BPCS 111 LECTURE
CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
PROF: ROWENA ALEJO
CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
HEALTH
- state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being.
- not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity
ILLNESS
- state in which someone’s needs
are not sufficiently met to allow
the individual to have a sense of
physical and psycho-social well-
being.
WELLNESS
- an integrated method of
functioning which is oriented
toward maximizing the potential
of which the individual is
capable.
MODELS OF HEALTH
HOLISTIC MODEL OF HEALTH CARE
1. MEDICAL MODEL (M.B Belloc and
Breslow, 1972)
- Health is the state of being free
of signs or symptoms of disease.
Illness is the presence of signs or
symptoms of disease.
NEEDS-FULFILLMENT MODELS
2. HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUUM
(McCann/Flynn & Heffron, 1984)
- Health is a constantly changing
state with high level of wellness
and death being on opposite ends
of a graduated scale or
continuum.
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3. ROLE-PERFORMANCE MODEL
(Parsons, 1958)
- Health is the ability to perform
all those roles from which one
has socialized.
4. HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS (Dunn,
1961)
- Health is the state of being free
of signs or symptoms or disease.
Illness is the presence of
symptoms of disease.
5. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
(WHO, 1947)
- Health is the state of complete
physical, mental, social well-
being, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
6. WELLNESS EDUCATION MODEL
(John Travis)
- John Travis is a wellness-
oriented physician who focused
his approach on a concept of
wellness education.
- The concept of holism is based
on the idea that is more fruitful to
study the human being as a
whole than to study its separate
parts.
- Health is a state in which needs
are being sufficiently met to
allow an individual to function
successfully in life with the
ability to achieve the highest
possible potential.
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 BPCS 111 LECTURE
CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
PROF: ROWENA ALEJO
STAGES OF ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
STAGE 1: SYMPTOMS EXPERIENCE
- The person is aware that
“SOMETHING IS WRONG”.
STAGE 2: ASSUMPTION OF SICK ROLE
- Sick people seek
CONFIRMATION from their
families and social groups.
STAGE 3: MEDICAL CARE CONTACT
- The person is motivated to seek
PROFESSIONAL HEALTH
SERVICES.
STAGE 4: DEPENDENT CLIENT ROLE
- The client DEPENDS ON health
care professionals for the relief
of symptoms.
STAGE 5: RECOVERY AND
REHABILITATION
- The final stage may involve AN
ADJUSTMENT to prolonged
reduction in health and
functioning.
THREE STAGES OF ILLNESS
STAGE OF DENIAL
- Characterized by person’s refusal
to acknowledge illness.
STAGE OF ACCEPTANCE
- The person no longer denies
being ill and is aware of what is
happening to him.
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STAGE OF RECOVERY
- Recovery, rehabilitation, or
convalescence.
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1. PRIMARY PREVENTION
- preventing its occurrence
2. SECONDARY PREVENTION
- Promote early case finding of an
individual with disease so that
prompt intervention.
3. TERTIARY PREVENTION
- Consistent and appropriate
administration of medications.
FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH AND
ILLNESS
1. PHYSICAL DIMENSION
- Generic make-up, age,
developmental level, race, and
sex are all part on an individual’s
physical dimension and strong
influence health status and health
practices.
2. EMOTIONAL DIMENSION
- How the mind and body interact
to affect body function and to
respond to body conditions.
3. INTELLECTUAL DIMENSION
- Encompasses cognitive abilities,
educational background and past
experiences.
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 BPCS 111 LECTURE
CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
PROF: ROWENA ALEJO
4. SOCIOCULTURAL DIMENSION
Health practices and beliefs are
strongly influenced by a person’s
economic level, lifestyle, family,
and culture.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION
- Housing, sanitation, climate, and
pollution of air, food, and water
are aspects of environmental
dimension.
COMMUNICATION IN PHYSICAL
THERAPY
COMMUNICATION
- Act or process of
communicating; transmission.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• LANGUAGE – pattern that
may identify learning style.
• PACING – long or short
pauses between words or
thoughts
• TONALITY – high-pitched
and nervous/low-pitched and
calm
• INTENT – request help or
demand service
• SPEED – fast, slow, or
variable
2. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• GESTURE
• POSTURE
• HAPTICS
• PROXEMICS
• OCULESICS
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3. READING
- Critical communication skill that
enables one to evaluate
professional literature and use
findings into practice.
4. WRITING
- Accurate writing skills often
determine reimbursement for
services by third-party payers.
Claims maybe denied because of
inadequate documentation
5. LISTENING
- foundational skill for success a as
professional
- Active Listening contains three
elements
✓ restatement
✓ reflection
✓ clarification
RAPPORT
- An interaction marked by mutual
collaboration and respect but not
necessarily indicating agreement.
TYPES OF RAPPORT
1. CULTURAL RAPPORT
- Established by using the form of
dress of greeting appropriate to
the setting.
2. VERBAL RAPPORT
- Established by using the same or
similar descriptive phrases and
conversation content as the
person with whom you are
speaking.
3. BEHAVIORAL RAPPORT
- Established by mirroring the
posture and the body movements
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 BPCS 111 LECTURE
CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
PROF: ROWENA ALEJO
of the person with whom you are
speaking.
COMMUNICATING WITH DIFFERENT
GENERATIONS
1. TRADITIONALISTS (<1946)
- Maybe dealing with a wide
variety of health disorders,
including hearing and visual
impairments, HPN, and heart
disease.
- May have chronic diseases that
may impair their physical,
cognitive, or sensory abilities.
- Maybe taking a variety of
medications.
2. BABY BOOMERS (1946-1964)
- Sandwiched between their
adolescent children and their
elderly parents and may be
experiencing stress from
caregiving as well as coping with
age-related d/o themselves.
3. GENERATION X (1965-1981)
- Enjoy up to date with the latest
and greatest technology.
- They value new learning as a
reward.
4. MILLENIALS (1982-2000)
- Multitask, doing things
simultaneously and prefer regular
feedback.
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CONCEPT OF ASEPSIS
ASEPSIS
- Absence of disease-producing
microorganisms.
MICROORGANISMS
1. RESIDENT MICROORGANISMS
- Those that are normally found in
a particular body area.
2. TRANSIENT MICROORGANISMS
- Those that are picked up when
doing daily activities.
INFECTION
- An invasion of the body tissue by
microorganisms and their
proliferation there.
- Varies in severity and periodicity
and this can cause further
damage to tissue.
SIX LINKS IN THE CHAIN OF
INFECTION
1. ETIOLOGY AGENT
- microorganism
2. RESERVOIR
- sources of microorganisms such
as humans, plants, animals, or the
general environment
3. PORTAL OF EXIT FROM THE
RESERVOIR
- Ex. respiratory tract, GI tract,
blood, and reproductive tract
4. METHOD OF TRANSMISSION
- DIRECT TRANSMISSION –
direct contact between two or
more persons.
- INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
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 BPCS 111 LECTURE
CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
PROF: ROWENA ALEJO
- VEHICLE –BORNE
TRANSMISSION
✓ Ex. Formites like toys,
handkerchief, soiled
clothes, cooking or eating
utensils.
- VECTOR-BORNE
TRANSMISSION
✓ an animal or flying or
crawling insect that can
carry the microorganisms.
5. PORTAL OF ENTRY TO THE
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
6. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
- Any person who is at risk of
infection.
INFECTION CONTROL
- Comprises all of the practices
used to prevent the spread of
microorganisms that could cause
disease to an individual.
- Divided into medical and
surgical asepsis.
MEDICAL ASEPSIS
- Practice of techniques and
procedures designed to reduce
the number and limit the spread
of microorganisms.
- Sometimes called “CLEAN
TECHNIQUE”
- Ex. handwashing, bed bath,
changing pt’s gown and bed
linens, etc.
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SURGICAL ASEPSIS
- Includes all sterile procedures
and techniques used to exclude
all microorganisms from the
area.
- Ex. Sterilization like the use of
autoclave, radiation, and
sterilizing agents.
DISINFECTION vs. STERILIZATION
DISINFECTION
- Process of killing all
microorganisms excluding
spores.
1. PHYSICAL DISINFECTION
- Includes boiling, use of free-
flowing steam and irradiation.
2. CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS
- Include 70% alcohol, iodine,
phenol and chlorine.
STERILIZATION
- Eradication of all
microorganisms including
spores.
1. PHYSICAL STERILIZATION
- Use of autoclave, ration, and gas
(ethylene oxide).
2. CHEMICAL STERILIZER
- Cidex
HANDWASHING
- The most important and practical
procedure for preventing the
transfer and decreasing the
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 BPCS 111 LECTURE PRELIM WEEK
CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
02
PROF: ROWENA ALEJO

number of microorganisms and

nosocomial infection.
- Reduces number of
microorganisms through
mechanical and chemical actions.

HANDWASHING PURPOSES
1. To reduce the number of
microorganisms on the hands.
2. To reduce the risk of transmission of
microorganisms to clients.
3. To reduce the risk of cross-
contamination among clients.
4. To reduce the risk of transmission of
infectious organisms to oneself.

GLOVING
- Gloves are worn to protect the
hands when handling urine,
blood, feces, sputum, and others.
- Reduce the transmission of
microorganisms.
- Helps in maintaining sterile areas
or objects sterile.

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