PHASE

DIAGRAMS
 PHASE DIAGRAMS SUMMARISES THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOLID,
LIQUID AND GASEOUS STATES OF A GIVEN
SUBSTANCE AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE
AND TEMPERATURE.
 Each point in this diagram
represents a possible
combination of temperature and
pressure of the system.
-Each region represents respectively the solid,
liquid and gaseous phase of a substance
-A particular phase is stable within its region
-The lines separating the regions represent the
phase-transition which the two phases exist in
equilibrium
Triple point= Where all three phases coexist in equilibrium
Critical point= Point where the temperature above which a
gas will not liquefy by the further increase in pressure.
Beyond the critical temperature, the liquid and vapour are
indistinguishable, a supercritical fluid exist.
 CHANGES OF STATES
MELTING FREEZING VAPORISATION
SOLID TO LIQUID LIQUID TO SOLID LIQUID TO GAS

CONDENSATION SUBLIMATION DEPOSITION

GAS TO LIQUID SOLID TO GAS GAS TO SOLID
PHASE DIAGRAM FOR CARBON DIOXIDE
AO line: shows the sublimation point at
different pressure and temperatures
OC line: Gives the melting or freezing
point of solid carbon dioxide at different
pressures
OB line: Shows the boiling point of liquid
carbon dioxide at different pressures
Triple point: All phases of carbon dioxide
exists in equilibrium together
Critical point: Carbon dioxide in vapour
(gas) cannot be condensed or will not
liquefy no matter what pressure is applied
 DRY ICE
Solid carbon dioxide = dry ice
-it is known as dry ice because it looks
and feels like ice but doesn’t wet
-dry ice are relatively cheap and non-toxic
-it can maintain very cold temperatures and
does not leave messy wet liquid when it
sublimes
 USES OF DRY ICE
DRY ICE IS USED AS IN THE ENTERTAINMENT
REFRIGERANT FOR FOOD INDUSTRY, THE ‘FOG’ USED
STUFF, TO PRESERVE AND IN SPECIAL EFFECTS IS MADE
SHIP BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES WITH DRY ICE

DRY ICE IS USED IN CLOUD

SEEDING TO INDUCE
RAINFALL
PHASE DIAGRAM OF WATER

AO line: sublimation or deposition

line
OC line: melting or freezing line
OB line: vaporisation or condensation
Triple point: 0.01 c ; 0.006 atm
Critical point: 374 c ; 218 atm
DO: supercooling: water exists in a
not stable state (exists as a liquid
below its freezing point)
ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUS OF WATER
For most solids, melting point increases as pressure
increases.
But, for water, the melting point decreases as
pressure increases.
-Intermolecular hydrogen bonds lead to an open
structure in ice.
-So, ice has a lower density than liquid water.
-Water expands on freezing. An increase in pressure
favours the higher density of liquid water.
EFFECT OF A NON-VOLATILE SOLUTE
ON THE VAPOUR PRESSURE OF A
SOLVENT

Presence of a non-volatile solute will

change the physical properties of the
solution as compared to the pure liquid
(the solvent)
 -IF A SOLUTE IS NON VOLATILE, THE VAPOUR
PRESSURE IS LOWER THAN THAT OF THE PURE
SOLVENT
LOWERING OF -WHEN A SOLUTE DISSOLVES IN A SOLVENT, PART
OF THE SURFACE OF THE SOLUTION IS OCCUPIED
VAPOUR BY THE SOLUTE PARTICLES. LESS SOLVENT
PARTICLES CAN ESCAPE TO FORM VAPOUR. SO THE
PRESSURE VAPOUR PRESSURE OF THE SOLUTION IS
LOWERED.
 -BOILING POINT IS THE TEMPERATURE AT
WHICH VAPOUR PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID
ELEVATION EQUALS THE EXTERNAL ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
OF BOILING -AS THE VAPOUR PRESSURE OF A SOLUTION IS
LOWERED, A HIGHER TEMPERATURE IS NEEDED
POINT TO RAISE THE VAPOUR PRESSURE OF A
SOLUTION TO EQUAL THE EXTERNAL PRESSURE.
-HENCE, THE BOILING POINT IS INCREASED
 -FREEZING POINT IS THE TEMPERATURE AT
WHICH AN EQUILIBRIUM EXISTS BETWEEN THE
DEPRESSION LIQUID AND THE SOLID PHASE.
-THE PRESENCE OF FOREIGN MOLECULES
OF FREEZING MAKES THE ORDERLY ARRANGEMENT MORE
DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE. TEMPERATURE HAS TO
POINT BE LOWERED FURTHER FOR FREEZING TO
OCCUR.
-THUS, FREEZING POINT IS DEPRESSED.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
Colligative properties are the physical changes that
result from adding solute to a solvent.
-it depends on the number of solute particles in a
solution and not on the nature of the particles
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
-colligative properties include lowering of vapour
pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point
depression and osmotic pressure
-the magnitude of the change depends on the
concentration of solute particles.
 H A N K Y O U
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