objectives OF this chapter, 1 should be nite + Define transport andes ‘of transport in ph xylem and phiocr + Relate the in to tra ovement of water and my through the plants, + Demonstrate transpiration, + Distinguish betwee circulatory systems, Relate the structure of the blood vessels to theie fune simple experiments. on closed and open heart tions, the 11 Introduction In Form One, we teamed organisms require nutrie for the various metabolic activiti taking blace in ther bodies. Nutrients and oxygen ‘must be transported to all the living celle of the body. Metabolic activities relea: by-products such as carbon (IV) oxide and nitrogenous wastes that must be removed the moment they are formed. Otherw ifallowed to accumulate they may poison the cells. A means of transport is essential for the organisms to carry the required Substances to various parts ofthe body and {0 Femove the waste products from these parts, that tiving nts and oxygen Jd Trace the path taken by the bh From the heart te-all parte of te hewly tid back to the her Name thee the m dinenves of felony ayatern in burn e structure of te components blood to their functions. Kxplain how oxygen and. carton (IY) oxide are transpnted in the Mood. Uxphain the mechanism of bi Clotting and its importance Describe the human blood groups and their importance in blood tr + Explain immunity immune responses describe Living organisms. such and simple mul have small. bodi have a large surface area to volume ratio. As a result of this, most of their body surface is in cont ot with materials in the environment, Therefore, diffusion alone is enough to transport substances ac cell membranes and organism, ross their ithin the cells of the NOT FOR SALE2 supply of materials, and at the same time have rapid metabolic waste elimination, an elaborate transport system is essential. This would transport substances closer to the tissues from where diffusion can take place efliciently. Transportisthe movement of substances from one part of the body of an organism to another. It involves the movement of materials from the environment to the sites where they are required and the removal of metabolic wastes from their site of Production to the site of elimination. In Plants, certain metabolic wastes are converted into less toxic substances and are transported to certain plant organs for storage. 1.2 Transport in Plants In simple plants such as mosses and liverworts, transport of substances occurs from cell to cell through diffusion, osmosis and active transport. These plants lack Specialised transport systems. In higher Plants, the transport function is carried out by a specialised transport system known as the vascular system. It comprises of the xylem and phloem tissues. ‘The xylem transports water and mineral salts while the phloem transports dissolved food substances such as sugars, To understand the mechanism involved in the transport of substances in higher Plants it i necessary to study the anatomy oF roots and stems in relation to transport, LEE Proery afte Goverment of Kenn (a) Which substances are absorbed 4, the roots and transported 10 the rex of the plant body? (b) Name a substance that is transportey from leaves to the rest Of the plan, body. ( risegenumetter a, ‘To observe the external structure of the root Requirements Petri dishes, razor blade, ruler slides ang dissecting microscope, hand lens ang seedlings of pea or bean. Procedure 1. Uproot one of the seedlings ang wash off the soil carefully without destroying the roots. 2 Identify the radicle or the taproot, Measure 3 cm length from the root tip and cut it off. Transfer the piece Onto a glass slide. Add a few drops of water to avoid drying, 3. Examine the piece using a hand lens oF dissecting microscope. Identity the root hairs. Make a fully labelled drawing of your observations, ev omy (a) How are the root hairs adapted to their functions? (©) Make a fully tabetted drawing of your observation in practical activity 1.Root hai Poem htytad Poe peng Gterensaion Leat Region oct cengeton Region oct a division Root cap. Root hair Root hrs Root hairs Epidarma Epidemis (pater) (Pater) Cotes F202 Cortex 2 Perey oS Percyle 2% Endodermis. o ‘Endodermis: oem Xylem , coat (i) TS dicotyledonous (ii) TS monocotyledonous nen Internal Structure of Roots and Root Hairs A root is the part of a plant, which is embedded in the soil, whose main functions are: (Anchorage: Holding the plant firmly in the soil. (ii) Absorption: Uptake of mineral ions and water, Other functions performed by certain specialised roots are storage as in sweet Potatoes and gaseous exchange as in mangrove trees. A microscopic examination of the intemal structure of a young root shows various structural features, see figure 1.1(b) and figure 1.1c (i) and (ii) above. NOT FOR SALE4 1 part of the he Foot cap is at the termi notte iple parenchyma pical meristem as root tip, I consists of s that protect the as the root if is pushed past soil pats The cells of the root cap are reatvel y impermeable to water and solutes. As the ul disintegrate, 1 meristem replace outer cells wear out, di cells from the them, The apical meristem is mad simple ur ed cells, which are tively dividing. ‘This gives rise to many new cells, Two to three millimetres from the root tip is the zone of cell elongation. The cells here lengthen and increase in size, pushing the Foot tip through the soil About one centimetre from the tip is another zone characterised by a dense growth of hair like structures known as Toot hairs, see figure 1.1(b). New root hairs continuously develop nearer the tip as the old ones wither and disintegrate Rapid and active absorption of water occurs in this zone, It is also the region where the various tissues begin to form by the process of cell differentiation. Such tissues include the piliferous layer, cortex, vascular bundles, endodermis and Pericycle. Transverse sections through the root hair zone of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous roots show the arrangement of these tissues, 1.1(6) (i) and (ii), see figure Piliferous Layer The piliferous layer is a special of young roots whose cells root hairs, I epidermis give rise to {ts cells are thin-walled to allow Passage of water and mineral salts, Ag the root tissues mature, a less permeable suberised epidermis replaces the piliferous layer. BR Prorery ofthe Govermmen of Kenya made up of eee cereorten ix made Up of loose) ag, thin walled parenchyma celfs, on roots, it forms the extensive region jy Me the epidermis and the vascular py Water molecules pass through these ts to reach the vascular bundles, The ss Conte also acts as a storage tissue, m Endodermis ‘The endodermis is « single layer gf surrounding the vascular bundley acterised by possession of: cell, Wi is + Starch grains that st an bluesbag, with iodine solution + Casparian strip which pgs impervious deposit on the rag cross walls. The endodermis COMtOS the any of water and mineral salts entering yy vascular bundles. a al ang Pericycle The pericycle is a single layer of ey immediately below the endodemis thy ives rise to lateral roots, Vascular Bundles In both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous roots, the vascular bundles occupy the central position as shown in figure 1.1 (c), Each vascular bundle consists of the xylem a ind the phloem | monocotyledonous roots, the xylem alternates with the phloem. On the othe hand, in dicotyledonous Toots, the xylem 8 star-shaped and the Phloem is located between the arms of the star. Root Hairs Root hairs are m epidermal cells, long and thin w, icroscopic outgrowths of Since they are numerots alled, they provide a larg?surface area for water and mineral salt absorption. They make very close contact with the soil particles, bending round particles and penetrating into the crevices, Root hairs have a short life span, but they are continuously replaced by new ones that develop nearer to the tip. Figure 1.2 shows the structure of a typical root hair cell, | Root hair Cen walt — Coll membrane — Cet vacuole —— Cytoplasm J Nucleus {| To observe the internal structure of the root Requirements Light microscope, permanent slides of cross sections of : (i) Monocotyledonous root. (ii) Dicotyledonous root. Procedure 1. Place the permanent slide of the Mmonocot root on the microscope. 2. Observe under the low power objective Jens and then under the medium power objective lens. 3. Draw a labelled plain diagram of the section as seen under the low power objective lens. —— 5 4, Repeat the above procedure using the permanent slide of the dicotyledonous root. How does the arrangement of vascular tissues in the monocotyledonous roots compare with those of the dicotyledonous roots? The Stem The stem is the part of the plant above the ground from which branches and leaves arise. The functions of the stem include: (i) To support and expose the leaves and flowers to the environment. (ii) To conduct water and mineral ions from the roots to rest of the plant. (iii) To conduct the manufactured foods from the photosynthetic organs to other parts of the plant including the storage organs. Other functions performed by stems include storage of food and water as in cactus, perennation as in cassava and gaseous exchange in woody plants. Perennation is the survival of biennial and perennial plants from one year to the next by vegetative means. An examination of transverse sections of young, herbaceous stems shows various structural features related to water, mineral ions and food conduction, The Internal Structure of the Stem The primary structural Organisation in stems consists of several different cell types. The tissues found in young 13 (a) and (b). tissues possessing following are the Stems. See figure NOT FOR SALE ae