Engineering Surveying - II

CE313
Surveying Drafting and Computations

Muhammad Noman
 Introduction
Course Book: Surveying and Levelling Part-II by T. P. Kanetker and S.V. Kulkarni
Reference Books:
1. Thomas, M. Lillesand & Ralph W. Kiefer Remote Sensing and Images Interpretation, 5th edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2005)
2. Surveying principles and Application by “Barry F. Kavanagh”, 7th Edition
3. Wolf P. R. & Ghilani C. D., Elementary Surveying – An introduction to Geometrics, 11th Edition,
Prentice Hall, USA, 2004.
Lectures will also be uploaded on: nomank123.wordpress.com
Email: Muhammad.noman@abasyn.edu.pk
Surveying (Definition)
Definition: Surveying is
the technique for
determining the relative
positions of different
features on, above or
beneath the surface of the
earth by means of direct
or indirect measurements
and finally representing
them on a sheet of paper
called Plan or Map.
Uses of Surveying
1. To prepare a
topographical map
which shows hills,
valleys, rivers, forests,
villages, towns etc.
Uses of Surveying
2. To prepare a
cadastral map which
shows the
boundaries of fields,
plots, houses and
other properties..
Uses of Surveying
3. To prepare an engineering map which shows the position of
engineering works such as buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals.
4. To prepare a contour map to know the topography of the area to find
out the best possible site for roads, railways, bridges, reservoirs, canals,
etc.
Uses of Surveying
5. Surveying is also used to prepare military map, geological map,
archaeological map etc.
6. For setting out work and transferring details from the map on the
ground.
Computation of Area
The main objective of the surveying is to compute the areas and volumes. Generally, the
lands will be of irregular shaped polygons. There are formulae readily available for regular
polygons like, triangle, rectangle, square and other polygons. But for determining the areas
of irregular polygons, different methods are used.
Earthwork computation is involved in the excavation of channels, digging of trenches for
laying underground pipelines, formation of bunds, earthen embankments, digging farm
ponds, land levelling and smoothening. In most of the computation the cross sectional
areas at different interval along the length of the channels and embankments are first
calculated and the volume of the prismoids are obtained between successive cross section
either by trapezoidal or prismoidal formula.
Calculation of area is carried out by any one of the following methods:
a) Mean-ordinate method
c) Trapezoidal rule
d) Simpson’s rule
Mean Ordinate Rule
Consider The following Picture:

𝑛−1
A= x [𝑦1 + 𝑦2 +𝑦3 . . . . . 𝑦𝑛 ] x d
𝑛
Where :
n = number of offsets
d = division of each length
𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 . . . . . 𝑦𝑛 are lengths of offsets
Trapezoidal Rule
𝑦1 +𝑦𝑛
•𝐴= [( ) + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 . . . . . . . . 𝑦𝑛−1 ] x d
2
Simpson’s Rule
A = d/3 (X + 2O + 4E)
Where:
X = y1 + yn
O = Sum of odd numbers i.e. y3 + y5 +y7 …..
E = Sum of Even Numbers i.e. y2 + y4 +y6 …..

Note: Simpson’s rule work only for odd numbers. If our data is in even
numbers, we will make it odd by removing the last ordinate and adding
its area in the end.
Comparison between Simpsons Rule and
Trapezoidal Rule
Trapezoidal Rule Simpson’s Rule

The boundary between the ordinates is The boundary between the ordinates is
considered to be straight considered to be an arc of a parabola

There is no limitation. It can be applied for To apply this rule, the number of ordinates
any number of ordinates must be odd

It gives an approximate result It gives a more accurate result.

Computation of Volume
• For computation of area, we must compute volume of the cross
sectional area.
• There can be two types of area sections:
a) Level Section [ A = h (b+nh) ]
𝑏
b) Two Level Section [ A = 𝑛 ℎ1 ℎ2 + ℎ1 + ℎ2 ]
2
Where:
h = height
b = base
n = slope (horizontal to vertical slope)
Computation of Volume
• Trapezoidal Rule
𝐴1 +𝐴𝑛
𝑉= [( ) + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 . . . . . . . . 𝐴𝑛−1 ] x d
2

• Prismoidal Rule
V = d/3 (X + 2O + 4E)
Where:
X = A1 + An
O = Sum of odd numbers i.e. A3 + A5 +A7 …..
E = Sum of Even Numbers i.e. A2 + A4 + A6 …..
Thank you