Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Basiccalculus q3 Mod4 Continuityofafunction Final
Basiccalculus q3 Mod4 Continuityofafunction Final
Basiccalculus q3 Mod4 Continuityofafunction Final
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Continuity of a Function
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Continuity of a Function
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Team Leaders:
School Head : Marijoy B. Mendoza, EdD
LRMDS Coordinator : Karl Angelo R. Tabernero
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Continuity of a Function
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
www.shsph.blogspot.com
One of the main reasons why this module was created is to ensure that it will assist
you to understand the concept and know how to determine whether a function is
continuous or not.
www.shsph.blogspot.com
What I Know
Read and answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
B. D.
1
3. On what value of x is the function 𝑓(𝑥) = discontinuous?
𝑥+2
A. 1 C. – 2
1
B. 2 D.
2
www.shsph.blogspot.com
5. The following conditions must be satisfied for a function to be continuous
EXCEPT one. Which is it?
A. 𝑓(𝑐) exists C. 𝑓(𝑐) = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
B. D.
www.shsph.blogspot.com
For numbers 11-15, identify if the functions represented by the following functions
is continuous at x = a. Choose your answer from the following:
11. 14.
a a
12. 15.
a a
13.
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Lesson
Continuity of a Function
1
Flowing water, long winding roads and waiting for forever are just examples of
uninterrupted actions or continuity. There are times wherein some actions were
meant to be disjointed or disconnected. Somehow, the concept of continuity is also
present in Calculus and it will be presented to you in details as you go on with this
module.
www.shsph.blogspot.com
What’s In
1. Complete the table of values and illustrate the graph of the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 .
Graph: Y
x-values y-values
0
1
2
3
X
2. Complete the Table of Values and illustrate the graph of the function
𝑥 2 −1
𝑓(𝑥) = . Graph:
𝑥−1
Y
x-values y-values
-1
2
X
3
www.shsph.blogspot.com
What’s New
On a sheet of paper, copy the graphs above. As you sketch the graphs, try not to lift
your pens. Is it possible with the three graphs? Based on what you did, what can you
say about the behavior of the first graph? How about the last two graphs?
The behavior of the graphs above has something to do with our lesson. I think you
already have an idea of what our topic is all about. So, let’s go and explore the lesson
together.
www.shsph.blogspot.com
What is It
There are different ways on how we can represent a function. One of those is its
graph. If the graph of a function has no gap or holes, then we can say that the
function is continuous. Otherwise, it’s discontinuous.
Based on our previous lesson on limits, the limit of a function f(x) exists
if the left-hand limit is equal to the right-hand limit. That is,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎− 𝑥→𝑎
a. Removable Discontinuity
Either because 𝑓(𝑎) is undefined or the value of 𝑓(𝑎) differs from the value of
the limit (Comandante, 2008).
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Example:
𝑥 2 −4
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+2
b. Jump Discontinuity
for a any positive integer. (Comandante, 2008). This type of discontinuity can
usually be found on piecewise functions.
Example:
3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
{
𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
c. Infinite Discontinuity
This type of discontinuity exists if a function has one or more infinite limits.
Many rational functions exhibit this type of behavior (Milefoot.com
Mathematics, n.d.).
Example:
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
www.shsph.blogspot.com
For deeper understanding of the lesson, let us have the following illustrative
examples:
Example1
Solution:
Check whether the function will satisfy the three conditions for continuity at
the given point 𝑥 = −1.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 (Given)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥→𝑎
Using the obtained values above, let us check if the third condition will
be satisfied.
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) (Third Condition)
𝑥→𝑎
Since the two values are equal, then the third condition is satisfied.
Since all of the three conditions were satisfied, then we can say that the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 is continuous at 𝑥 = −1.
10
www.shsph.blogspot.com
To illustrate that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 is continuous at 𝑥 = −1, simply
graph the function which includes the x-value −1.
Continuous at x = -1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
Example 2
𝑥 2 −9
At 𝑥 = 3, is the function 𝑓(𝑥) = continuous at that particular point? Show your
𝑥−3
solution.
Solution:
Check whether the function will satisfy the three conditions for continuity at
the given point 𝑥 = 3.
11
www.shsph.blogspot.com
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→𝑎
𝑥 2 −9
𝑓(𝑥) = (Given)
𝑥−3
𝑥 2 −9
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (Evaluated the limit)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→3 𝑥−3
𝑥 2 −9 (𝑥+3)(𝑥−3)
lim = lim (Factored out the numerator)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−3 𝑥→3 𝑥−3
Using the obtained values above, let us check if the third condition will
be satisfied.
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) (Third Condition)
𝑥→𝑎
Since two of the conditions are NOT satisfied, then we can say that the
𝑥 2 −9
function 𝑓(𝑥) = is not continuous at x = 3.
𝑥−3
𝑥 2 −9
To illustrate that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = is not continuous at 𝑥 = 3, simply graph
𝑥−3
Graph of
𝑥 2 −9
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−3
There’s a hole
on the graph,
that’s why it’s
not continuous
at x = 3
12
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Example 3
2
Determine if the function𝑓(𝑥) = continuous at 𝑥 = 0
𝑥
Solution:
2
Step 1: Evaluate the function 𝑓(𝑥) = at 𝑥 = 0
𝑥
2 2
𝑓(0) = = or undefined
(0) 0
2
Step 2: Find lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥
2 2
lim− ( ) = −∞ lim+ ( ) = +∞
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) 𝑫𝑵𝑬, 𝑜𝑟 𝑫𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝑵𝒐𝒕 𝑬𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
2
lim− ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥
2
Step 3: Observe=that
−∞ 𝑓(0)
lim− (≠ )lim 𝑓( 𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
= −∞
Since all three conditions were not satisfied, then we can say that the function
2
𝑓(𝑥) = is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥
2
To illustrate that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0, simply graph the
𝑥
function which includes the x-value 0
13
www.shsph.blogspot.com
• A function is said to be continuous at a closed interval [a, b] if its right
endpoint, open interval and left endpoint has no breakage, holes or
discontinuity. (see figure below)
X-axis
a b
[a, b] Closed interval
Example 4
Is the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 is continuous on the closed interval [−4, −1] ? Prove
your answer by showing complete solution.
Solution:
Step 1: The function 𝑓(𝑥) needs to be verified continuous at the open interval(−4, −1)
by creating its table of values or simply knowing its restrictions with regards to its
domain.
14
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Table of values
Based on the table, all domains (x-values) in between (-4, -1) has its own defined y-
value. Therefore, we can say that it is continuous on the open interval (-4, -1).
Another justification that this function is continuous on the open interval (-4, -1) is
that, all polynomial functions are continuous at every point or any interval {𝑥|𝑥 𝜖 ℝ }
Step 2: The function 𝑓(𝑥) needs to be continuous at the left endpoint [-4].
b. Find lim +( 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6)
𝑥→−1
b. Find lim−( 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6)
𝑥→2
Conclusion: Since all of the three conditions were satisfied, then we can say that the
function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 is continuous on the closed interval [−4, −1].
15
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
Example 2
Solution:
Step 1: The function 𝑓(𝑥) needs to be verified continuous at the open interval(−4, 1)
by creating its table of values or simply knowing its restrictions with regards to its
domain.
Table of values
Based on the table, all domains (x-values) in between (−4 to 1) has its own defined
y-value except −3.9. Therefore, we can say that it is not continuous on the open
interval (−4, 1).
Another justification that this function is not continuous on the open interval (−4,1)
is that, all radical functions are continuous only within the domain, if beyond
restrictions, then it won’t exist.
The domain of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 3 is 𝑥 ≥ −3, since the open interval being
asked is (−4, 1) therefore it is not continuous on (−4, −3).
16
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Step 2: The function 𝑓(𝑥) needs to be continuous at the left endpoint [-4].
b. Find lim +( √𝑥 + 3)
𝑥→−4
Step 3: The function 𝑓(𝑥) needs to be continuous at the right endpoint [1].
b. Find lim−( √𝑥 + 3)
𝑥→1
Conclusion: Only one of the three conditions was satisfied, then we can say that the
function 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 3 is not continuous on the closed interval [−4, 1].
17
www.shsph.blogspot.com
What’s More
Answer the following questions. Show all possible solutions on a separate sheet of
paper.
Solution:
Step 3: What did you observe between the values of 𝑓(−2) and lim 𝑓( 𝑥) ?
𝑥→−2
Conclusion: __________________________________________________________________
18
www.shsph.blogspot.com
3
2. Is the function 𝑓(𝑥) = continuous on the closed interval [−1, 1] ? Draw its
𝑥
graph illustrating its continuity or discontinuity.
Solution:
Step 1: The function 𝑓(𝑥) needs to be verified continuous at the open interval (−1, 1)
by creating its table of values or simply knowing its restrictions with regard to its
domain.
A. Table of values
X-values 3 y-values
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
−0.999 ______ ______
0 ______ ______
0.9999 ______ ______
Step 2: The function 𝑓(𝑥) needs to be continuous at the left endpoint [-1].
3
a. Evaluate the function 𝑓(𝑥) = at 𝑥 = −1
𝑥
3
b. Find lim + ( )
𝑥→−1 𝑥
c. What did you observe between the values of 𝑓(−1) and lim 𝑓( 𝑥) ?
𝑥→−1+
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: _____________________________________________________________________
19
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Illustrate the graph:
Y
𝑥 2 −3𝑥−4
3. Check whether the function 𝑓(𝑥) = is continuous at 𝑥 = 4 . Sketch its
𝑥−4
graph illustrating its continuity or discontinuity.
Express what you have learned in this lesson by answering the questions below.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
20
www.shsph.blogspot.com
What I Can Do
Read, understand and answer the given questions below. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Represent a graph showing the voltage readings as y-values and the time as
x-values.
Assessment
Identify whether the following functions are continuous or not. Write your solutions
on a separate sheet of paper.
21
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Justify your answer whether the following functions are continuous or not at a
certain point or interval. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
11. 𝑓(𝑥) = at 𝑥 = −2
𝑥+2
𝑥
12. 𝑓(𝑥) = at 𝑥 = 1
𝑥−1
Additional Activities
Read, understand, and solve the given item. Write your solutions on a separate sheet
of paper.
𝑥2, 𝑥 > 0
• The function 𝑓(𝑥) = { is an example of a piecewise defined function.
𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ 0
Prove that this function is continuous or not on its entirety.
22
www.shsph.blogspot.com
What’s More
24
www.shsph.blogspot.com
What’s More
What I Can Do
Assessment
25
𝑥+2
𝑥 1
12. 𝑓(1) = = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑥−1 0
𝑥
lim 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1
𝑥
Conclusion: Therefore, the function is not continuous at x = 1
𝑓(1) ≠ lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1
13. Step 1 open interval check: base on the domain restriction, there is none because
polynomial function is continuous everywhere.
a.
Step 2 (a). 𝑓(−2) = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6 = −4
b.
𝑥→−2
lim + 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6 = −4
Therefore, the function is continuous at x = -2
𝑥→−2
𝑓(−2) = lim 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6
Step 3 (a.) 𝑓(3) = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6 = 36
b.
𝑥→3
a. lim− 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6 = 3 6
Therefore, the function is continuous at x = 3
𝑥→1
𝑓(3) = lim 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6
Conclusion: The function is continuous on the interval [−2, 3].
14. Step 1 open interval check: base on the domain restriction, 𝑥/𝑥 ≠ 4 and since the interval is
from [0, 5] therefore it is not continuous on the open interval.
Conclusion: Since the function is not continuous on the open interval then we can say that it is not
continuous on the interval [0, 5].
www.shsph.blogspot.com
lOMoARcPSD|21013597
lOMoARcPSD|21013597
www.shsph.blogspot.com
References
Lim, Yvette F, Nocon, Rizaldi C, Nocon Ederlina G, and Ruivivar, Leonar A. 2016.
Math for Engagement Learning Grade 11 Basic Calculus. Sibs Publishing
House, Inc.
Mercado, Jesus P and Orines, Fernando B. (2016). Next Century Mathematics 11
Basic Calculus. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Comandante, F.L. (2008). Calculus Made easy for High School Students. National
Bookstore.
27
www.shsph.blogspot.com