PCI1A - Introduction to Cyber Criminology

6Marks:
1.Need for Information security
Information security is critical for ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of data, as well as protecting it from unauthorized access,
modification, or destruction. The need for information security arises from
several factors, including:
Cybersecurity threats: With the increasing use of technology and interconnected
systems, there is a growing threat of cyber attacks and data breaches. Malicious
actors can exploit vulnerabilities in software and networks to gain unauthorized
access to sensitive information, steal intellectual property, or disrupt critical
systems.
Legal and regulatory requirements: Organizations are required by law to protect
certain types of information, such as personal data and financial records. Failure
to comply with these requirements can result in legal and financial penalties, as
well as damage to the organization's reputation.
Business continuity: Information security is essential for maintaining business
continuity and ensuring that critical systems and data are available when needed.
A breach or loss of data can disrupt operations, cause financial losses, and
damage the organization's reputation.
Trust and reputation: Customers, partners, and stakeholders expect organizations
to take appropriate measures to protect their data and ensure its privacy and
confidentiality. Failure to do so can erode trust and damage the organization's
reputation.
In summary, information security is es sential for protecting sensitive data,
ensuring business continuity, complying with legal and regulatory requirements,
and maintaining the trust of customers and stakeholders.
2. Enumerate the organised crimes in cyber space
Cybercrime refers to criminal activities that are conducted using digital devices
or networks, such as computers, smartphones, and the internet. Some examples
of organized cybercrimes include:
Phishing and identity theft: This involves tricking individuals into revealing
their personal or financial information through email, social media, or other
online platforms.
Ransomware attacks: Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim's
files, making them inaccessible, and demands payment in exchange for the
decryption key.
Botnets: A botnet is a network of infected computers that are controlled by a
single operator or group. Botnets can be used to launch distributed denial -of-
service (DDoS) attacks or to send spam emails.
Cyber espionage: This involves using digital tools to gain acc ess to sensitive
information or trade secrets from a targeted organization or government agency.
Cyber terrorism: This involves using digital tools to disrupt critical
infrastructure, such as power grids, transportation systems, or communication
networks, in order to cause harm or create chaos.
Online fraud: This includes a wide range of criminal activities, such as credit
card fraud, investment scams, and fake online marketplaces.
Cyber stalking and harassment: This involves using digital tools to harass,
threaten, or intimidate individuals, often with the aim of causing emotional
distress or harm.
3. Elucidate of types of cybercriminals
Cybercriminals are individuals or groups who use technology and the internet to
engage in illegal activities, such as ste aling sensitive data, perpetrating financial
fraud, and disrupting critical systems. There are several types of cybercriminals,
including:
Hackers: Hackers are individuals who use their technical skills to gain
unauthorized access to computer systems, netw orks, or websites. They may do
this for financial gain, personal satisfaction, or to expose vulnerabilities in a
system.
Cyber terrorists: Cyber terrorists are individuals or groups who use the internet
and technology to carry out attacks on critical infra structure or to create fear and
chaos. They may use techniques such as DDoS attacks, ransomware, or other
types of malware to achieve their goals.
Cyber spies: Cyber spies are individuals or groups who use digital tools to gather
information on individuals, organizations, or governments for political or
financial gain. They may use techniques such as social engineering, phishing, or
malware to gain access to sensitive information.
Cybercriminal organizations: These are organized groups of cybercriminals who
work together to carry out large-scale attacks on individuals, organizations, or
governments. They may specialize in a particular type of cybercrime, such as
identity theft or ransomware attacks.
State-sponsored hackers: State-sponsored hackers are individuals or groups who
are funded and supported by governments to carry out cyber espionage or cyber
attacks on other countries. They may target critical infrastructure, military or
government systems, or businesses with the aim of gaining a strategic advanta ge.
Script kiddies: Script kiddies are individuals who use pre -made tools and scripts
to carry out cyber attacks, often without understanding the underlying
technology or techniques involved. They may do this for personal gain or to gain
notoriety within the hacking community.
4. Elucidate on role of victims in cyber crimes
Victims play an important role in cyber crimes, both in terms of prevention and
response. Here are some ways in which victims can impact cyber crimes:
Prevention: Victims can take measur es to prevent cyber crimes from occurring in
the first place. For example, they can be vigilant about phishing emails, use
strong passwords, keep their software up to date, and be cautious about sharing
personal information online.
Reporting: Victims can report cyber crimes to the appropriate authorities, such
as the police, the FBI, or a cybersecurity company. By reporting cyber crimes,
victims can help law enforcement agencies identify and apprehend
cybercriminals, as well as prevent future attacks.
Recovery: Victims of cyber crimes may need to take steps to recover from the
attack, such as changing passwords, canceling credit cards, or repairing damage
to their systems. They may also need to seek legal or financial assistance to
recover any losses incurred as a result of the attack.
Education: Victims of cyber crimes can use their experience to educate others
about the risks of cyber crime and how to prevent it. They can share their story
with others, participate in awareness campai gns, or become involved in
organizations that promote cybersecurity.
Collaboration: Victims of cyber crimes can work together with law enforcement
agencies and cybersecurity experts to identify and respond to cyber threats. By
collaborating with others, vi ctims can help to develop new tools and techniques
for preventing and detecting cyber crimes.
5.Write different types of courts
There are several different types of courts, each with its own jurisdiction and
purpose. Here are some of the most common types of courts:
Supreme Court: The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States and
has the power to interpret the Constitution and to overturn laws that are deemed
unconstitutional. It has limited original jurisdiction and primarily hears appeals
from lower courts.
Federal District Courts: These courts have original jurisdiction over federal
cases, including civil and criminal cases that involve federal law, treaties, or the
Constitution. There are 94 federal district courts in the United States.
State Courts: State courts are established by individual states and have
jurisdiction over cases that arise under state law. They may include trial courts,
appellate courts, and supreme courts, depending on the state.
Appellate Courts: Appellate courts hear appeals from lower courts and review
their decisions to determine if they were made in accordance with the law. They
do not hear new evidence or testimony but rather review the record of the lower
court proceedings.
Probate Courts: Probate courts handle matters related to the administration of
estates, including the distribution of property and the payment of debts. They
may also oversee guardianships, conservatorships, and adoptions.
Bankruptcy Courts: Bankruptcy courts handle cases related to bankruptcy filings,
including liquidation and reorganization of assets, and may be part of the federal
district court system.
Small Claims Courts: Small claims courts are typically established at the state or
local level and handle disputes involving small amounts o f money, typically
under $10,000.
Juvenile Courts: Juvenile courts handle cases involving minors who have been
accused of committing crimes or who are in need of protection or care. They are
typically part of the state court system.
6. What is GRC? Explain it
GRC stands for Governance, Risk, and Compliance. It is a framework that
organizations use to manage and align their business operations with their
objectives, regulatory requirements, and ethical standards. GRC helps
organizations to manage risks, ensu re compliance with legal and regulatory
requirements, and ensure that their operations are aligned with their strategic
goals and objectives.
Governance refers to the way an organization is managed and controlled,
including the policies, procedures, and pr ocesses that guide decision-making and
ensure accountability. It involves ensuring that the organization is operating in
an ethical and responsible manner, and that its activities are aligned with its
strategic goals.
Risk management involves identifying and assessing potential risks to the
organization, and developing strategies to mitigate those risks. This includes
managing risks related to financial operations, data security, regulatory
compliance, and other areas.
Compliance refers to the process of ensuring that an organization is following
applicable laws, regulations, and standards. This includes both internal policies
and external requirements, such as industry regulations and international
standards.
Together, GRC helps organizations to identify an d manage risks, ensure
compliance with laws and regulations, and align their operations with their
strategic goals. It is an important framework for promoting ethical and
responsible behavior in organizations, and for ensuring that they operate in a
way that is sustainable and aligned with their long -term objectives.
7.Elucidate on Cyber Terrorism
Cyber terrorism refers to the use of technology and cyberspace to carry out
terrorist activities. It involves the use of the internet and other digital
technologies to spread fear and intimidate populations or governments. Cyber
terrorism can be carried out by individuals, groups, or states, and can target
various sectors including government agencies, critical infrastructure, financial
institutions, and private organizations.
Cyber terrorism attacks can take many forms, such as:
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks: This involves flooding a website
or online service with traffic, making it unavailable to users.
Malware attacks: This involves the use of mali cious software, such as viruses,
worms, or Trojan horses, to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and
steal or manipulate data.
Hacking attacks: This involves gaining unauthorized access to computer systems
to steal sensitive information or disrupt operations.
Social engineering attacks: This involves tricking individuals into divulging
sensitive information or performing actions that can be used to gain unauthorized
access to computer systems.
The consequences of cyber terrorism can be severe and w idespread, and can
include:
Economic damage: Cyber terrorism can disrupt business operations and cause
significant financial losses.
Public safety concerns: Cyber terrorism can disrupt critical infrastructure such as
power grids, transportation systems, and water supplies, which can have serious
consequences for public safety.
Political instability: Cyber terrorism can be used to destabilize governments and
political systems, and can be used to spread propaganda and influence political
opinions.
Loss of trust: Cyber terrorism can erode public trust in institutions and
organizations, as well as in the security of the digital systems and services they
rely on.
Given the potential consequences of cyber terrorism, it is essential for
governments, organizations, and individuals to take steps to prevent, detect, and
respond to cyber attacks. This includes implementing strong cybersecurity
measures, training employees on best practices, and working with law
enforcement and cybersecurity experts to identify and neu tralize potential
threats.
8. Elucidate types of cyber crimes against person (at least 6) and give relevant
examples.
Cybercrime refers to criminal activities that are committed using the internet or
other digital technologies. Cybercrime against individua ls can take various forms
and can cause serious harm. Here are six types of cybercrimes against
individuals along with relevant examples:
Identity theft: This type of cybercrime involves stealing someone's personal
information to impersonate them and condu ct fraudulent activities. For example,
someone could use stolen identity information to open a credit card account in
another person's name.
Online harassment and stalking: This refers to the use of digital technologies to
intimidate, threaten, or harass someone. For example, sending threatening
messages, making derogatory comments, or sharing personal information about
someone without their consent.
Cyberbullying: Cyberbullying involves using digital technologies to harass,
humiliate, or intimidate someone, especially a child or a teenager. Examples
include spreading rumors, posting hurtful comments, or sharing embarrassing
photos or videos.
Phishing and social engineering: Phishing is a tactic used by cybercriminals to
trick individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords, credit
card numbers, or bank account details. Social engineering involves manipulating
people into disclosing sensitive information. For example, a hacker might send a
fake email that appears to be from a legitimate so urce, asking the recipient to
click on a link and enter their password.
Sextortion: This involves using sexually explicit images or videos to blackmail
someone into doing something, such as paying money or performing sexual acts.
For example, someone might threaten to release compromising photos or videos
unless the victim pays a ransom.
Ransomware attacks: Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim's
files or systems and demands payment in exchange for the decryption key. For
example, a hacker might infect a victim's computer with ransomware and demand
payment to restore access to the files.
Overall, cybercrime against individuals can have serious consequences,
including financial loss, emotional distress, reputational damage, and even
physical harm. It is important to take measures to protect oneself against
cybercrime, such as using strong passwords, keeping software up -to-date, and
being cautious about sharing personal information online
9. Write a note on Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory (SLT) is a psychological theory that proposes that
people learn new behaviors by observing others and the consequences of their
actions. Developed by psychologist Albert Bandura in the 1960s, SLT is based
on the idea that learning occurs through s ocial interactions, rather than simply
through direct experience or reinforcement.
According to SLT, people can learn new behaviors through several mechanisms:
Observational learning: This occurs when people observe the behavior of others
and its consequences. If the behavior is seen as desirable or effective, people are
more likely to adopt it themselves.
Modeling: This involves learning by imitating the behavior of others. People are
more likely to model the behavior of individuals who they perceive as si milar to
themselves, competent, and influential.
Reinforcement: This refers to the consequences that follow a behavior, which
can either increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
Reinforcement can be positive (e.g., rewards) or ne gative (e.g., punishment).
SLT proposes that the social environment plays a critical role in shaping
behavior, and that people's behavior is influenced by the attitudes, beliefs, and
norms of the social groups to which they belong. In addition, SLT suggest s that
people are active agents in their own learning, choosing which behaviors to
model and which to avoid based on their own goals and values.
SLT has been used to explain a wide range of behaviors, including aggression,
conformity, and the development of moral and ethical values. The theory has
also been applied in areas such as education, parenting, and workplace training,
where it has been used to design interventions that promote positive behaviors
and discourage negative ones.
Overall, Social Learning Theory is a useful framework for understanding how
people learn and adopt new behaviors, and how social factors can influence this
proces
10. Write a note on Cyber Crime Cell
A Cyber Crime Cell is a specialized unit within law enforcement agencies that is
responsible for investigating and preventing cybercrime. The primary objective
of a Cyber Crime Cell is to combat and prevent crimes that are committed using
digital technologies, such as computers, the internet, and mobile devices.
Cyber Crime Cells are staffed with trained professionals who are well -versed in
the technical aspects of cybercrime, such as hacking, malware, phishing, and
identity theft. These professionals work closely with other law enforcement
agencies, such as the police, the FBI, and Interpol, to investigate and prosecute
cybercriminals.
The functions of a Cyber Crime Cell may include:
Investigating cybercrime cases: Cyber Crime Cells conduct detailed
investigations into cybercrime cases, such as hacking, cyberbullying, online
fraud, and cyberstalking. They use specialized tools and techniques to gather
evidence and build a case against the perpetrators.
Preventing cybercrime: Cyber Crime Cells work to prevent cybercrime by raising
awareness about the risks of online activities and educ ating people on safe
online practices. They may conduct outreach programs to schools, colleges, and
other organizations to promote cyber safety.
Providing technical support: Cyber Crime Cells provide technical support to
other law enforcement agencies in i nvestigating cybercrime cases. They may
assist in analyzing digital evidence, identifying suspects, and tracing online
activities.
Cooperating with international agencies: Cyber Crime Cells work with
international law enforcement agencies to combat transnational cybercrime. They
may collaborate with agencies in other countries to share information and
coordinate investigations.
Overall, Cyber Crime Cells play a crucial role in combating cybercrime and
protecting individuals and organizations from onl ine threats. With the increasing
reliance on digital technologies in our daily lives, the role of Cyber Crime Cells
is becoming increasingly important in ensuring the safety and security of the
online world

11. . Explain the need for Penetration Testing

Penetration testing, also known as pen testing, is a process in which an
organization's IT systems, networks, and applications are tested for
vulnerabilities and weaknesses that could be exploited by hackers or
cybercriminals. The main objective of penetrat ion testing is to identify security
weaknesses and provide recommendations for remediation before a real -world
attack occurs.
The need for penetration testing arises from the fact that cyberattacks are
becoming more sophisticated, frequent, and damaging. H ackers are constantly
searching for new ways to breach IT systems, and organizations must be
proactive in identifying and addressing vulnerabilities before they are exploited.
Penetration testing helps organizations to:
Identify vulnerabilities: Penetratio n testing helps organizations to identify
vulnerabilities in their IT systems, networks, and applications that could be
exploited by hackers. These vulnerabilities could include weak passwords,
unpatched software, and misconfigured systems.
Assess risk: Penetration testing helps organizations to assess the risk associated
with identified vulnerabilities. The results of the testing can help organizations
to prioritize their remediation efforts based on the severity of the risk.
Test security controls: Penetration testing helps organizations to test the
effectiveness of their security controls, such as firewalls, intrusion detection
systems, and antivirus software. The testing can help to identify gaps in the
security controls that need to be addressed.
Comply with regulations: Many regulations and standards require organizations
to conduct regular penetration testing to ensure that their IT systems are secure.
Penetration testing can help organizations to comply with these regulations and
demonstrate their commitment to security.
Improve security posture: Penetration testing provides organizations with a
comprehensive understanding of their security posture and helps to identify areas
for improvement. By addressing vulnerabilities and weaknesses, organizations
can improve their overall security posture and reduce the risk of a successful
cyberattack
12. Write a detail note on the Routine Activities Theory with reference to
cybercrimes.

The Routine Activities Theory (RAT) is a criminological theory that explains

how opportunities for crime arise from the routine activities of individuals and
organizations. According to this theory, crime occurs when three elements
converge: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable
guardian. This theory can be applied to cybercrime, where the routine activities
of individuals and organizations can create opportunities for cybercriminals.
In the context of cybercrime, the RAT suggests that the routine activities of
individuals and organizations create op portunities for cybercriminals to commit
crimes. For example, individuals who engage in risky online behavior, such as
visiting unsecured websites or clicking on suspicious links, create opportunities
for cybercriminals to launch attacks. Similarly, organi zations that do not
implement adequate cybersecurity measures or train their employees on safe
online practices create opportunities for cybercriminals to breach their networks.
The RAT can be used to explain why certain types of cybercrime are more
prevalent than others. For example, identity theft and financial fraud are more
common because they involve motivated offenders who can easily access
personal and financial information online. These crimes also target suitable
victims who use online services to conduct financial transactions and store
personal information. The absence of capable guardians, such as effective
security measures, also creates opportunities for cybercriminals to commit these
types of crimes.
To prevent cybercrime, the RAT suggests tha t individuals and organizations
must take steps to reduce opportunities for crime. This includes implementing
effective security measures, such as firewalls and antivirus software, and
training employees on safe online practices. Individuals can also reduc e their
risk of becoming a victim by being mindful of their online activities and
avoiding risky behavior
13. Elucidate contemporary crime prevention strategies (at least 5).
Community-oriented Policing: Community-oriented policing (COP) is a crime
prevention strategy that involves the collaboration of law enforcement agencies
and the community to identify and solve problems related to crime. COP
promotes community involvement, problem -solving, and partnerships between
law enforcement and the public to addr ess crime and disorder.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED) is a strategy that aims to reduce crime by
designing and managing the physical environment in a way that deters criminal
activity. This strategy includes the use of lighting, landscaping, and architectural
design to create a safe and secure environment.
Cybercrime Prevention: Cybercrime prevention strategies aim to prevent and
mitigate the risks associated with cybercrime, including i dentity theft, hacking,
and online fraud. These strategies include the use of strong passwords, regular
software updates, and awareness training for employees.
Restorative Justice: Restorative justice is a crime prevention strategy that
focuses on repairing the harm caused by crime rather than punishing the
offender. This approach involves bringing together the victim, the offender, and
the community to facilitate a process of healing and restoration.
Social Intervention Programs: Social intervention progra ms aim to prevent crime
by addressing the underlying social and economic factors that contribute to
criminal behavior. These programs provide support and resources to individuals
and communities at risk of engaging in criminal activity, such as job trainin g,
education, and mental health services.
14. Elucidate of types of cybercrimes against state
Cybercrimes against the state are criminal activities that target the security and
stability of a nation's government and critical infrastructure. Here are some
examples of cybercrimes against the state:
Cyber Espionage: Cyber espionage is the use of technology to gain unauthorized
access to classified information or intellectual property belonging to a
government or organization. The goal of cyber espionage is to gather sensitive
information or gain a competitive advantage.
Cyber Warfare: Cyber warfare is the use of technology to disrupt or disable a
nation's critical infrastructure or military capabilities. Cyber warfare can include
attacks on power grids, water s ystems, communication networks, and other vital
systems.
Cyberterrorism: Cyberterrorism is the use of technology to spread fear and panic
or cause harm to individuals or groups. Cyber terrorists use the internet to spread
propaganda, recruit members, and coordinate attacks.
State-Sponsored Cyber Attacks: State-sponsored cyber attacks are carried out by
governments or state-affiliated groups to advance their political, economic, or
military interests. These attacks can target other countries' critical infras tructure,
government agencies, or private companies.
Cyber Sabotage: Cyber sabotage involves the intentional destruction or
disruption of computer systems or networks. Cyber saboteurs may plant viruses,
worms, or malware that can damage systems, steal sensitive information, or
disrupt services.
15. Suggest ways to prevent Cybercrimes (at least 10).
Use strong passwords and enable two -factor authentication to protect online
accounts.
Keep software and operating systems up-to-date with the latest security patches.
Avoid clicking on links or opening attachments in unsolicited emails or
messages.
Back up important data regularly to avoid losing data in the event of a cyber
attack.
Use antivirus software and firewalls to protect devices from malware and
viruses.
Practice safe browsing habits, such as avoiding suspicious websites and using a
VPN when accessing public Wi-Fi networks.
Use encryption to protect sensitive data, such as financial information and
personal identification.
Educate employees and staff about cyber threats and the importance of
cybersecurity best practices.
Conduct regular security assessments and audits to identify vulnerabilities and
weaknesses in systems.
Report suspected cybercrimes to law enforcement and seek help from
cybersecurity experts if necessary.

10 Marks

Enumerate and explain the economic crimes in cyber space

Economic crimes in cyberspace refer to criminal activities that are motivated by
financial gain, and are perpetrated using the internet or other digital
technologies. Here are some examples of economic crimes in cyberspace:
Online Fraud: This refers to the use of deception to obtain money or other
valuable items through the internet, such as phishing scams, fake online
auctions, and investment fraud.
Identity Theft: This is the theft of personal information, such as social security
numbers, credit card numbers, and bank account details, for the purpose of
assuming the victim's identity and making financial transactions in their name.
Cyberextortion: This involves the use of threats or blackmail to force victims to
pay money, such as threatening to release sensitive information or locking the
victim out of their computer or network.
Money Laundering: This refers to the process of disguising the proceeds of
illegal activity as legitimate funds, often through the use of cryptocurrency or
other digital payment methods.
Intellectual Property Theft: This involves the theft or unauthorized use of
intellectual property, such as copyrighted works, trade secrets, and patents, for
financial gain.
Economic crimes in cyberspace can have serious consequences for individuals,
organizations, and even governments. They can result in financial losses,
reputational damage, and even national security risks. Preventing economic
crimes in cyberspace requires strong cybersecurity measures, such as encryption,
authentication, and access controls, as well as vigilance and awareness on the
part of users.
List and explain the Tools and Techniques used by Cyber criminals
Cyber criminals use a variety o f tools and techniques to carry out their malicious
activities. Here are some examples:
Malware: This is software that is designed to infiltrate or damage computer
systems, such as viruses, trojans, and ransomware.
Phishing: This involves sending fraudulen t emails or messages that appear to be
from legitimate sources in order to trick people into giving away personal
information, such as passwords or credit card numbers.
Social Engineering: This involves the use of psychological manipulation to trick
people into divulging sensitive information or performing actions that are not in
their best interest.
DDoS Attacks: This stands for Distributed Denial of Service attacks, which are
used to overwhelm websites or other online services with traffic in order to
disrupt their normal operation.
SQL Injection: This is a type of attack that exploits vulnerabilities in web
applications to gain access to sensitive information, such as usernames and
passwords.
Botnets: These are networks of compromised computers that can be controlled by
cyber criminals to carry out coordinated attacks, such as DDoS attacks or
sending spam.
Password Cracking: This involves using software to guess passwords or crack
encryption codes in order to gain access to sensitive information.
Keylogging: This involves installing software on a computer or device that
records every keystroke made by the user, allowing the attacker to capture
sensitive information such as login credentials
Explain the Characteristics of Organised Cyber Criminals
Organised cyber criminals are individuals or groups who engage in illegal
activities using the internet or other digital technologies for financial gain. Here
are some of the common characteristics of organised cyber criminals:
Hierarchy and Division of Labor: Organised cyber criminals typically have a
hierarchical structure and division of labor, with different individuals or groups
responsible for specific aspects of the operation, such as hacking, money
laundering, or distribution of stolen goods.
Use of Sophisticated Technology: Organised cyber criminals often use
sophisticated technology and tools, such as malware, encryption, and
anonymisation services, to carry out their activities and evade detection.
Global Reach: Organised cyber criminals often operate on a global scale, using
the internet to target victims and carry out their activities from different
countries or regions.
Profit Motive: Organised cyber criminals are primarily motivated by financial
gain, and will use any means necessary to achieve their goals, such as hacking,
fraud, or extortion.
Adaptability and Innovation: Organised cyber criminals are highly adaptable and
innovative, constantly developing new techniques and tools to evade detection
and improve their operations.
Collaboration and Networking: Organised cyber criminals often collaborate and
network with other criminals and criminal organisations, sharing information,
tools, and resources to achieve their goals.
Low Risk and High Reward: Organised cyber criminals often operate with low
risk and high reward, as the relative anonymity of the internet and the difficulty
of tracking cyber crimes make it easier for them to operate without being
detected or punished
4. Illustrate with an example the modus operandi of cyber-criminals
One example of a common modus operandi used by cyber -criminals is a phishing
scam. Here's how it works:
The cyber-criminal sends an email or message that appears to be from a
legitimate company or institution, such as a bank, social media platform, or
government agency.
The email or message contains a link or attachment that the recipient is
instructed to click on or download.
Once the recipient clicks on the link or downloads the attachment, their
computer or device becomes infected with malware.
The malware can then be used to steal sensitive information, such as login
credentials, credit card numbers, or personal data, which can be used for identity
theft or sold on the dark web.
The cyber-criminal can then use this information to carry out further attacks,
such as financial fraud or more sophisticated cyber -attacks on the victim's
organization.
Phishing scams can be highly effective because they often rely on social
engineering tactics to trick victims into providin g sensitive information. They
can also be highly targeted, with cyber-criminals using sophisticated techniques
to tailor their messages to specific individuals or organizations. Preventing
phishing attacks requires a combination of technical controls, such as spam
filters and antivirus software, as well as user education and awareness to help
individuals recognize and avoid these types of scams
. Explain the procedures involved in the investigation of a crime by police
The investigation of a crime by police involves a number of procedures that are
designed to gather evidence, identify suspects, and build a case for prosecution.
Here are the general steps involved in a criminal investigation:
Initial Response: The first step in a criminal investigation is usu ally an initial
response by law enforcement to the scene of the crime. The police officer will
secure the area and provide any necessary medical assistance, and then begin to
gather information about the crime from witnesses and victims.
Evidence Collection: The police will collect physical evidence, such as
fingerprints, DNA, and other trace evidence, as well as any weapons or other
items that may be relevant to the investigation.
Suspect Identification: Once the police have gathered evidence, they will be gin
to identify potential suspects through interviews, surveillance, and other
investigative techniques.
Interrogation and Arrest: If the police identify a suspect, they may bring them in
for questioning or arrest them if there is sufficient evidence to su pport a criminal
charge.
Forensic Analysis: The evidence collected by the police will be analyzed by
forensic experts to identify any relevant information, such as DNA matches,
fingerprints, or other physical evidence that may link the suspect to the crime .
Case Building: Once the police have identified a suspect and gathered evidence,
they will work to build a case for prosecution. This may involve working with
prosecutors to develop charges, interviewing witnesses, and preparing evidence
for trial.
Trial and Conviction: If the case goes to trial, the prosecution will present
evidence and arguments to a judge or jury, who will decide whether the
defendant is guilty or not guilty.
Explain the role of NGO’s in prevention of cybercrimes
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) can play a vital role in the prevention
of cybercrimes by working with governments, law enforcement agencies, and
other stakeholders to raise awareness about cyber threats and promote best
practices for online safety. Here are some of the wa ys in which NGOs can
contribute to cybercrime prevention:
Education and Awareness: NGOs can provide educational resources and training
programs to help individuals, businesses, and organizations understand the risks
of cybercrime and develop strategies for protecting themselves online.
Advocacy and Policy Development: NGOs can advocate for stronger laws and
regulations to address cybercrime and promote policies that encourage greater
cooperation between governments, law enforcement agencies, and other
stakeholders in the fight against cybercrime.
Research and Analysis: NGOs can conduct research and analysis on cyber
threats, trends, and best practices, and share this information with stakeholders
to help them stay informed and better prepared.
Capacity Building: NGOs can help build the capacity of law enforcement
agencies, governments, and other stakeholders to prevent and investigate
cybercrimes by providing training and technical assistance.
Victim Support: NGOs can provide support and assistance to victims of
cybercrime, including counseling, legal support, and financial assistance.
Overall, NGOs can be an important partner in the fight against cybercrime,
helping to raise awareness, build capacity, and promote best practices for online
safety
Social Media is the most used platform to commit cybercrime - Comment on the
Statement.
The statement "Social media is the most used platform to commit cybercrime" is
partially true, as social media platforms are certainly one of the most popular
and frequently used platforms for cybercriminals to carry out their activities.
However, it is important to note that cybercrime is not limited to social media
platforms alone, and there are many other platforms and channels that
cybercriminals can use to carry out their activit ies.
That being said, social media platforms are an attractive target for
cybercriminals due to their popularity and the vast amount of personal
information that users share on these platforms. Cybercriminals can use this
information to carry out a range o f activities, including identity theft, phishing
scams, and social engineering attacks.
Additionally, social media platforms are also vulnerable to a range of cyber
threats, such as malware, ransomware, and other forms of cyber attacks.
Cybercriminals can use these threats to gain access to sensitive information,
steal personal data, and cause significant damage to individuals and
organizations.
Therefore, it is important for individuals and organizations to be aware of the
potential risks associated with s ocial media platforms and to take appropriate
measures to protect themselves against cyber threats. This includes using strong
passwords, regularly updating software and security tools, being cautious of
suspicious messages and requests, and being mindful of the information that is
shared online.