Lecture 4:

Design of Coupling Beams; Design of Wall Piers for

Axial Force & Bending

Ehsan Dezhdar, Ph.D, P.Eng.

May 4, 2023
Presentation Organization

 Analysis

 Reinforcement details.

 Flexural design of ductile shear wall and coupled walls.

 Ductility and confinement calculation.

Analysis

 Element forces and deflections are determined using response spectrum

analysis (RSA) in most cases.
 Reduced section properties must be used for core walls, coupling beams,
and other elements.
 For walls, same reduction factor is applied to cross sectional area and
bending moment of inertia:
𝑃
- In CSA A23.3-04: 𝛼𝑤 = 0.6 + 𝑓′ 𝐴𝑠 ≤ 1.0
𝑐 𝑔

𝑅𝑑 𝑅0
- In CSA A23.3-19: 𝛼𝑤 = 1.0 − 0.35 − 1 ≥ 0.5.
𝛾𝑤
Analysis

 For diagonally reinforced coupling beams: 𝐴𝑣𝑒 = 0.45𝐴𝑔 ; 𝐼𝑒 = 0.25𝐼𝑔 .

 For conventionally reinforced coupling beams: 𝐴𝑣𝑒 = 0.15𝐴𝑔 ; 𝐼𝑒 = 0.4𝐼𝑔 .
 For slabs: 𝐼𝑒 = 0.2𝐼𝑔 .
 For beams: 𝐼𝑒 = 0.4𝐼𝑔 .
𝑃
 For columns: 𝐼𝑒 = 𝛼𝑐 𝐼𝑔 ; 𝛼𝑐 = 0.5 + 0.6 𝑓′ 𝐴𝑠 .
𝑐 𝑔
Analysis

 Ps : axial load resulting from dead load plus factored live load.
 𝛾𝑤 : over-strength factor which is equal to nominal moment resistance of the
wall to factored bending moment, needs to be taken greater than 1.3 and
can be assumed equal to R0.
 For start, assume 𝛼𝑤 = 0.5. It can be revised at the end of first round of
flexural design if:
- Bending design is governed by wind, i.e. much larger over-strength than
what is assumed.
- The designer needs to have a better estimate of lateral deflections for the
purpose of evaluating gravity system or allowable shear force.
Analysis

 Before the 2014 edition of CSA A23.3, effective stiffness was a function of
axial compression force, and was determined based on the moment –
curvature relationship:
Analysis

 Paulay and Priestley (1991) related the stiffness of cantilever walls subjected
predominately to flexural deformations to the equivalent moment of inertia
of the cross section at first yield in the extreme fiber:
100 𝑃
 𝐼𝑒 = ( 𝑓 + 𝑓′ 𝐴𝑢 )𝐼𝑔 .
𝑦 𝑐 𝑔

 Yield strength is in MPa, and 𝑃𝑢 is the axial load on the wall during an
earthquake taken positive when causing compression.
 For axial stress ratio of 0.1 and fy =400MPa, Ie=0.35Ig.
Analysis

 CSA A23.3-14 and newer editions, effective stiffness was defined as the
stiffness of a linear system that has same roof displacement demand from
the corresponding nonlinear model.

 Using this approach, it was known that axial compression force has a lesser
impact of the effective stiffness for flexure, and the shape of the force-
displacement relationship has a bigger impact.
 Analysis

Low axial force High axial force

 Analysis

W-R8-R2 has the highest

axial compression force.

SDOF analysis, using 40

ground motions and period of
2.0 seconds.
Analysis

Comparison with shake table

results from UCSD.
 Analysis

Eq 5.1:
Reinforcement Details

 Lap splices should have a minimum length of 1.5𝑙𝑑 .

 Clause 12.2.5, which permits reduction of lap splice when the area of
reinforcing steel exceeds the required area, is not applied to reinforcing
used in SFRS.

 The reinforcement ratio within region of concentrated reinforcement should

not be more than 6%.

 The diameter of the bars should not exceed 10% of the thickness of the
wall.
Reinforcement Details

 Reinforcement ratio for distributed vertical and horizontal reinforcement should

not be less than 0.0025.

 Within plastic hinge, the spacing of horizontal steel should not exceed 400mm
for 𝑅𝑑 ≤ 2.5 and 300mm for 𝑅𝑑 ≥ 3.5.

 Per 14.1.8.4, maximum spacing of vertical & horizontal reinforcement is 500mm.

 Plastic hinge extends above the critical section a distance of 0.5𝑙𝑤 + 0.1ℎ𝑤 ,
where 𝑙𝑤 is the length of shear wall of overall length of the coupled wall, and ℎ𝑤
is the height of the wall.
Reinforcement Details

 Critical section: section where vertical reinforcement yields first, i.e. where
bending moment demand is maximum.

 Maximum bending moment in the core usually occurs at the top of the
podium or at level 1 if there is no podium wall.

 Plastic hinge at the base (critical section) should extend below the critical
section all the way to the footing to ensure that yielding will not occur
below the critical section.
 Reinforcement Details

Within plastic hinge of walls designed

with Rd=3.5 or 4.0, horizontal (shear)
reinforcement should be anchored to
develop 1.25fy within the tied
concentrated vertical steel.
Reinforcement Details

 Concentrated vertical reinforcement should be provided at each end of

wall. Each concentrated reinforcement shall have a minimum of four bars
in at least two layers.

 The minimum concentrated reinforcement in the plastic hinge should be at

least 0.0015𝑏𝑤 𝑙𝑤 for 𝑅𝑑 ≥ 3.5 and 0.00075𝑏𝑤 𝑙𝑤 for 𝑅𝑑 ≤ 2.5 at the ends of the
wall.

 The minimum concentrated reinforcement outside the plastic hinge should

be at least 0.001𝑏𝑤 𝑙𝑤 for 𝑅𝑑 ≥ 3.5 and 0.0005𝑏𝑤 𝑙𝑤 for 𝑅𝑑 ≤ 2.5 at the ends of
the wall.
Reinforcement Details

 In case of flanged walls, concentrated reinforcement at the ends of the

effective flanges may supply up to ½ of the required minimum wall web
concentrated reinforcement and the remainder will be placed at the end
of the wall web.
Reinforcement Details

 Concentrated reinforcement should be tied as a compression member per

clause 7.6.5. Within plastic hinge, all concentrated reinforcement should
have buckling prevention ties.

 Buckling prevention ties can be hoops, seismic crossties or spirals. Tie

spacing is the smaller of 6db, 24 tie diameter, and ½ of the least dimension
of the member (wall thickness).
 Reinforcement Details

 Clause 7.6.5.5 states that every corner & alternate longitudinal bar shall
have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie having an angle of not
more than 135, and no bar shall be farther than 150 mm clear on either side
from such a laterally supported bar.

Clause 7.6.5.2: tie spacing is the

smallest of 16db, 48 tie spacing, least
dimension of the member, and 300mm.
Reinforcement Details

 Concentrated reinforcement at coupling beams should be tied. For wall

systems with 𝑅𝑑 = 4.0 𝑜𝑟 3.5, the concentrated reinforcement should have
buckling prevention ties over the full height.

 Within plastic hinge, if the area of vertical distributed reinforcement is greater

than 0.005Ag or the maximum bar size is greater than 20M, vertical distributed
reinforcement should be tied with buckling prevention ties.
Reinforcement Details

 For Rd ≥3.5, not more than 50% of the reinforcement at each end of the walls in the
plastic hinge shall be spliced at the same location & a total of at least ½ of the
height of each story shall be completely clear of lap slices in the concentrated
reinforcement.
Dimension Limitation

 Wall thickness is generally determined from:

- Minimum wall thickness at the plastic hinge to avoid instability.
- Shear force in the wall and its comparison with allowable shear force.
- Serviceability requirements for wind demands.

➢ The first item depends on magnitude of tensile/compressive strains.

➢ The second item depends on how large is the inelastic rotational demand
at the base.
- Increasing concrete compressive strength helps, but it has a bigger impact of
items 2 & 3.
 Dimension Limitation

 Clause 21.5.3.1 of CSA A23.3-14 gives wall thickness values within the plastic
hinge:

Limit B can be applied to the following cases:

Dimension Limitation

 Clause 21.5.3.3: conditions for reduced wall thickness:

1- any part of a wall that under factored vertical and lateral loads are not
more than halfway from the neutral axis to the compression face of the wall:
Dimension Limitation

2- Any part of a wall that lies within a distance of 3bw from a continuous line of
lateral support provided by a flange or cross section; the width of flange
providing lateral support shall not be less than lu/5:
Dimension Limitation
3- For simple rectangular walls where the distance from the neutral axis to the
compression face calculated for factored load effects, is located within a
distance of the lesser of 4bw or 0.3lw from the compression face of the wall
section.
Dimension Limitation

 Shear force demands can also dictate the wall thickness at the plastic
hinge.

 How to obtain shear force demands will be discussed in the following

sessions.

 Seismic shear force demand at the base should be less than allowable
shear force, which is a function of inelastic rotational demand.
Design of Coupling Beams
 Both diagonally- and conventionally-reinforced coupling beams are accepted.
 For coupling beams without diagonal reinforcement:
- Dimensional limitations for systems with 𝑅𝑑 = 4.0 𝑜𝑟 3.5 should follow those for
beams in ductile moment resisting frames (clear span should be at least four
times the effective depth of the beam).
- Clear span should not be less than 2𝑙𝑑 .
𝑙
- Maximum shear force is 0.1( 𝑢 ) 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑.
𝑑
Design of Coupling Beams

 Coupling beams with diagonal reinforcement should meet the following

requirements:
- The beam depth not greater than 2.0𝑙𝑢 ;
- The beam width not less than the wall thickness;
- The beam should be centered on the wall pier;
- Length of the wall pier at each end of the coupling beam must be
sufficient so that the diagonal reinforcing can develop 1.5𝑙𝑑 (including top
bar factor) for straight embedment.
Design of Coupling Beams

 Diagonal reinforcement in each direction should be enclosed by hoops

that extend up to the concentrated reinforcement. Maximum spacing of
hoops is the smaller of:

- 6db;

- 24 tie diameter;

- 100mm.
Design of Coupling Beams
 Design of Coupling Beams
 𝑉𝑟 = 2𝐴𝑠 𝜙𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ≥ 𝑉𝑓 .
 𝑀𝑟 = 𝐴𝑠 𝜙𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑗𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼.
 𝑉𝑟 = 2𝑀𝑟 /𝑙𝑢
 𝑗𝑑 = 𝑙𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼.
 𝑉𝑟 = 2 𝐴𝑠 𝜙𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑙𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼/𝑙𝑢
 Shear strength provided by diagonal
bars is exactly in equilibrium with the
moment demand that they produce.
Design of Coupling Beams

2𝑥
 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = ℎ −
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑙𝑛
 h = coupling beam depth;
 x = half of depth of one diagonal
 Angle is determined by try and error
or assume that depth is equal to 1/5 of
Width of beam
Design of Coupling Beams

 Item (c) of 18.10.7.4 of ACI 318-19: each group of diagonal bars shall be
enclosed by rectilinear transverse reinforcement having out-to-out
dimension of at least 𝑏𝑤 /2 in the direction parallel to 𝑏𝑤 and 𝑏𝑤 /5 along the
other side, where 𝑏𝑤 is the web width of the coupling beam.
 Item (d) of 18.10.7.4 of ACI 318-19: transverse reinforcement shall be
provided for the entire cross section with 𝐴𝑠ℎ not less than the greater of:
𝑓𝑐′
 0.09𝑠𝑏𝑐 𝑓
𝑦𝑡

𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐′
 0.3𝑠𝑏𝑐 (𝐴 − 1) 𝑓
𝑐ℎ 𝑦𝑡

- Ash = total cross sectional area of transverse reinforcement including crossties

within spacing s and perpendicular to dimension bc.
 Design of Coupling Beams
 Inelastic rotational demand of coupling beam according to CSA A23.3-14
is:
∆𝑓 𝑅𝑑 𝑅0 𝑙𝑐𝑔
𝜃𝑖𝑑 = ( )
ℎ𝑤 𝑙𝑢

Lcg = horizontal distance between

centroids of walls on either side of
coupling beam
Inelastic rotational capacity of
coupling beam is 0.02 for coupling
beams without diagonal
reinforcement and 0.04 for coupling
beams with diagonal reinforcement.
Design of Coupling Beams

 Inelastic rotational demand of coupling beam is independent of shear

strength of the coupling beam.

 Time history analysis has shown that inelastic rotational capacity of coupling
beams is reduced by increasing the amount of steel in diagonal bars.

 It also semes that the limits on inelastic rotational capacity is tight. Total
rotational capacity of conventionally and diagonally reinforced coupling
beams is around 0.03 and 0.05 assuming 0.01 yield rotation, as opposed to
total rotational capacity of 0.04 and 0.06 observed in test.
Design of Coupling Beams
Diagonals were increased above level 25 to reduce rotational
demand in H3.
Coupling beam H3
45

40

35

30

25 Inelastic rotation,8#11

Level
Inelastic,10#11
20
Total rotation,8#11

15 Total rotation,10#11
Limit
10

0
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Rotation (rad)
Design of Coupling Beams
 Inelastic rotational demand for coupling beams connecting long walls to
end return is smaller than what CSA A23.3 predicts.
Design of Coupling Beams
 Steel-reinforced concrete coupling beams can also be used.
 Chapter H of AISC Seismic Provisions, Harries et al. (1993), Motter et al.
(2017) offer calculation details for designing steel coupling beams.
 Steel coupling beams are not as stiff as coupling beams with high-strength
concrete, but higher shear strength can be achieved in a thinner wall.
Design of Coupling Beams
Design for Flexure

 Design for flexure involves proportioning boundary elements and the

amount of transverse reinforcement.

 Factored bending moment capacity must exceed design bending

moment demand considering range of axial forces.

 Strength calculations are identical to those for concrete columns.

 P-M interaction diagrams can be calculated in spreadsheet or any other

commercial software.
 Design for Flexure

Pn = axial load on the

core = DL+0.5LL.

In uncoupled wall
direction, there will be
small axial load from
seismic load case due to
torsion.
In coupled walls, axial load on
the wall from shear in the
coupling beams is significant.
Design for Flexure

 For uncoupled walls, preliminary zone size can be determined assuming

vertical distributed reinforcement yields:
 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑃𝑢 𝑥1 + 𝑇𝑠1 𝑗1 𝑙𝑤 + 𝑇𝑠2 𝑗2 𝑙𝑤
Assume 𝑗2 𝑙𝑤 ≈ 0.8𝑙𝑤 .
Assume web vertical steel ratio of 0.0025.
Assume all web t=steel yields.
Design for Flexure

 Clause 21.5.2.2.3 of CSA A23.3-19: Factored bending moment envelope

above plastic hinge must be increased to ensure that flexural yielding of
wall will not first occur above the plastic hinge. If RSA is used, the factored
bending moments at all elevations above the plastic hinge must be
increased by the ratio of factored bending moment resistance to factored
bending moment calculated at top of plastic hinge.
 Design for Flexure

Critical section is not necessarily at the

ground floor. Stiff podium walls will
move the location of plastic hinge to
the top of podium walls.

Lp=0.5Lw+0.1hw

Lp
Design for Flexure

 All coupled and partially coupled shear walls must be designed with the
portion of factored overturning moment resisted by axial forces in the wall
piers increased at each level by the ratio of sum of coupling beam nominal
capacity (𝑅𝑑 = 4.0 𝑜𝑟 3.5) or factored capacity (𝑅𝑑 = 2.5 𝑜𝑟 2.0) to the sum of
factored forces in the coupling beams above the level under
consideration.

 For core walls that form a closed tube, the factored forces in the coupling
beams used to calculate the ratio is determined without accidental torsion.
Design for Flexure

 This is to form hinges in the coupling beams instead of wall piers and to
ensure that coupling beams must yield first.

 Axial capacity of the walls at any height should be sufficient to resist the
sum of the coupling beam shear force required to yield the coupling
beams above the height.

 To avoid significant over-strength, the shear forces applied to coupling

beams may be redistributed vertically.
 Design for Flexure

The intent of the code is to ensure

that coupling beams yield before
wall piers. Therefore, piers should be
designed for the nominal capacity of
coupling beams. So,, axial demands
in wall piers determined from
analysis are multiplied by the ratio of
sum of nominal capacity of coupling
beams to sum of shear demands in
beams.
 Design for Flexure

Code commentary suggests that the shear in

any individual coupling beam should not be
reduced by more than 20% from elastic
distribution.
Design for Flexure

 Inelastic rotational demand for ductile and moderately ductile shear walls:

∆𝑓 𝑅𝑑 𝑅0 − ∆𝑓 𝛾𝑤
𝜃𝑖𝑑 =
ℎ𝑤 − 0.5𝑙𝑤

- 𝜃𝑖𝑑 must not be less than 0.003 for 𝑅𝑑 = 2.0 and 0.004 for 𝑅𝑑 = 3.5.

➢ Inelastic rotational demand for coupled and partially coupled shear walls:

Δ𝑓 𝑅𝑑 𝑅0
𝜃𝑖𝑑 =
ℎ𝑤
 Design for Flexure

Plastic hinge is assumed to be 0.5

times wall length.
γw can be assumed to be 1.3 to give
a conservative estimate of inelastic
rotational demand. For refined
calculations, γw can be calculated
once flexural design of core is
finalized. This is usually done if
inelastic rotational demand exceeds
inelastic rotational capacity (which
triggers tighter confinement) or if
larger maximum possible shear
resistance is required.
Design for Flexure
 Inelastic rotational demand 𝜃𝑖𝑑 must be less than inelastic rotational
capacity 𝜃𝑖𝑐 calculated from the following equation:
𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝑙𝑤
 𝜃𝑖𝑐 = − 0.002 ≤ 0.025
2𝑐

 𝑙𝑤 is the length of individual wall; 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.0035;

𝑃𝑠 +𝑃𝑛 +𝑃𝑛𝑠 −𝛼1 𝜙𝑐 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑓
 𝑐= 𝛼1 𝜙𝑐 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
Design for Flexure

 If higher 𝜀𝑐𝑢 is taken greater than or equal to 0.0035, the compression region
of the wall should be confined as a column. Maximum value for 𝜀𝑐𝑢 is 0.014.
 According to Clause 21.2.8.2, the total effective area in each direction
should be the greater of:
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 𝐶ℎ 𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑝 𝑠𝑏
𝐴𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑦ℎ 𝑐
𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.09 𝑠𝑏
𝑓𝑦ℎ 𝑐
- Ch is 0.15 for systems with Rd = 2.0 or 2.5 and 0.2 for Rd greater than 2.5.
Design for Flexure
 𝑘𝑝 = 0.1 + 30𝜀𝑐𝑢 .

 Confinement reinforcement should be provided over a distance not less

than 𝑐(𝜀𝑐𝑢 − 0.0035)/𝜀𝑐𝑢 from the compression face of the wall.

 The minimum vertical reinforcement ratio in any part of this confine region
should be 0.005.
 Kn is a factor accounting for effectiveness of transverse reinforcement:
𝑛𝑙
𝑘𝑛 =
𝑛𝑙 − 2
 Design for Flexure
 Does yielding occur outside of intended plastic hinge?
 Mid-height yielding depends on the building height and ground motion
characteristics.
30-story 50-story
 Design for Flexure

GM2, CMS short GM4, CMS Long GM4, CMS Long

60 60

55 55

50 50

45 45

40 40

35 35

30 30

Level
Level

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
-5 -5
Tensile strain Displacement at the instant of maximum strain of G4, L20 to L25
 Design for Flexure

GM2, CMS short GM2, CMS short

60 60

55 55

50 50

45 45

40 40

35 35

30 30
Level

Level
25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20
-5 -5
Displacement at the instant of maximum of G4, L20 to L25 Displacement at the instant of maximum strain of G4 at level 36 (in)
Design for Flexure

 Clause 21.2.2: provisions for seismic design were developed for the design
of individual SFRSs that are continuous over the full building height and do
not have significant discontinuity in strength of stiffness.

 When SFRS has strength, stiffness, or geometrical irregularity as defined by

NBCC, the design of SFRS and gravity-load resisting frame shall account for
the actual inelastic behavior of the SFRS.

 Clause 21.4.2.1.4: for buildings with vertical stiffness or geometry irregularity

anywhere over the building height, the walls should be detailed for plastic
hinge region at the base and at the location of irregularity.
Design for Flexure
 Example Building

40 story building in Vancouver

Wall thickness = 30’’ (760mm)
Ductile shear wall along X (RdRo=3.5x1.6)
Ductile coupled wall along X (RdRo=4.0x1.7)
Example Building

 Building height is 450’.

 Assume a tributary area of 480 ft2 in all floors with a slab thickness of 7.5’’.

 Assume that self-weight of concrete is 150 pcf.

 Ignore tension force from seismic loads.

 Bending moment demand about Y axis is 200,000 k-ft at the base of the building.

 Maximum concrete compressive strength that can be used is 10 ksi.

 Yield strength of reinforcing steel is 58 ksi.

Example Building

 Shear force in coupling beam = 234 k.

 Header length = 5’-6’’.
 Header depth = 28’’.
 Tension force in pier from seismic along coupled direction =7000 k.
 Bending moment demand about X axis is 4200 k-ft at the base of the
building.
 Roof displacement = 84’’ along ductile wall direction (X direction).
Example Building
Example Building
Example Building

 For uncoupled walls, preliminary zone size can be determined assuming

vertical distributed reinforcement yields:
 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑃𝑢 𝑥1 + 𝑇𝑠1 𝑗1 𝑙𝑤 + 𝑇𝑠2 𝑗2 𝑙𝑤
Assume 𝑗2 𝑙𝑤 ≈ 0.8𝑙𝑤 .
Assume web vertical steel ratio of 0.0025.
Assume all web t = steel yields.
Example Building
Example Building
 Example Building

𝑉𝑟 = 2𝐴𝑠 𝜙𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ≥ 𝑉𝑓
Example Building
Example Building
 Example Building
 Code commentary suggests that the shear in any individual coupling beam
should not be reduced by more than 20% from elastic distribution.

40

35

30

25
Level

20

15

10

0
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275
Shear force (kips)

Design force Factored capacity

Example Building

 Clause 21.5.8.3.4: All coupled and partially coupled shear walls must be
designed with the portion of factored overturning moment resisted by axial
forces in the wall piers increased at each level by the ratio of sum of
coupling beam nominal capacity (𝑅𝑑 = 4.0 𝑜𝑟 3.5) or factored capacity
(𝑅𝑑 = 2.5 𝑜𝑟 2.0) to the sum of factored forces in the coupling beams above
the level under consideration.
Example Building

 Coupling beams must yield first in order for the assumed energy dissipating
mechanism to form in coupled & partially coupled walls.

 Clause 21.5.8.3.2 requires sufficient bending capacity of walls to ensure

strong wall piers_ weak coupling beams.

 Axial capacity of the walls at any height should be sufficient to resist the
sum of the coupling beam shear forces required to yield the coupling
beams above that height.
Example Building
Example Building
Example Building

 Complete design should include modeling the pier in a software to check

that the amount of longitudinal reinforcement at the wall ends is
adequate. Biaxial bending should be checked for both seismic and wind.
 spColumn was used for verification in this example.
Seismic load direction
Design for Flexure
Design for Flexure
Design for Flexure
Design for Flexure

 If higher 𝜀𝑐𝑢 is taken greater than or equal to 0.0035, the compression region
of the wall should be confined as a column. Maximum value for 𝜀𝑐𝑢 is 0.014.
 According to Clause 21.2.8.2, the total effective area in each direction
should be the greater of:
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 𝐶ℎ 𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑝 𝑠𝑏
𝐴𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑦ℎ 𝑐
𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.09 𝑠𝑏
𝑓𝑦ℎ 𝑐
- Ch is 0.15 for systems with Rd = 2.0 or 2.5 and 0.2 for Rd greater than 2.5.
Design for Flexure
 𝑘𝑝 = 0.1 + 30𝜀𝑐𝑢 .

 Confinement reinforcement should be provided over a distance not less

than 𝑐(𝜀𝑐𝑢 − 0.0035)/𝜀𝑐𝑢 from the compression face of the wall.

 The minimum vertical reinforcement ratio in any part of this confine region
should be 0.005.
 Kn is a factor accounting for effectiveness of transverse reinforcement:
𝑛𝑙
𝑘𝑛 =
𝑛𝑙 − 2
 Design for Flexure

Calculations are done for case 1

Design for Flexure
Design for Flexure
Design for Flexure

 𝛾𝑤 is wall overstrength factor, and is equal to the ratio of the load

corresponding to nominal moment resistance (𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑐′ , 𝜙𝑠 = 𝜙𝑐 = 1.0) of the
wall system to the factored load on the wall system.

 Code specifies that minimum value for 𝛾𝑤 is 1.3.

 While this assumption results in a conservative estimate of inelastic

rotational demand for shear walls, an accurate estimate is needed for
shear design (using nominal or probable properties) of the core and footing
design.
Design for Flexure

 For piers along the ductile shear wall direction, 𝛾𝑤 can be calculated
separately, as piers deflect relatively independent of each other.
 For the example solved, running spColumn with resistance factor of 1.0 for
concrete and steel and including axial load of 9398 k, nominal moment
resistance is 287900 k-ft, so the overstrength factor is:
287900
 𝛾𝑤 = 200000 = 1.44

 For coupled direction, it is necessary to calculate overstrength of the entire

system considering the capacity of the coupling beams.
Design for Flexure

 In the following slides, flexural overstrength is computed for probable

material properties (1.25𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑐′ , 𝜙𝑠 = 𝜙𝑐 = 1.0) for a core system with three C
shape cores. Flexural overstrength calculation details for nominal material
properties are identical, except that 1.25𝑓𝑦 is replaced with 𝑓𝑦 .

 Complete example can be found in section 11 of part II of CSA A23.3.

Design for Flexure
 Design for Flexure

Total area of
longitudinal
steel in P1
Design for Flexure
 Design for Flexure

Overturning moment from

ETABS = 250000 k-ft
Overstrength based
on probable material
properties = 3.06
Questions?