricing mechanisms, drought
contingency plans, and investments in water-efficient technologies contribute to sustainable
water use.
Africa: Water scarcity in Africa requires a holistic approach. Some nations have developed
policies on water conservation, harvesting rain, and efficient irrigation practices. However,
challenges persist in implementing these strategies uniformly across diverse landscapes and
addressing issues of access and distribution (Hejazi, Edmonds, & Chaturvedi, 2012).
Infrastructure Development and Access
United States: Advanced water infrastructure in the USA supports reliable access to clean water.
Challenges, however, include aging systems and disparities in infrastructure quality,
particularly in marginalized communities. Ongoing investments aim to upgrade infrastructure

and enhance resilience.
Africa: Infrastructure gaps remain a significant challenge, impacting water access and
sanitation. Policies promoting infrastructure development and investments in rural water supply
projects seek to bridge these gaps. The need for sustainable financing mechanisms and
maintenance strategies is evident (Clark, Reed, & Sunderland, 2018).
Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience
United States: The USA addresses climate change impacts through mitigation and adaptation
strategies. Resilience planning, water conservation measures, and investments in climate-
resilient infrastructure contribute to a proactive response (Acuti & Bellucci, 2020).
Africa: African nations increasingly recognize the importance of climate adaptation in water
management. Strategies include integrating climate information into planning, early warning
systems, and initiatives promoting climate-resilient agricultural practices.
Recommendations
The comparative analysis of water policies and management in the United States and Africa
reveals valuable insights, offering a foundation for recommendations to address challenges and
promote sustainable water governance. Tailored to the unique characteristics of each region,
these recommendations aim to foster collaboration, resilience, and equitable access to water
resources.
Enhancing collaboration between federal and state agencies in the USA is crucial for
streamlining water governance efforts. This involves harmonizing policies and sharing
resources to ensure a unified approach. In Africa, a parallel recommendation focuses on
bolstering national water authorities through adequate resources, training, and capacity-building
initiatives. Additionally, fostering regional cooperation, exemplified by platforms like the
African Water Facility, emphasizes the harmonization of water policies and governance
structures. Empowering local communities is paramount in both regions. This entails
educational programs and increased representation in decision-making bodies in the USA.
Collaborating with the private sector to leverage expertise and resources is also advised.
Community participation in water projects is encouraged in Africa by integrating traditional
knowledge with modern approaches. Creating platforms for multi-stakeholder dialogue ensures
that diverse voices, especially those of marginalized communities, are included in the decision-
making process.
Both regions can benefit from implementing water pricing mechanisms that reflect the actual
value of water, encouraging conservation and efficient use. While the USA should expand
investments in water reuse and recycling technologies, Africa is advised to develop and
implement comprehensive water conservation policies tailored to local contexts. Another
shared recommendation is encouraging sustainable agricultural practices that optimize water
use and improve resilience to changing climatic conditions. Prioritizing infrastructure upgrades
in marginalized communities is essential for equitable access to clean water in the USA.
Simultaneously, proactive maintenance strategies are recommended to extend the lifespan of
existing infrastructure. In Africa, establishing sustainable financing mechanisms for water
infrastructure projects, including public-private partnerships and international assistance, is
crucial. Implementing community-driven projects that consider local needs and preferences can
substantially improve access to safe water and sanitation.
Both regions must prioritize climate-resilient infrastructure and incorporate climate

considerations into water planning and management. In the face of climate change, Africa
should integrate climate information into water management strategies, ensuring adaptive
measures are responsive to regional climate variability. Strengthening early warning systems
and community-based adaptation initiatives will enhance resilience to climate-related water
challenges. Global cooperation fosters knowledge exchange between the USA and African
nations. Supporting collaborative research initiatives addressing common global water
challenges and contributing to innovative solutions is vital. Capacity building is an overarching
recommendation urging the establishment of international training programs to enhance the
capacity of water professionals globally. Encouraging partnerships between academic
institutions, research organizations, and government agencies will facilitate continuous learning
and skill development.
Implementing these recommendations demands a concerted effort from policymakers,
stakeholders, and communities. By learning from each other's successes and challenges, the
USA and Africa can contribute to developing robust, adaptive, and inclusive water policies that
address the complexities of the 21st century.
CONCLUSION
Water, a vital resource for life and development, has been at the forefront of global challenges,
demanding comprehensive and adaptive policies for sustainable management. The comparative
analysis of water policies and management in the United States and Africa illuminates a diverse
landscape of successes, challenges, and potential pathways toward improved governance. The
United States exemplifies a proactive approach to water management with its well-established
institutions, regulatory frameworks, and advanced infrastructure. However, challenges such as
water scarcity, infrastructure disparities, and the impacts of climate change persist,
underscoring the need for continuous adaptation. The water governance landscape in Africa is
intricate and multifaceted, reflecting the continent's diverse socio-economic and environmental
contexts. While progress has been made in certain areas, challenges related to water scarcity,
institutional capacity, and equitable access persist, requiring nuanced and context-specific
solutions.
Key Takeaways and Reflections
The comparative analysis highlights the diversity in water governance approaches, from
decentralized systems in the USA to the varying institutional frameworks across African
nations. Understanding this diversity is crucial for tailoring effective solutions to regional
challenges. Both regions recognize the importance of stakeholder engagement, yet the forms
and effectiveness of such engagement differ. Lessons can be drawn from the USA's inclusive
approaches and adapted to African nations' cultural and social contexts.
The impacts of climate change on water resources are pervasive globally. The USA and Africa
are grappling with the consequences, emphasizing the necessity of proactive adaptation
strategies and integrating climate considerations into water policies. While the USA benefits
from advanced infrastructure, challenges persist in marginalized communities. In Africa,
addressing infrastructure gaps is imperative to ensure equitable access. Strategies for financing,
maintenance, and community-driven projects are essential for sustainable solutions.
Opportunities for global collaboration and knowledge exchange emerge as a powerful catalyst
for addressing shared water challenges. The exchange of best practices, research collaboration,
and capacity-building initiatives can contribute to a more interconnected and resilient global
water community.
Path Forward
As both regions continue to navigate the complexities of water governance, there is a clear call
for collaboration, innovation, and shared learning. Policymakers, stakeholders, and
communities must collaborate to implement the recommended strategies, leveraging each
other's strengths and lessons learned. International partnerships can facilitate a collective effort
to address global water challenges, transcending geopolitical boundaries.
In conclusion, this research underscores the critical importance of water policies and
management in shaping a sustainable and resilient future. By learning from each other and
embracing a spirit of cooperation, the USA and Africa can contribute to a global paradigm shift
towards more effective, inclusive, and adaptive water governance. This paradigm recognizes
water as a resource and a shared responsibility for the well-being of present and future
generations.
References
Acuti, D., & Bellucci, M. (2020). Resilient cities and regions: planning, initiatives, and
perspectives. Climate Action, 763-774.
Arnell, N. W. (1999). Climate change and global water resources. Global Environmental
Change, 9, S31-S49.
Benn, S., Dunphy, D., & Martin, A. (2009). Governance of environmental risk: New approaches
to managing stakeholder involvement. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(4),
1567-1575.
Boadi, K., Kuitunen, M., Raheem, K., & Hanninen, K. (2005). Urbanisation without
development: environmental and health implications in African cities. Environment,
Development and Sustainability, 7, 465-500.
Brief, U.-W. P. (2019). Climate change and water. UN Water: Geneva, Switzerland.
Burgos, A., Páez, R., Carmona, E., & Rivas, H. (2013). A systems approach to modeling
Community-Based Environmental Monitoring: a case of participatory water quality
monitoring in rural Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 10297-
10316.
Castle, S. L., Thomas, B. F., Reager, J. T., Rodell, M., Swenson, S. C., & Famiglietti, J. S.
(2014). Groundwater depletion during drought threatens future water security of the
Colorado River Basin. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(16), 5904-5911.
Chikozho, C. (2014). Pathways for building capacity and ensuring effective transboundary
water resources management in Africa: Revisiting the key issues, opportunities and
challenges. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 76, 72-82.
Clark, R., Reed, J., & Sunderland, T. (2018). Bridging funding gaps for climate and sustainable
development: Pitfalls, progress and potential of private finance. Land Use Policy, 71,
335-346.
Connor, R. (2015). The United Nations world water development report 2015: water for a
sustainable world (Vol. 1): UNESCO publishing.
Dettinger, M., Udall, B., & Georgakakos, A. (2015). Western water and climate change.
Ecological Applications, 25(8), 2069-2093.
Dos Santos, S., Adams, E., Neville, G., Wada, Y., De Sherbinin, A., Bernhardt, E. M., &
Adamo, S. (2017). Urban growth and water access in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress,
challenges, and emerging research directions. Science of the Total Environment, 607,
497-508.
Grey, D., & Sadoff, C. W. (2007). Sink or swim? Water security for growth and development.
Water Policy, 9(6), 545-571.
Hendricks, M. D., & Van Zandt, S. (2021). Unequal protection revisited: Planning for
environmental justice, hazard vulnerability, and critical infrastructure in communities
of color. Environmental Justice, 14(2), 87-97.
Houck, O. A. (2002). The clean water act TMDL program: Law, policy, and implementation:
Environmental Law Institute.
Jetoo, S. (2017). The role of transnational municipal networks in transboundary water
governance. Water, 9(1), 40.
Jury, W. A., & Vaux Jr, H. J. (2007). The emerging global water crisis: managing scarcity and
conflict between water users. Advances in Agronomy, 95, 1-76.
Leal Filho, W., Totin, E., Franke, J. A., Andrew, S. M., Abubakar, I. R., Azadi, H., . . . Simpson,
N. P. (2022). Understanding responses to climate-related water scarcity in Africa.
Science of the Total Environment, 806, 150420.
Meehan, K. M., & Moore, A. W. (2014). Downspout politics, upstream conflict: formalizing
rainwater harvesting in the United States. Water International, 39(4), 417-430.
Mirumachi, N., & van Wyk, E. (2010). Cooperation at different scales: challenges for local and
international water resource governance in South Africa. Geographical Journal, 176(1),
25-38.
Munnik, V., Molose, V., Moore, B., Tempelhoff, J., Gouws, I., Motloung, S., . . . Buang, B.
(2011). Final consolidated report: the potential of civil society organisations in
monitoring and improving water quality. Johannesburg: Mvula Trust.
Nshimbi, C. C. (2019). SDGs and decentralizing water management for transformation:
Normative policy coherence for water security in SADC river basin organizations.
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 111, 1-12.
Opitz-Stapleton, S., Cramer, L., Kaba, F., Gichuki, L., Borodyna, O., Crane, T., . . . Seck, E.
(2021). Transboundary climate and adaptation risks in Africa: perceptions from 2021.
Overseas Development Institute: London, UK.
Perkins, P. E. E. (2011). Public participation in watershed management: International practices
for inclusiveness. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 36(5-6), 204-212.
Raymondi, R. R., Cuhaciyan, J. E., Glick, P., Capalbo, S. M., Houston, L. L., Shafer, S. L., &
Grah, O. (2013). Water resources: Implications of changes in temperature and
precipitation. Climate Change in the Northwest: Implications for Our Landscapes,
Waters, and Communities, 41-66.
Rockström, J., Falkenmark, M., Allan, T., Folke, C., Gordon, L., Jägerskog, A., . . . Molden, D.
(2014). The unfolding water drama in the Anthropocene: towards a resilience‐based
perspective on water for global sustainability. Ecohydrology, 7(5), 1249-1261.
Rogers, P. (1996). America's water: Federal roles and responsibilities: MIT Press.
Sabatier, P. A., Weible, C., & Ficker, J. (2005). Eras of water management in the United States:
Implications for collaborative watershed approaches. Swimming upstream:
Collaborative approaches to watershed management, 23-52.
Sako, S. (2006). Challenges facing Africa's regional economic communities in capacity
building.
Singh, A., Saha, D., & Tyagi, A. C. (2019). Emerging issues in water resources management:
challenges and prospects. Water Governance: Challenges and Prospects, 1-23.
Sokona, Y., & Denton, F. (2001). Climate change impacts: can Africa cope with the challenges?
Climate Policy, 1(1), 117-123.
Zehnder, A. J., Yang, H., & Schertenleib, R. (2003). Water issues: the need for action at
different levels. Aquatic Sciences, 65, 1-20.

Review of Water Policy and Management Comparing TH

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Review of Water Policy and Management Comparing TH

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 5, Issue 2, February 2024

REVIEW OF WATER POLICY AND MANAGEMENT:

Infrastructure and Access

particularly in marginalized communities. Ongoing investments aim to upgrade infrastructure

Both regions must prioritize climate-resilient infrastructure and incorporate climate

You might also like