5-2 T Beams

„ At midspan, the compression zone is in flange as

shown in Fig 5-2

Chapter 5

Fl
Flexures:
T Beams, Beams with Compression
Reinforcement and Special Cases
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5-2 T Beams 5-2 T Beams

„ In floor system shown in Fig 5-1, slab assumed to be
carrying loads in one direction „ Fig 5-3
5 3 shows a photograph of the region between A-A
AA
and the left end of the beam

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 5-2 T Beams 5-2 T Beams
Analysis of T beams
„ Effective flange width and transverse reinforcement „ Generally compression of T beams is rectangular
„ In Fig 5-5, the forces acting on the flange of a simply „ Calculation of moment follows the steps mentioned in
supported T beam is shown. the previous chapter
„ At the support there are no compressive stresses in „ To avoid the need to locate the centroid, two
the flange and at midspan, the width is stressed in hypothetical beams can be considered:
compaction 1. Beam F
„ R l ffor estimating
Rules ti ti ththe width
idth ffor d
design
i purpose are: 2. Beaw W
1. Width of slab effective as a T beam flange shall not exceed
one quarter the length of the beam
2. Effective overhanging slab width on each side of the web
should not exceed the smaller of either eight times the slab
thickness or half the clear distance to next web beam
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5-2 T Beams
Beam F
„ From Fig 5 5-7c
7c, beam F has a compression zone
consisting of overhanging flanges, area, stress.
„ Area of reinforcement required in Beam F,

Asf f y = 0.85 f c' (b − bw )h f (5-1a)

0.85 f c' (b − bw )h f
Asf = (5-1b)
fy
„ Summing the moments,
⎛ h ⎞
M nf = 0.85 f c' (b − bw )h f ⎜⎜ d − f ⎟⎟ (5-2a)
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ h f ⎞
M nf = Asf f y ⎜⎜ d − ⎟⎟ (5-2b)
⎝ 2⎠
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 5-2 T Beams 5-2 T Beams
„ Beam W
„ From Fig 5-7d
5 7d, beam W has a rectangular width bw, „ T Beam = Beam T + Beam W
having a compression zone of are bwa and utilising the
remaining tensile steel Mn = Mnf + Mnw
Area of tensile steel, Asw = As – Asf
⎡ ⎛ hf ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ a ⎞⎤ (5-5a)
Compression force Cw = 0.85f’cbwa M n = ⎢0.85 f c' (b − bw )h f ⎜⎜ d − ⎟⎟⎥ + ⎢0.85 f c bw a⎜ d − 2 ⎟⎥
'

⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
Asw f y (5-3)
a= or
0.85 f c'bw
⎡ ⎛ hf ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ a ⎞⎤
M n = ⎢ Asf f y ⎜⎜ d − ⎟⎟⎥ + ⎢ Asw f y ⎜ d − ⎟⎥ (5-5b)
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦

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Cont’d 5-3 Beams With Compression

Reinforcement
„ Thus moment,
Thus, moment Effect of compression reinforcement on strength and
behavior
⎛ a⎞
M nw = 0.85 f c'bw a⎜ d − ⎟ (5-4a) „ Resultant internal forces at ultimate load are compared in
⎝ 2⎠
Or Fig 5-12
⎛ a⎞ „ For the beam without compression steel,
M nw = Asw f y ⎜ d − ⎟ (5-4b)
Mn = Asfy(j1d)
⎝ 2⎠
„ For the beam with compression steel,
Mn = Asfy(j2d)
Where j2d is the distance from the tensile force to the
resultant of Cs and Cc

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 5-3 Beams With Compression
Reinforcement
Reasons for providing Compression reinforcement
„ There are four primary reasons
1. Reduced sustained-load deflections – Addition of compression
reinforcement reduces long-term deflections of a beam
subjected to sustained loads. Fig 5-14 presents deflection-time
diagrams for beams with and without compression
reinforcement

Fig 5-12

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Reasons for providing Compression reinforcement

5-3 Beams With Compression
Reinforcement
2. Increased ductility – Addition of
compression reinforcement Analysis of beams with tension and compression
causes reduction in depth of reinforcement
compression stress block, a.
3. Change of mode of failure from „ In analysis of T beams, the cross-section is
compression to tension – When hypothetically divided into two beams
p>pb, a beam fails in a brittle
manner. Moment-curvature „ Similar procedure will be used for a beam in Fig 5-17a
diagram for such a beam is with the strain distribution, stresses and internal forces
sshown
o in Fig
g55-16
6 shown in Fig 5 5-17
17 b to d
4. Fabrication ease
„ Beam 2 consist of concrete web and shown in remaining
Figures

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 Case 1: Compression Steel Yields

„ Beam 1 consists of reinforcement in tension and

compression and resists moment as a steel force couple
M n1 = As' f y d − d ' ( ) (5-8)

„ Beam 2 consists of concrete plus the remaining steel

and C = T in beam 2,
a=
(A − A ) f
s
'
s y
(5-9a)
0.85 f c'b
„ From Fig 5-17f, nominal moment capacity of beam 2

( ⎛ a⎞
M n 2 = As − As' f y ⎜ d − ⎟ ) (5-10)
⎝ 2⎠
Fig 5-17
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Analysis of beams with tension and compression Cont’d

reinforcement
„ Total nominal moment capacity of a beam with
„ The strain distribution for a beam with compression steel, compression steel is
⎛ β d' ⎞ (5 6)
(5-6) ( ) (
⎛ a⎞
)
ε s' = ⎜⎜1 − 1 ⎟⎟0.003 M n = As' f y d − d ' + As − As' f y ⎜ d − ⎟ (5-11a)
⎝ 2⎠
⎝ a ⎠
„ Setting E’s = Ey and Ey = fy/Es, where Es = 200,000MPA „ As for in beam 2,
⎛ 0.85 f c' ⎞
⎛ d' ⎞ 1 ⎛ f ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜1 − y ⎟⎟ (5-7) M n = As' ⎜1 −
⎜ f y ⎟⎠
⎟ fy d − d' ( ) (5-11b)
⎝ ⎠ lim
a β 1 ⎝ 600 ⎠ ⎝
„ where

a=
[A − A (1− 0.85 f
s
'
s c
'
fy fy)]
'
0.85 f b
c
(5-9b)

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 Case 2: Compression Steel Does Not Yield 5-4 Unsymmetrical Beam Sections Or
„ Assuming tensile steel yields, internal forces in beam are Beams Bent About Two Axes
T = AsFy
„ Fig
g 5-22 shows a cross section
Cc = 0.85fc'ba (5-14a) of an inverted L-shaped beam
loaded with gravity loads.
Ignoring correction done to Eq 11b, we have „ Since moment is about

( )
horizontal axis, lever arm must
Cs = Esεs' As' (5-14b) be vertical. So,
This can be reduced to a quadratic equation g
jjd = d − (5-17)
(0.85f b)a +(0.003E A − A f )a −(0.003E A β d ) = 0
c
' 2 '
s s s y
'
s s 1
' (5-15) 3

The nominal moment capacity of the section is ⎛ g⎞ (5-18)

M n = As f y ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
⎛ a⎞
M n = Cc ⎜ d − ⎟ + C s d − d ' ( ) (5-16)
⎝ 2⎠

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5-4 Unsymmetrical Beam Sections Or 5-6 Design of Members With FRP

Beams Bent About Two Axes Reinforcement Design
„ Fig
g 5-21 shows one-half of a „ The three most common types of FRP are GFRP with
simply supported beam with an glass fibers, AFRP with Aramid fibers and CFRP with
unsymmetrical cross section
carbon fibers
„ Load lies in a plane referred to
as plane of loading „ Most FRP cannot be bent once the polymer has set
„ The polymer resins used to make FRP bars undergo a
phase change between 65oC and 120oC, causing a
reduction in strength
strength.

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