ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES REVIEWER

1ST SEMESTER (S.Y.2023-2024)

1. ACADEMIC TEXT
• The names and credentials of the authors must be included in any type of academic text
• It must also include a list of valid and reliable references indicating where the author obtained the
information used in the article.
• Have clearly structured introduction, body and conclusion
• Well-written: organization, unity, coherence and strict adherence to the rules of language and mechanics
• It is a written language that provides information, which contain ideas and concepts that are related to a
particular discipline.
• EXAMPLES: Essay, Research Paper, Report, Project, Article, Thesis, and Dissertation
2. LINGUISTICS - the scientific study of language, and its focus is the systematic investigation of the properties of
particular languages as well as the characteristics of language in general. (University at Buffalo's Department of
Linguistics)
3. LINGUISTIC REGISTER- the register of a piece of speech or writing is its level and style of language, which is
usually appropriate to the situation or circumstances in which it is used. (Collins Dictionary)

• Linguistic varieties that are linked to occupations, professions, or topics have been termed
registers. These are usually characterized solely by vocabulary differences.

• Registers are simply a rather special case of a kind of language being produced by the social
situation.

• it is a set of specialized vocabulary and preferred syntactic and rhetorical devices/structures, used
by specific socioprofessional groups for special purposes. A register is a property or characteristic
of a language, and not of an individual or a class of speakers.

• LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE - is used to describe components and processes of the human body,
medical procedures, diseases, disorders, and pharmacology. Simply put, it is the vocabulary that
medical professionals use to describe the body, what it does, and the treatments they prescribe.

• LEGAL LANGUAGE- used by the persons connected to the legal profession. The language used
by the lawyer, jurist, and the legislative drafts man in their professional capacities. Law being a
technical subject speaks through its own register.

• JOURNALISTIC LANGUAGE - helps understand how journalists create their stories or reports,
shape points of view, deliver expected news and how media language is different from other
languages we encounter.

• LITERARY LANGUAGE - register of a language that is used in literary writing.

4. NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT

• STRUCTURE - The basic structure used is consist of three (3) parts: introduction, body and
conclusion which is formal and logical. Through structure, readers will be able to follow and
navigate the text.

• TONE - It is the attitude conveyed in a piece of writing. When the arguments of others are
presented or disagrees with one’s perspectives, author must describe the argument accurately
without loaded or biased language.

• LANGUAGE - Clear topic sentences enable a reader to follow your line of thinking without difficulty.
Formal language and the third person point-of-view should be used.
Technical language appropriate to area of study may also be used, however, it does not mean
using “big words” just for the sake of doing so.

• CITATION - Citing sources in the body of the paper is very important aspect of an academic text as
a defense against allegations of plagiarism.
Footnote – notes located at the bottom or foot of the page; let the reader see the sources and
notes as they read.
Endnote – notes located at the end of the section, chapter, or book.

• COMPLEXITY - An academic text addresses complex issues that requires higher-order thinking
skills (HOTS) to comprehend.

• EVIDENCE-BASED ARGUMENTS - Opinions are based on a sound understanding of the pertinent

body of knowledge and academic debates that exist within, and often external to a specific
discipline.

• THESIS-DRIVEN - The starting point of an academic text is a particular perspective, idea or

position applied to the chosen research problem, such as establishing, proving, or disproving
solutions to the questions posed for the topic.

5. PURPOSES IN READING ACADEMIC TEXTS

• To locate the main idea
• To scan for information
• To identify gaps in existing studies
• To connect ideas to existing ones
• To gain more pieces of information
• To support a particular writing assignment
• To deeply understand an existing idea
6. FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN WRITING ACADEMIC TEXTS
• State critical questions and issues
• Provide facts and evidence from credible sources
• Use precise and accurate words while avoiding jargon
• Take an objective point of view
• List references
• Use cautious language
7. ACADEMIC TEXTS VS NON ACADEMIC TEXTS

• Academic articles are written by professionals in a given field. They are edited by the authors'
peers and often take years to publish. Their language is formal and will contain words and terms
typical to the field. The authors name will be present, as will their credentials. There will be a list of
references that indicate where the author obtained the information s/he is using in the article.

• Non-Academic articles are written for the mass public. They are published quickly and can be
written by anyone. Their language is informal, casual and may contain slang. The author may not
be provided and will not have any credentials listed. There will be no reference list.

8. SIX (6) GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF ACADEMIC TEXTS IN EAPP

1. ESSAY
• Proforma for all analytical compositions
• NOTE: Not all essays are academic

2. CONCEPT PAPER
• Idea or concept and clarifies its “whatness”
• Most prominent structure is the use of definition

3. REACTION PAPER
• Informed and insightful perspective on art, popular culture, and a technical topic
4. POSITION PAPER
• Asserts an argument
5. REPORT
• Retells data, incident or event
6. RESEARCH
• Highly formal approach of report
9. TEXT STUCTURES
1. Three-part essay structure

1) Introduction - opening paragraph(s) aims to make a good impression and put the objective of the text in
context by presenting the situation or the overall rationale; Thesis statement which is one-sentence gist or
summary of the entire paper

2) Body - composed of several paragraphs that cohesively discuss the thesis. Starts with the main topic,
also called as the key or topic sentence.

3) Conclusion - leave the impression that the topic has been relevantly and thoroughly dealt with;
Summarizing is an important element of conclusion.
2. Full blown research format
CHAPTER 1 - Introduction
CHAPTER 2 - Review of Related Literature and Studies
CHAPTER 3 - Methodology
CHAPTER 4 – Results/Findings
CHAPTER 5 - Conclusion, Discussion, and Recommendations
3. IMRD (Introduction, Methodology, Results and Discussion)
4. S-P-S-E (Situation, Problem,Solution, Evaluation)

10. PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT

 refers to the particular strategy writers use to develop ideas.
 It is the logical arrangement of ideas in a text.
 The pattern helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text better.
 help you to both develop and organize information in your essays or compositions.

11. PATTERN OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT

 presents ideas in logical and consistent structure to manage information in an essay.

Pattern Purpose Transitional Devices

Narrative 1. It describes how, when, and where an About
event or occurrence actually Later
happened. Meanwhile
2. Used to tell a story or focus on a set of Prior to
related events. tomorrow
Description This pattern goes into details about a Above
specific object, person, or location, in Across
order to firmly set its appearance Alongside
 Between
Beyond
Definition It explains not just what something Is defined as
means or is, but also what something As defined
does, what something is used for Means
Refers to
To define
Classification 1. It organizes ideas into categories or Another
divisions based on criteria and Another kind
standards. Classified
2. This pattern can be used when Final type
classifying people, objects, events, The first category
things, places, and other items
Exemplification 1. This pattern presents the general For instance
statement and then provides specific As an example
and concrete examples to expound on For example
the main idea. In particular
2. This pattern is used to provide an Namely
example of something.
Comparison- This pattern organizes ideas based on Also
Contrast how events, places, people, things, As
and concepts are similar to or different Equally
from one another In a similar fashion
Both
Cause and Effect 1. This pattern explains why something As
happens or what results a particular Since
event produces. Due to
2. It organizes details based on the For the reason
causes, the reason, and the result or Consequently
consequences of certain phenomenon.
Problem Solution 1. This pattern organizes ideas into Nonetheless
problem and proposed solutions One reason
One solution is
One way is
The problem
Persuasion 1. This organizes ideas to show how a set Truly
of evidence lead to a logical conclusion In fact
or argument. Inevitably
2. This pattern presents the issue, the In essence
position, and the supporting evidence certainly
that supports the position.
12. ORGANIZING PARAGRAPHS USING THE DIFFERENT PATTERNS
1. Problem-Solution Paragraph

2. Narrative Paragraph

3. Cause and Effect Paragraph

4. Persuasive Paragraph

5. Classification Paragraph

6. Descriptive paragraph

7.

Definition essay
 8. Comparison and contrast paragraph

9. Exemplification paragraph

13. T.H.I.E.V.E.S STRATEGY - a great strategy to preview chapters of any textbook or any type of nonfiction
article.
TITLE
HEADINGS/SUBHEADINGS
 INTRODUCTION
EVERY FIRST SENTENCE IN THE PARAGRAPH
VISUALS AND VOCABULARY
END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS
SUMMARY

14. SUMMARIZING
“A strategy of reducing text to one-third or one-quarter of its original size, clearly articulating the author’s meaning,
and retaining main ideas.” - Buckley (2004) in her popular writing text Fit to Print

“Summarizing involves stating a work’s thesis and main ideas “simply, briefly, and accurately”. It is a
strategy used to make a concise statement or account of the main points of the text.”
- Diane Hacker (2008), in A Canadian Writer’s Reference
15. PARAPHRASING
• Means putting someone else’s ideas into your own words.
• It involves changing the wording while preserving the original meaning.
• Paraphrasing is an alternative to quoting (copying someone’s exact words and putting them in
quotation marks).
• In academic writing, it’s usually better to integrate sources by paraphrasing instead of quoting. It shows that
you have understood the source, reads more smoothly, and keeps your own voice front and center.
• Every time you paraphrase, it’s important to cite the source. Also take care not to use wording that is too
similar to the original. Otherwise, you could be at risk of committing plagiarism.

16. PLAGIARISM- An act of presenting the words, ideas, images, sounds, or the creative expression of
others as your own.
17. PARAPHRASING VS SUMMARIZING
A paraphrase puts a specific passage into your own words. It’s typically a similar length to the
original text, or slightly shorter.
When you boil a longer piece of writing down to the key points, so that the result is a lot shorter
than the original, this is called summarizing.
18. THESIS STATEMENT
• a statement that “makes a definitive point about your topic” (Beebe, Beebe & Ivy, 2007)
• Expresses the entire point of your paper
• is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay. It usually comes near the end of your
introduction.
 • STEPS:
Start with a question
Write your initial answer
Develop your answer

19. OUTLINING
• A summary that gives the essential features of a text. It shows how the parts of a text are related to one
another as parts that are of equal importance or sections that are subordinate to a main idea (Valdriz, 2017)
• It provides a means of organizing your information in a hierarchical or logical order
Outline:

I. Main Idea 1
A. Supporting Idea 1
1. Supporting detail 1
a. Particular Detail 1
b. Particular Detail 2
2. Supporting detail 2
B. Supporting Idea 2

II. Main Idea 2

III. Main Idea 3