Unsc Guia de Estudos

Fórum FAAP – 2024
GUIA DE ESTUDOS / STUDY GUIDE
UNSC
United Nations
Security Council
GUIA DE ESTUDOS
STUDY GUIDE
1
GUIA DE ESTUDOS
STUDY GUIDE
São Paulo
www.faap.br
forumfaap_com@faap.br
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PRESENTATION LETTER
Dear Delegates,
It is with great pleasure that we welcome you to this new journey of discussion at the 20th Forum FAAP,
United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The Chair is thrilled to present this year’s committee and looks
forward to a productive and exciting discussion. This material has been created to assist you in preparing for
the discussions at the Forum FAAP. If any further doubts, you may address the chair.
As this year’s theme is the Sudan Civil War in the UNSCc, the chair will be composed by Renata Pertusi,
Mylena Reis and Brisa Raposo.
Hello! I am Renata Pertusi, a student in the 5th semester of International Relations, and I will be in the United
Nations Security Council (UNSC) committee as the Academic Director. My journey with simulations began
with debates in high school, with my first experience at FAAP Forum in the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) committee as a delegate. Moving on to college, my interest in the model United Nations only
grew, participating as Director in some simulations in São Paulo. In 2023 and now in 2024, I also participated
in the Harvard National Model United Nations as delegate, and volunteered for MONUEM (UN simulations for
students from state schools) for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. My journey working in Forum FAAP started
as Academic Staff at the 2022 FAAP Forum in the World Health Organization, then in the first 2023 Forum,
I was the Assistant Academic Director for the MERCOSUR committee and in Forum FAAP ODS 1st edition I
was academic director of the FAO committee. Very excited to celebrate the 20th Forum FAAP as director of
the UNSC and hope you have an amazing experience!
My name is Mylena Reis, and I am currently in the 5th semester of International Relations at FAAP. I began
my journey at the 2022 Forum as an academic volunteer for the Communication Committee (CCOM) and
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later served as an academic assistant director for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization
(UNIDO). In this edition, with great honor, I will be serving as the assistant director of the Security Council, the
most relevant committee of the United Nations. It has been extremely gratifying to carefully consider every
detail of this committee alongside the other directors, and I assure you that we are doing everything possible
to provide you with the best experience, filled with meaningful discussions and valuable learning!
Hello! My name is Brisa Raposo, and I am a third-semester student of International Relations at FAAP. My
experience with the Forum began in 2023 when I participated in both simulations as academic staff for
UNESCO and UNCTAD. Additionally, I volunteered for the MONUEM project, in which, through FAAP, I taught
classes on Model UN simulations and moderated debates. I am very excited to be part of this committee with
you all, and I assure you it will be a wonderful experience!
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THE SECURITY COUNCIL AND China. These five countries, all with active nuclear
ITS SCOPE programs and nuclear arsenals, are also notable for
having been part of the winning alliance in World

The United Nations Security Council, situated
War II. Additionally, they are the only ones that
within the structure of the United Nations,
have the power of veto regarding resolutions in the
represents one of the most vital tools regarding
Security Council.
International Organizations. Its primary objective
is the preservation of global security, peace, and In the realm of international peace and security
cooperation, as well as the approval of modifications maintenance, the Security Council assumes the
to the United Nations Charter and the formulation of responsibility of identifying threats to peace or
recommendations regarding the admission of new acts of aggression domestically and internationally.
UN members before the General Assembly. Moreover, it recommends measures to prevent
imminent conflicts or restore peace, as well as

Among the powers conferred to the UN Security
being the only body of the United Nations that
Council there is the fundamental mission of
can demand action regarding resolutions of the
maintaining peace, and also the operational
committee towards member-states and countries.
competences to ensure continuity, those
In crisis situations, the Council can intervene
responsibilities include authorizing military actions
directly to ensure the maintenance of peace when
and imposing internationally-reaching sanctions.
necessary. Also, the Council recommends actions
In the context of the various organs that compose
aimed at resolving disputes, including mediation,
the UN, it is only the Security Council that holds
investigation, and sending special missions to
the authority to issue legally binding resolutions
facilitate conflict resolution and alleviate tensions.
concerning the states that compose the UN.
Furthermore, when necessary the Council can

The UN Security Council consists of 15 members,
impose coercive measures to ensure compliance
with only five of them being permanent: the United
with its resolutions, involving the application
States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, and
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of economic sanctions, embargoes, financial the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), has
restrictions, and other actions to hold individuals caused severe damage to infrastructure, health,
or entities accountable for practices internationally education, economy, and society. The conflict
condemned. Therefore, the Council’s actions erupted on April 15th in the capital, Khartoum,
range from initial recommendations to more severe and quickly spread to cities in the south and west.
enforcement measures. When a conflict escalates, The situation evolved in the vacuum created after
the Council can issue ceasefire directives to reduce the ousting of former President Omar Al-Bashir,
hostilities, however the order can sometimes not after 30 years in power, in April 2019.
work, and it can also send military observers or

According to the Sudanese Ministry of Health, over
peacekeeping forces to calm tensions and separate
3,000 people have been killed in the clashes, with
conflicting groups.
the number of casualties on both sides estimated
Finally, all member nations commit to accepting in the thousands, though no official statistics are
and implementing the decisions of the Security available. In addition, UNICEF (United Nations
Council, as these are binding on member states. Children’s Fund) reported that at least 435 children
The goal is to hold those deemed responsible for were killed, and 2,025 children were injured during
internationally condemned practices or policies the military coup. The UN declared that about half
accountable. However, efforts are made to of Sudan’s population, approximately 50 million
minimize the impact on the general population and people, needs humanitarian assistance, with 14
economy whenever possible. million children requiring aid.
The International Organization for Migration (IOM)
THE CONTEXT OF THE SUDAN reported that over 2.6 million people have been
CIVIL WAR internally displaced due to the conflict, while at least
730,000 sought refuge in neighboring countries such

The conflict in Sudan, sparked by the power
as Egypt, Chad, and South Sudan. The conflict has
struggle between the Sudanese Armed Forces and
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led to widespread human rights violations, including opening of humanitarian corridors, prevention of
massacres, killings, torture, looting, robbery, sexual bloodshed in Sudan, and mitigation of the negative
harassment, and the kidnapping of children and implications of the conflicts on the security and
child soldiers, further tarnishing Sudan’s already stability of neighboring countries.
troubled human rights record.

Consequently, the conflict has caused significant
The Sudanese population has expressed damage to Sudan’s health, economic, and education
dissatisfaction with the international community’s systems. According to the Sudan Doctors’ Union,
response to the crisis. Despite regional and 70% of hospitals in Khartoum and other conflict
international efforts to diplomatically end the zones are out of service, and active hospitals are
war, a permanent ceasefire and agreement seem at risk of closure due to a lack of medical staff
distant. Indirect negotiations held in Jeddah, Saudi and supplies, water and electricity cuts. The war
Arabia, in May, mediated by the United States, has interrupted the education of hundreds of
abruptly ended in June when the RSF violated the thousands of local and foreign students, leaving
ceasefire and did not honor their commitments. many with no choice but to leave Sudan. Sudan’s
already weakened education system has suffered

Although representatives of the parties returned
further devastation due to political crises, coups,
to Jeddah on July 15th 2023, negotiations have
and pandemics in the last five years.
not yet begun due to ongoing disputes. Sudan’s
northern neighbor, Egypt, which is significantly The conflict has also left thousands of homes
affected by the instability in Sudan, initiated and businesses unusable, with many looted and
its own peace efforts with a summit of Sudan’s plundered. Almost all banks, retail stores, and
neighboring countries in Cairo. Leaders from diplomatic missions in the capital were looted.
Egypt, Libya, Chad, the Central African Republic, There are numerous allegations that the RSF
South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea reached forced citizens to leave their homes and installed
a consensus on a permanent ceasefire, the their relatives in those places. Since April 2023,
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public servants have not received their salaries, China joined later) attended this meeting. These
and although official statistics are not available, representatives agreed to create “an organization
it is believed that the war has caused billions of based on the principle of equality among sovereign
dollars in damage to the economy. states” (HERZ and HOFFMANN, 2004).
Most parties have largely ignored ceasefires over The need for a new collective security system
the several months of conflict, and about five million arose due to the failures of the previous system
people in Khartoum face shortages of electricity, implemented in the League of Nations based
water, fuel, and food, living in fear of disease and on Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points for Peace. The
conflicts, now trapped. While intense battles with League, among other reasons, was dissolved,
heavy weapons and warplanes continue between partly due to its politically Euro-centric agenda
Khartoum and the southern and western regions and the decision of the United States not to join.
of the country, millions of civilians wait for support Thus, the establishment of the United Nations
to find a solution and rebuild their lives. Security Council aims to rectify past mistakes to
prevent further failures in conflict prevention.
COMMITTEE HISTORY The collective security system was originally
formed by the “four great powers” (the United

The Security Council, one of the primary organs
Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and
of the United Nations (UN), was established
France), the victorious nations in the war against
alongside the UN in 1945, following the end of
Nazi-fascism during World War II. These countries
World War II. Its creation emerged as a proposal
had an interest in preserving the post-war world
for a new collective security system, conceived
order (CASTRO, 2007). Although the Security
in 1944 during a conference at Dumbarton Oaks
Council seeks to deal with peacekeeping, the organ
while the Second World War was still ongoing.
faces limitations in its dependence on sovereign
Representatives from the United States, the
states for funding, military means, embargoes, and
Soviet Union, the United Kingdom (France and
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political support (HERZ and HOFFMANN, 2004). Currently, the United Nations Security Council
consists of 15 members: 5 are permanent, and 10

Chapter VII of the UN Charter stipulates that threats
are rotating, as outlined in Chapter V of the Charter
to peace and security should be addressed by
of San Francisco (which also establishes the
the Security Council. However, it does not define
rules for voting in the Council). The United States,
what these threats are, leaving it to the Council
Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), China (before
to determine them. Given the Council’s function
1971 known as the Republic of China and after
to establish peacekeeping operations, it is worth
that as the People’s Republic of China), the United
noting that such operations can be carried out
Kingdom, and France are the permanent members
in two distinct, combined, or independent ways:
of the Council, and they possess veto power. The
by creating United Nations forces for peace
10 rotating members each have one vote.
operations (Peacekeeping) or by allowing the use
of force by one or more Member States, either The Charter does not explicitly mention a “veto
individually or in a regional context (HERZ and power” but emphasizes the need for the votes
HOFFMANN, 2004). of the five permanent members to be concurrent
for measures to be approved (SARDENBERG,

In 1965, the Charter of San Francisco, which
2013). It is important to note that the abstention
created the UN and the Security Council, was
from voting is not the same as voting against; that
amended. This amendment expanded the Council
is, the abstention of a permanent member does
to have 15 members instead of the original 11. It
not prevent the implementation of a measure
also established rules for geographic distribution,
approved by the other members.
mandating the selection of two Latin American
countries, three African countries, two Asian Every year, the UN General Assembly elects
countries, one Eastern European country, and two five of the ten rotating Member States with
from the Western European and other States group a two-year term, and they are not eligible for
to compose the Council (SARDENBERG, 2013). immediate re-election. The Assembly selects
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these members based on a combination of decisions have been approved unanimously. This
geographical distribution and collaboration for the was achieved through informal meetings, known
maintenance of international peace and security as “informal consultations,” during which Council
(SARDENBERG, 2013). members negotiate the language to be adopted in
texts until the terms used are acceptable to all or

The five permanent members had common
the majority (SARDENBERG, 2013).
interests in the Council, where various clashes
have occurred. During the Cold War, the United Despite these efforts, states do not always fully
States and the Soviet Union, two permanent agree, which can result in a veto by a permanent
members, were responsible for stifling Security member. Furthermore, for the approval of any
Council resolutions due to their drastically resolution on any matter, there must be at least nine
divergent opinions. With the end of the Cold War, votes in favor, regardless of whether the quorum is
cooperation between the permanent members complete or not. Although the Council’s focus is on
intensified. However, this intensification hindered security, its work extends beyond peacekeeping
the action of the rotating members, who disagreed operations or the imposition of peace.
on various issues, increasing the maneuvering

The Council engages in activities such as
margin of other members (SARDENBERG, 2013).
political missions, mediation, the dispatch
The opening of the agenda is also a characteristic of Special Representatives, disarmament
of the Security Council in the post-Cold War era. inspections, electoral monitoring, support for
As expected, during this ideological conflict, civil administration, among others. There are
the two major world powers constrained certain also Special Envoys of the Council, who work
discussions, and resolutions on topics that were not on numerous problematic fronts, such as Syria,
in their respective interests were not passed, given Western Sahara, Cyprus, Myanmar, Yemen, the
the power of veto held by the permanent members. Sahel region in Africa, or even disputes over
names between Greece and the former Yugoslav

Over the past two decades, almost all Council
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Republic of Macedonia (GARCIA, 2013). the suffering of the Sudanese people.
Based on the Council’s work, the conception that Volker Perthes, the Special Representative of the
security and development are mutually dependent UN Secretary-General for Sudan and Head of the
has been growing. However, this recognition does United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance
not imply that the Council should assume the Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS), noted that almost
responsibilities of other UN organs. The Council’s five months have passed since the start of the
focus should be integrated, capable of dealing deadly conflict between the Sudanese Armed
with complex challenges, considering situations Forces and the Rapid Support Forces. Describing
and concepts to ensure a more accessible path the escalating violence, cross-border mobilization,
to achieving sustainable peace. In summary, the and displacement, he remarked, “What began as
Council should seek to address the root causes a conflict between two military formations may be
of problems, valuing dialogue, diplomacy, and turning into a large-scale civil war.”
conflict prevention (GARCIA, 2013).

Reporting on how this war is claiming lives and
leaving a tragic legacy of human rights abuses,
PROBLEM DEFINITION he emphasized that the conflicting parties, who
have chosen to resolve their conflict through

The escalation of violence in Sudan has triggered a
fighting, have a duty to the Sudanese people
civil war, accompanied by a humanitarian situation
to end it. He also noted that indiscriminate
that, in turn, has strongly compelled the states in the
aerial bombardments are being carried out by
region, as well as other actors in the international
the Sudanese Armed Forces, and most sexual
system, to take urgently needed action. Today,
violence, looting, and killings occur in areas
senior officials from the United Nations warned
controlled by the Rapid Support Forces. Stressing
the Security Council about this situation. Speakers
the need to make it clear to the conflicting parties
emphasized the importance of regional involvement,
that they cannot act with impunity, he urged,
dialogue, and humanitarian assistance to alleviate
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“Sudan cannot—and should not—bear the costs civilians and civilian infrastructure, also highlighting
of this war indefinitely.” the need for conflicting parties to recommit to
direct humanitarian dialogue at the senior level.

He also announced that he has requested to be
“The situation can and will worsen immeasurably
relieved of his duties as the Special Representative
unless urgent action is taken,” she said, urging
of the Secretary-General for Sudan. “I have known
the international community not to spare efforts in
Sudan as a country of tremendous potential,
seeking a negotiated solution to end the war.
indomitable spirit, cultural richness, and diversity,”
he said, emphasizing that they need the support Mayada Adil, a representative of civil society
and solidarity of the world more than ever to speaking on behalf of Sudanese women and girls,
pressure the military leadership to end the war emphasized that condemning the war is not enough
and empower civilians for a transition toward for “those who have been raped, sexually assaulted,
democratic governance. and exploited as sex slaves.” Detailing survivors’
accounts, she pointed out that the predators behind

Edem Wosornu, Director of Operations and
these crimes are free, without accountability,
Advocacy at the Office for the Coordination of
treating women’s bodies as personal battlefields.
Humanitarian Affairs, detailed the costs of this
conflict, including approximately 1 million people Moreover, she highlighted that Sudanese women
newly displaced each month, alarming levels of are peace advocates, recalling that they were at
sexual violence, a complete collapse of the health the forefront of the peaceful civil revolution in 2019.
system, and over 6 million people now on the brink However, the political space for women in Sudan
of famine. With these enormous challenges, the has diminished since the start of the war, as they
humanitarian community is struggling to expand have not only been prohibited from participating
operations and meet growing needs. in demonstrations but also excluded from all
regional and international discussions on ending

Furthermore, the director urged all actors to fully
the war, urging the Council to prioritize women’s
respect international humanitarian law and protect
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participation in decision-making processes. has delivered multiple shipments of survival goods
and medical supplies, and that “more are on the

In the subsequent debate, many Security Council
way”, he expressed concern about the lack of
members expressed concern about the various
humanitarian funding. Therefore, the Council must
impacts of the conflict on civilians and urged
encourage the parties to “rebuild mutual trust and
conflicting parties to negotiate a ceasefire. Some
prevent things from getting worse.”
also highlighted the need for Khartoum to facilitate
humanitarian access, along with the importance Also, the representative of Ecuador emphasized
of holding those responsible for the conflict that the Council “cannot remain silent” in the face
and associated atrocities accountable. Others of conflict-related sexual violence, indiscriminate
emphasized the importance of regional engagement. attacks on civilians, forced disappearances,
extrajudicial executions, campaigns of fear, ethnic

In this regard, the representative of Ghana, who
killings, village burning, and arms trafficking. It is
also spoke on behalf of Gabon and Mozambique,
imperative that the Council and the international
commended the African Union’s efforts to establish
community act decisively to end these atrocities,
a credible civil dialogue but also noted that
protect human rights, and promote peace and
different processes by different actors, that if not
stability in Sudan. Inaction in the face of such
coordinated, it can frustrate the desired outcome of
serious violations is unacceptable and requires an
peace in Sudan and called for coherent action to
immediate and effective response.
reduce the proliferation of weapons in the country.
Thus, reiterating that there is no military solution to Ms. Wosornu said that, although intense fighting
the conflict, he urged the parties to “lay down their and dangerous conditions are hindering aid delivery,
arms and resort to dialogue.” the UN and its partners have managed to restore
the flow of humanitarian supplies, especially in

The representative of China expressed support for
the Darfur states, where access was more limited.
the involvement of regional countries in diplomacy,
Humanitarian workers have reached nearly three
mediation, and communication. Noting that China
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million people across the country; however, this On June 3, 2020, the UNSC adopted two resolutions
number represents only a fraction of the 18 million related to Sudan that were of significant relevance:
people they are trying to help, including almost 14 Resolutions 2525 and 2524. Furthermore,
million children. Resolution 2525 (2020) played a crucial role in
the context of the situation in Darfur, Sudan. This

Additionally, Ms. Worsornu stated that, “it is urgent
resolution addressed a range of complex issues
that we establish a direct and regular contact forum
with the aim of maintaining peace and security
on humanitarian issues with the conflicting parties
in the region while simultaneously ensuring the
at a senior level, to negotiate access and protect
protection of civilians in a challenging environment.
the space for humanitarian operations in Sudan. We
need strong support from Member States to facilitate One of the most significant aspects of this
this.” She also highlighted another obstacle, the lack resolution was the extension of the mandate
of funding for the $2.6 billion humanitarian appeal of the United Nations-African Union Hybrid
for Sudan, which is only 24% funded. She urged the Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) until the end of
international community to increase support. 2020, emphasizing the importance of maintaining
focus on the protection of civilians in Darfur while
recognizing the Sudanese government’s primary

PREVIOUS RESOLUTIONS
responsibility in this area.
The United Nations Security Council resolutions

The importance of effective performance in United
related to Sudan highlight the importance of these
Nations peacekeeping operations is a recurring
UNSC decisions in the context of a region that has
theme in the resolution. It emphasizes the need
faced prolonged conflicts and political instability.
for regular reports on the implementation of
The following are resolutions of significant impact
UNAMID’s mandate and calls for the application
in promoting peace, protecting human rights, and
of a comprehensive and integrated performance
fostering international cooperation.
assessment system for UN civilian and uniformed
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personnel involved in peacekeeping operations. objectives of assisting in the political transition,
Resolution 2524 (2020) established the follow-up supporting peace processes, civilian protection,
mission, the United Nations Integrated Transition and mobilizing economic aid and development.
Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS).

Furthermore, on June 3, 2022, the Security
On December 22, 2020, with the transition of Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2636,
responsibilities from UNAMID to UNITAMS, renewing the mandate of the United Nations
Resolution 2559 terminated UNAMID’s mandate Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan
as of December 31, 2020. Also, on June 3, 2021, (UNITAMS) without any changes for one year, until
the UNSC unanimously adopted Resolution 2579, June 3, 2023. support.
a document that reaffirmed the international
community’s commitment to the sovereignty,

OVERVIEW OF COUNTRIES IN
unity, independence, and territorial integrity
THE UNSC
of Sudan, also highlighting the steps taken by
the Sudanese government to implement the BRAZIL
Constitutional Document in Sudan.

As a non-permanent member of the UNSC, Brazil,
Another highlight of the resolution was the support is a developing country and in its 11th mandate
for peace in Sudan, including the Juba Peace in October 2023 assumed the presidency of the
Agreement (JPA) signed in October 2020, as Security Council during the outset of the conflict
well as the protection of civilians. Environmental involving Israel and Hamas. For the Ministry of
issues and the importance of the role of women Foreign Affairs, it was an important moment
in the Sudanese political transition process were for Brazil to demonstrate its negotiation and
also emphasized. The role of UNITAMS (United diplomacy abilities during a crisis.
Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission

Regarding the Sudan Civil War, during a meeting
in Sudan) was emphasized, along with its strategic
of the UNSC, a representative of Brazil urged
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that “All parties must face their responsibilities to CHILE
the Sudanese population and begin the complex

In the UNSC, Chile is a non-permanent member,
task of building a political transition” (UN). Brazil
representing the regional group of Latin America
abides by the Human Rights established by the
and the Caribbean. On September 24th 2023,
Universal Declarations of Human Rights, and
during a meeting of the General Assembly, a
“called on the Council to fulfill its responsibilities
representative from Chile addressed the interest
and step up efforts to find a solution to the current
in cooperation with South-South to resolve
crisis. Stressing the importance of coordinating
conflict and economic issues.
among peace initiatives, he expressed support for
the continued engagement of IGAD, the League The first participation of Chile involving the crisis
of Arab States and Sudan’s neighboring States to in Sudan was in 2004 when the country sent a
solve the conflict peacefully” (UN). mission of military observers for the UNMIS,
however it ended in 2011 with the independence

Furthermore, in official statement, The Ministry
of South Sudan. The country also assisted with
of Foreign Affairs stated that “The Brazilian
medical assistance in the cholera epidemic
government reiterates its support for the efforts
during 2017 until 2018. One of the main goals in
of the African Union and its Peace and Security
the chilean diplomacy is to establish peace and
Council, the Intergovernmental Authority on
cooperation.
Development (IGAD), the Arab League, the United
Nations and its Security Council, as well as the
countries involved in the Jeddah Process, in favor

CHINA
of a political and diplomatic solution to the crisis”
(ITAMARATY). As one of the permanent members of the council,
which holds veto power, investigators feared that
Beijing’s loans for infrastructure and development
to countries like Sudan could be a “debt trap
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diplomacy,” a predatory attempt to acquire critical seen between April 21st and May 22nd 2023, over
foreign infrastructure, such as ports. 27,000 people, from 65 different nationalities, had
arrived at the Metema crossing point, in Ethiopia

Moreover, analysts had previously suggested
Amhara region (European Union).
that the implications of China’s growing military
involvement in Africa, including the establishment Moreover, to control the situation at the border
of naval bases and the use of security service the International Organization for Migration (IOM)
providers, are examples of Beijing seeking to established staff at the border and also allocated
expand its military power and political influence a temporary migration center. For assistance
abroad. Also, China has its own set of interests in to refugees of the conflict, The Ethiopian Red
this conflict in Sudan, but its approach appears Cross Society has been assisting civilians since
to fundamentally favor stability. As a result, the first day of the conflict, with funding from the
China is more interested in collaborating with the European Union, as well as the International Red
broader international community on issues such Cross Committee.
as peacekeeping and conflict mediation.
FRANCE
ETHIOPIA
As a permanent member of the UN Security
As a non-permanent member of the UNSC, Council with veto power, France is concerned
Ethiopia, it was one of the first to sign the Charter about the impact of the conflict in Sudan and the
of the United Nations, as an independent nation, potential for instability it may cause. The conflict
also supporting the decolonization of Africa and has already worsened the humanitarian situation,
cooperation among african countries. Ethiopia is with over 100,000 refugees returning to the
one of the African countries that borders Sudan, neighboring country, South Sudan. France and
and with that the crisis affects directly borders as the European Union stand in solidarity with the
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countries in the region. France has allocated 41.3 GHANA
million euros to address the humanitarian crisis in

As a neighboring country of Sudan, Ghana has
Sudan and its impact on neighboring countries.
been affected directly and indirectly in many
France also acknowledges the mediation efforts ways by the conflict in Sudan. One of the main
of South Sudan and IGAD to address the current consequences is the number of refugees that
crisis in Sudan. They urge both parties within the arrived in Ghana territory since the beginning of
country to urgently cease hostilities, respecting the conflict with also the proliferation of arms and
the 72-hour ceasefire that came into effect on June armed groups worrying Ghana’s authorities. As of
18, and to engage in the proposed mediations. 2020, before the crisis erupted Ghana had over
France contributes through its local embassy, 15,000 sudanese refugees in its territory.
supporting reintegration projects and providing

As the Sudan war erupted on April 15th 2023,
specialized expertise in the management of
the fear of Ghanaian authorities was that the
weapon arsenals and ammunition.
humanitarian crisis would spread even more
The French delegation believes that Sudanese through the borders of the neighboring countries
authorities should make the most of the and regions. Alongside refugees from Sudan,
support from the United Nations, the region, Ghana has also seen the influx from Burkina Faso
and the international community to expedite the rising. The great challenge of Ghana is to deal with
implementation of the political transition. This refugees coming from all across the continent
is crucial at a time when regional instability is while it administers its own territory, people
exacerbating existing vulnerabilities. and government. The continued assistance
of the UNHCR and countries that support the
organization is crucial.
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INDIA JAPAN
As a non-permanent member, India has already Japan’s position regarding the conflict in Sudan
occupied a chair in the United Nations Security has been marked by active engagement in
Council for eight mandates. In December of promoting peace and stability in the region. With
2022, India as the president of the UNSC spoke a financial contribution of $664,435 to the United
on the matter addressing the council with the Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission
concern regarding the endless killing of civilians in Sudan (UNITAMS), the Japanese government
and their displacement (UN). Since the beginning demonstrates its ongoing commitment to
of the conflict India has been one of the main supporting peace consolidation efforts, especially
contributors to UNMISS with approximately 2,300 in conflict-affected areas like the Blue Nile and
troops in South Sudan as it continues to support South Kordofan.
the journey of the country towards peace.

Built upon Japan’s previous initiatives aimed at
The conflict in Sudan can be compared to stabilizing the Two Areas, this funding project
violence in the northeast of India, in Manipur, will allow peace consolidation work to continue
where the access to land has been a source of in 2023. Implemented by the United Nations
conflict between ethnic communities, government Development Programme (UNDP), the project aims
authorities sought changes to the local patterns to enhance community stabilization and peace in
by which the communities had governed land and the region, particularly in conflict-affected areas
managed those conflicts, with the escalation of such as Western Kordofan. The primary focus
the conflict after official actions (United States of the project is to strengthen the capacities of
Institute of Peace). peace promoters and local authorities to prevent,
respond to, and resolve emerging conflicts in a
timely manner. This initiative is a direct response to
the recent violence in the region and underscores
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Japan’s commitment to actively contribute to violence in Sudan. The statement denounced
peace and stability in Sudan. government military attacks on civilians and called
for a peaceful solution to the conflict.

Ali Mohammed Ahmed Osman, in charge of
Business in the Embassy of the Republic of Sudan The Mozambican government also pledged to
in Tokyo, emphasized the importance of Japan’s contribute to the resolution of the conflict in
role in Sudan’s stabilization. He highlighted that, Sudan. On October 27, 2023, Mozambique’s
due to its position as the world’s third-largest President, Filipe Nyusi, sent a letter to Sudan’s
economy, a non-permanent member of the UN President, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, expressing his
Security Council, and a leading member of the willingness to mediate the conflict. Mozambique’s
G7, Japan is well-positioned to play a critical role position on the civil war in Sudan aligns with its
in promoting security and stability in Sudan. This foreign policy of promoting peace and stability in
role is considered crucial not only for Sudan itself the Southern African region. Mozambique has a
but also as a significant contribution to stability in long history of mediating conflicts in the region
the broader context of the Indo-Pacific. and has previously acted as a mediator in conflicts
in Zimbabwe, Angola, and Mozambique.
In the specific case of Sudan, Mozambique has

MOZAMBIQUE
an interest in contributing to peace in the country
Mozambique’s stance on the civil war in Sudan in as Sudan is an important trade and political
2023 was one of condemnation of violence and partner for Mozambique. Sudan is one of the
a call for peace. The Mozambican government major importers of Mozambican products, and
expressed solidarity with the Sudanese people and Mozambique is one of Sudan’s key partners in
its willingness to contribute to the resolution of the regional cooperation. Mozambique’s contribution
conflict. On October 25th 2023, the Mozambican to the resolution of the conflict in Sudan is
government issued a statement condemning the significant, given the country’s positive reputation
20
in the region and the trust it enjoys from both foreign media about Sudan, most of which
sides of the conflict. are provocative, we find it necessary to inform
everyone that Wagner personnel have not been in
Sudan for more than two years.”
RUSSIA

SOUTH AFRICA
Council with veto power, one of the Russian
Deputy Foreign Ministers, Mikhail Bogdanov, As a non-permanent member of the UNSC, South
stated that Moscow is ready to provide a platform Africa began evacuating the civilians from Sudanese
for negotiations to the conflicting parties. “They territory at the beginning of the conflict. With the
must resolve their own issues, and we are ready objective to reestablish peace and security in the
to assist in that, as we have longstanding ties,” region, South Africa and South Sudan settled an
Bogdanov declared. “Ceasefire agreements are agreement in different sectors to strengthen global
being violated. We feel empathy and are in contact support for peace and stability in Sudan.
with our ambassador in Khartoum.”

South Africa is also a member of the African
Russian activity in Africa could signify a return Union that seeks aid and cooperation between
to levels of influence from the Soviet era through African countries and other members of the UN in
arms sales, joint military exercises, and the the General Assembly to afford a response plan
establishment of its own set of security service to the Sudanese crisis. The conflict in Sudan has
providers to train Sudanese military personnel. also jeopardized the economic relations between
The Wagner Group, a high-level Russian the two countries. In addition, South Africa is
mercenary group, denied any involvement in important for establishing stability in the region, as
the events in Sudan, stating in a Telegram post: it has resources and influence to help in security
“Due to the large number of inquiries from various and cooperation aspects.
21
SUDAN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)
According to a UNHCR global trends report, the During meeting of the UNSC regarding the conflict
outbreak of the Sudan conflict that started in April in Sudan, representative of the United Arab
2023 led to a dramatic increase of over 500,000 Emirates (UAE), stated that, “We look forward to
refugees and 1.6 million internally displaced the outcomes of the meeting to mobilize support
Sudanese within Sudan. and strengthen the humanitarian response to the
Sudan and the region, under the leadership of the

During the meeting of the UNSC on December 2nd
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Arab Republic of
2023, members voted to terminate the UN mission
Egypt, the State of Qatar, along with other regional
in Sudan, the United Nations Integrated Transition
and international partners, and which is set to be
Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS). Since
held on the sidelines of the seventy-eighth session
the eruption of the war on April 15, six million
of the General Assembly” (UN).
people have fled their homes and 25 million are
in need of humanitarian help (UN). In addition, the However, on September 29th, 2023, the New York
war bursted between the Sudanese army and the Times exhibited an article entitled Talking Peace
Rapid Support Forces (RSF) after the plan to make in Sudan, the U.A.E. Secretly Fuels the Fight,
a transition of the country’s government from a that brought to surface that the UAE were using
military regime into a democracy (Al Jazeera). “saving refugees” to cover a mission to back one
of the sides of the Sudan war. Evidence gathered

On December 12th, Sudanese representative
shows that the refugee emergency was actually
called the United Nations Security Council
located hundred miles from where the “aid” was
requesting that they impose an “arms and material
directed by the UAE (New York Times).
transport embargo against rebel forces, invaders
and mercenaries, and to lift sanctions on the As a member of the Quad formed by India, United
Government forces” (UN). States, and Israel, the UAE, tries to negotiate
the end of the conflict in Sudan. Meanwhile,
22
the country continues to play an important role Mohamed Hamdan “Hemedti” Dagalo, along with
in the African Continent with businesses in the two other companies. “These sanctions directly
Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Tanzania, target those whose actions have destroyed
Somalia, and Sudan worth billions of dollars. the lives of millions of people. Both sides have
committed multiple violations of the ceasefire in a
war that is completely unjustifiable,” said Foreign
UNITED KINGDOM Secretary James Cleverly in a statement.
Council with veto power, the United Kingdom has

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
imposed sanctions on a series of entities linked to
the warring factions in Sudan as more people are As a permanent member of the UN Security Council
displaced by the nearly three-month-long conflict with veto power, the United States and Saudi Arabia
in the country. The British government announced announced on June 17, 2023, that both sides of
sanctions on three companies associated with the the conflict in Sudan, the Sudanese Armed Forces
Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and three linked (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), have
to the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), in a declared agreed to a new three-day ceasefire. Since May
effort to pressure the conflicting parties to engage 6, the U.S. and the kingdom have been overseeing
in a peace process and facilitate humanitarian aid. peace talks between the conflicting parties in
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to end the conflict that

The UK stated that the conglomerate finances the
erupted on April 15. The Biden administration has
general and has over 200 companies, generating
faced serious internal criticism for lacking a clear
an annual profit of $2 billion. To finance and
strategy to address the situation, which is escalating
arm the RSF, the UK has sanctioned Al-Junaid,
into a major humanitarian crisis and threatening to
a conglomerate said to have been established
cause instability in neighboring countries, creating a
by the leader of the paramilitary force, General
conducive environment for the spread of extremism.
23
Some critics of U.S. policy in Sudan, including OFFICIAL POSITION DOCUMENT

former Biden administration officials, accuse the (OPD)
United States of bearing some responsibility for
At the Forum FAAP, the Position Paper, in International
the conflict because the Trump administration
Organizations, such as the UNSC, must follow the
ignored the conditions in Khartoum after the
following specific formatting guidelines:
overthrow of former President Omar al-Bashir
in April 2019. This neglect continued under the • Times New Roman, 12, single spacing;
Biden administration.
• Margin: 2cm x 2cm x 2cm x 2cm;
In August 2022, the Biden administration issued

• Coat of Arms or National Emblem of the
its strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa, stating, “The
country in the upper right corner – in the case
United States can offer choices to Africans as
of Committees that are not countries but
they determine their own future, limit openings for
representatives, use only the Committee’s logo
negative state and non-state actors, and avoid the
in the upper left corner;
need for costly interventions.” When mentioning
state actors, the document specifically refers • Committee’s logo in the upper left corner. In the
to Russia and China, while non-state actors are absence of a logo, the use of the Committee’s
those whom Washington accuses of terrorism. Flag is allowed, or in the case of a Presidential
Washington also views Sudan as having significant Cabinet, use the Coat of Arms of the Country;
geopolitical, economic, and strategic importance,

• Official name of the country, between the
making it a target for regional and international
Emblem/Coat of Arms of the Country and
ambitions and gains.
the Committee’s logo, centered, in bold, and
uppercase;
• Committee’s name, between the emblem/Coat
of Arms of the country and the Committee’s
24
logo, centered, in bold, and title case;
• Delegate(s)’ signature in the bottom right
corner, above a line where the official position
(e.g., Ambassador, Head of State) is indicated.
To guide you in this reflection, we have
formulated some questions:
• What is your country’s stance on the issue?
• What measures has your representative taken
up to this point, and in which decisions have
they participated?
• How can this case be brought to a conclusion?
25
OPD
26
REFERENCES BBC. Sudan civil war: Darfur’s Jem rebels join army
fight against RSF. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/

Al Jazeera. More Sudanese flee the fighting, UK
news/world-africa-67450204. Access: 19 out. 2023
sanctions warring factions - The sanctions target
three businesses linked with the army and three BBC. Sudan conflict: Ethnic cleansing committed in
others tied to the RSF. Available at: : https://www. Darfur, UK says. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/
aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/12/more-sudanese-flee- news/world-67020154. Access: 5 out. 2023
the-fighting-uk-sanctions-warring-factions. Acesso
BBC. Sudan: Why has fighting broken out there?
em: 12 out. 2023
Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-
ARAB CENTER. The US and the Sudan Conflict: africa-65284948. Access: 16 nov. 2023
Motives and Ability to Influence Events. Arab Center

CASTRO, Thales. Conselho de Segurança da ONU
for Research and Policy Studies. Available at: https://
— Unipolaridade, Consensos e Tendências. Juruá
arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-us-and-the-sudan-
Editora, Curitiba, 2007. Available at: https://books.
conflict-motives-and-ability-to-influence-events/.
google.com.br/books?id=2SpgIVuLH0gC&printsec=f
Access: 19 set. 2023
rontcover&hl=pt-PT&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&ca
Asharq Al-Awsat. Sudan ‘s Neighbors to Discuss d=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Access: 2 nov. 2023
Proposals to Resolve its Crisis. Arab World. Avaiable

CNN. Guerra civil no Sudão “sai de controle”, diz
at: https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4473026-
ONU, enquanto mais de 1 milhão fogem. Available at:
sudan%E2%80%99s-neighbors-discuss-proposals-
https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/16/africa/sudan-one-
resolve-its-crisis. Access: 9 nov. 2023
million-flee-un-intl/index.html. Access: 26 out. 2023
BBC. Sudan conflict: ‘Our lives have become a piece

EURONEWS. Russia says it is ‘ready to assist’ to resolve
of hell’. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/news/
the war in Sudan. Available at: https://www.euronews.
world-africa-67438018. Access: 19 out. 2023
com/2023/05/19/russia-says-it-is-ready-to-assist-to-
resolve-the-war-in-sudan. Access: 19 out. 2023
27
UN News. Perspectiva Global Reportagens UN. Official Document System of the United Nations.
Humanas. Conselho de Segurança discute violência UNDOC/GEN/N20/310/85. Available at: https://
que já matou mais de 420 no Sudão. Available at: documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/
https://news.un.org/pt/story/2023/04/1813332. N20/310/85/PDF/N2031085.pdf?OpenElement.
Access: 16 nov. 2023 Access: 16 nov. 2023
UN. Meeting Coverage and Press Releases. UN - FRANCE. Permanent Mission of France to the
Continued Military Hostilities, Sexual Violence, Attacks United Nations of New York. Mr. Alexandre Olmedo.
against Citizens Pushing Sudan into ‘Catastrophic’ France is concerned by impact of conflict in Sudan
Humanitarian Crisis, Speakers Warn Security Council. on stability of South Sudan. Available at: https://
Disponível em: https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15381. onu.delegfrance.org/france-is-concerned-about-
doc.htm. Access: 19 out. 2023 the-impact-of-the-conflict-in-sudan-on-the-stability.
Access: 12 out. 2023

UN. Meeting Coverage and Press Releases. Crimes
Committed in Sudan by Rapid Support Forces, Allied SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT. Chronology of
Militias Undermining National, Regional, International Events - Sudan. Disponível em: https://www.
Stability, Delegate Tells Security Council. Available securitycouncilreport.org/chronology/sudan.php.
at: https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15408.doc.htm. Acesso em: 26 out. 2023
Access: 26 out. 2023

THE CONVERSATION. Sudan conflict: how China
UN. Meeting Coverage and Press Releases. and Russia are involved and the differences between
History at Risk of Repeating, International Criminal them. Disponível em: https://theconversation.com/
Court Prosecutor Tells Security Council, Urging sudan-conflict-how-china-and-russia-are-involved-
Accountability for New Crimes in Darfur. Available and-the-dif ferences-between-them-205947.
at: https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15354.doc.htm. Acesso em: 26 out. 2023
Access: 5 out. 2023

THE EAST AFRICAN. Xinhua. Sudan rejects UN draft
28
resolution on rights abuse enquiry. Disponível em: gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/press-area/press-releases/
https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/ aggravation-of-the-humanitarian-situation-in-sudan
sudan-rejects-un-draft-proposal-on-human-rights-
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. On the border: Sudan
abuse-enquiry-4390950. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2023
conflict forces thousands to flee to Ethiopia.
THE UN INTEGRATED TRANSITION ASSISTANCE Available at: https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.
MISSION IN SUDAN (UNITAMS). United Nations ec.europa.eu/news-stories/stories/border-sudan-
Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan. conflict-forces-thousands-flee-ethiopia_en
Disponível em: https://unitams.unmissions.org/en.

BRITANNICA. Ethiopia. Available at: https://www.
Acesso em: 9 out. 2023
britannica.com/place/Ethiopia
UN. Meetings Coverage and Press Release. Sudan’s

THE NEW YORK TIMES. Talking Peace in Sudan, the
Worsening Violence, Humanitarian Crisis Could
U.A.E. Secretly Fuels the Fight. Available at: https://
Foreshadow Civil War, Senior Officials Warn Security
www.nytimes.com/2023/09/29/world/africa/sudan-
Council, Calling for Urgent Action to End Conflict.
war-united-arab-emirates-chad.html
September 13th, 2023. Available at: https://press.
un.org/en/2023/sc15409.doc.htm THE DIPLOMAT. There’s a New Quad in Town: India,
Israel, US, UAE. Available at: https://thediplomat.

GOV-BR. Brazil’s Presidency of the United Nations
com/2021/11/theres-a-new-quad-in-town/
Security Council – October 2023. October 3rd. 2023.
Available at: https://www.gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/ UN. Sudan Requests Security Council to Impose Arms
press-area/press-releases/brazilian-presidency- Embargo on Rebel Forces; Sanctions Committee
of-the-united-nations-security-council-2013- Chair Briefs Members on Latest Developments.
october-2023 Available at: https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15525.
doc.htm
GOV-BR. Aggravation of the humanitarian situation
in Sudan. June 30th, 2023. Available at: https://www. UN. Underscoring Progress in South Sudan’s
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Revitalized Peace Agreement, Security Council AL JAZEERA. Sudan facing humanitarian crisis as
Urges Country to Meet Agreed Timeframes, Tackle relief funding dwindles. Available at: https://www.
Renewed Violence. Available at: https://press.un.org/ aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/20/sudan-facing-
en/2022/sc15139.doc.htm humanitarian-crisis-as-relief-funding-dwindles
United States Institute of Peace. In Northeast
India, Manipur’s Violence Echoes Sudan’s
Darfur. Available at https://www.usip.org/
publications/2023/10/northeast-india-manipurs-
violence-echoes-sudans-darfur
REPORT GHANA. Ghana: Factsheet January-
February 2023. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/
report/ghana/ghana-factsheet-january-february-2023
AL JAZEERA. Security Council agrees to terminate
UN mission in Sudan. Available at: https://www.
aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/2/security-council-
agrees-to-terminate-un-mission-in-sudan
AL JAZEERA. South Africa begins evacuation of
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SUDAN TRIBUNE. South Sudan, South Africa forge
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sudantribune.com/article274769/
30

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Fórum FAAP – 2024

GUIA DE ESTUDOS / STUDY GUIDE

Mylena Reis and Brisa Raposo.

the UNSC and hope you have an amazing experience!

you all, and I assure you it will be a wonderful experience!

having been part of the winning alliance in World

UN members before the General Assembly. Moreover, it recommends measures to prevent

imminent conflicts or restore peace, as well as

Furthermore, when necessary the Council can

work, and it can also send military observers or

accountable. However, efforts are made to of Sudan’s population, approximately 50 million

economy whenever possible. million children requiring aid.

The International Organization for Migration (IOM)

CIVIL WAR internally displaced due to the conflict, while at least

730,000 sought refuge in neighboring countries such

child soldiers, further tarnishing Sudan’s already stability of neighboring countries.

troubled human rights record.

already weakened education system has suffered

dollars in damage to the economy. states” (HERZ and HOFFMANN, 2004).

prevent further failures in conflict prevention.

COMMITTEE HISTORY The collective security system was originally

formed by the “four great powers” (the United

consists of 15 members: 5 are permanent, and 10

HOFFMANN, 2004). of the five permanent members to be concurrent

for measures to be approved (SARDENBERG,

(SARDENBERG, 2013). members negotiate the language to be adopted in

texts until the terms used are acceptable to all or

on various issues, increasing the maneuvering

The opening of the agenda is also a characteristic of Special Representatives, disarmament

names between Greece and the former Yugoslav

Republic of Macedonia (GARCIA, 2013). the suffering of the Sudanese people.

conflict prevention (GARCIA, 2013).

leaving a tragic legacy of human rights abuses,

PROBLEM DEFINITION he emphasized that the conflicting parties, who

have chosen to resolve their conflict through

of this war indefinitely.” the need for conflicting parties to recommit to

direct humanitarian dialogue at the senior level.

democratic governance. and exploited as sex slaves.” Detailing survivors’

accounts, she pointed out that the predators behind

regional and international discussions on ending

participation in decision-making processes. has delivered multiple shipments of survival goods

and medical supplies, and that “more are on the

and associated atrocities accountable. Others of conflict-related sexual violence, indiscriminate

emphasized the importance of regional engagement. attacks on civilians, forced disappearances,

extrajudicial executions, campaigns of fear, ethnic

the flow of humanitarian supplies, especially in

million children. Resolution 2525 (2020) played a crucial role in

the context of the situation in Darfur, Sudan. This

international community to increase support. 2020, emphasizing the importance of maintaining

focus on the protection of civilians in Darfur while

recognizing the Sudanese government’s primary

The United Nations Security Council resolutions

personnel involved in peacekeeping operations. objectives of assisting in the political transition,

Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS).

the UNSC unanimously adopted Resolution 2579, June 3, 2023. support.

a document that reaffirmed the international

community’s commitment to the sovereignty,

the Sudanese government to implement the BRAZIL

Constitutional Document in Sudan.

Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission

that “All parties must face their responsibilities to CHILE

the Sudanese population and begin the complex

however it ended in 2011 with the independence