Mindfulness in the

lifecycle of families
家庭生命周期中的正念
Susan Bögels
University of Amsterdam 阿姆斯特丹大学
A definition of mindfulness
正念的定义
 A definition of interpersonal
mindfulness 人际正念的定义
“when people are interpersonally mindful, they maintain a receptive awareness of what is
going on during interpersonal interactions, moment-by-moment. They are aware of their
own thoughts, emotions, feelings, bodily sensations, experiences, and intentions as the
interaction occurs. At the same time, they pay attention to what seems to be going on with
the other person, picking up clues through, not only what is said or done but also the other
person’s apparent mood, verbal tone, and body language当人们在人际关系中保持正念，
他们会时刻保持一种对人际交往过程中发生的事情的乐于接受的觉察。 当互动发生
时，他们会觉察到自己的想法、情绪、感受、身体感觉、体验和意图。 与此同时，他们
会注意对方似乎正在发生的事情，不仅是说了什么或做了什么，还有对方明显的情绪、
语气和肢体语言，以此来寻找线索。” (Pratscher et al., 2019)
 These are stressful times…
这些都是压力大的时刻

Twenge et al., 2018

 What can we do? 我们可以做什么？
By bringing peace and happiness to our family we bring peace
and happiness to the world 通过为我们的家庭带来安宁与幸
福，我们为世界带来安宁与幸福 (Thich Nhat Hanh 一行禅
师)
 By practicing mindfulness,
we realise we are connected
通过练习正念，我们意识到我们是相连的
 Interbeing 互即互入
The Buddhist idea that by living in the present moment, the
interdependent nature of all beings is experienced 佛教认为
，通过活在当下，我们体验到所有众生相互依存的本质
 Relational mindfulness 关系性正念
• Mindfulness does not only influence the way we relate to ourselves
including to our mental or physical conditions, but also the way we relate to
others. 正念不仅会影响我们与自己的关系，包括与我们的精神或身体
状况的关系，还会影响我们与他人的关系。
• By practicing conscious, present-moment, and non-judgmental attention,
with ourselves and others, profound changes in relationships may occur
(and in health and wellbeing of family members?). 通过与自己和他人练
习有意识的、当下的和不加评判的关注，可能会发生人际关系（以及家
庭成员的健康和福祉？）的深刻变化。
 “Self” regulation “自我”调节
• Self (emotion, arousal, attention, behaviour) regulation = relational 自我（情
绪、唤起水平、注意力、行为）调节 = 与关系相关的
• Begins in infancy 从婴儿期开始
• Synchrony: (emotion, arousal, attention, behaviour) activation in one family
member results in similar activation in another member 同步性：（情绪、唤起
水平、注意力、行为）一个家庭成员的激活会导致另一个家庭成员的类似
激活
• Co-regulation: interactive process of regulatory support in caring
relationships across the lifespan 共同调节：在整个生命周期的照护关系中
支持调节的互动过程
Perspectives on systemic mindfulness
系统性正念的视角
• Partner 伴侣
• Parenting 养育
• Pregnant woman with partner 有伴侣的孕妇
• Mother with baby/toddler 有婴幼儿的母亲
• Child/adolescent and their parents 儿童/青少年及
其父母
• Adult child 成人子女
 A partner perspective 伴侣的视角
(reviewed by Bögels & Emerson, 2019)

• Individual mindfulness> increased relationship satisfaction

and better relationship functioning 个体正念>增加关系满
意度和更好的关系功能
• Individual mindfulness in women> greater relationship
stability 女性的个体正念 > 更稳定的关系 (Khaddouma et al.,
2018)
• Higher individual mindfulness> lower cardiovascular
activity in partner during conflict 更高的个体正念水平 >
冲突时伴侣的心血管活动更低 (Kimmes et al., 2018)
A parenting perspective 养育的视角
 Effects of mindful parenting training
正念养育培训的效果
(Bögels, Hellemans, Deursen, Römer, & Meulen, 2014; Meppelink, Bruin, Bögels, 2016;
Emerson, Aktar, Bruin, Potharst & Bögels, 2021; Potharst, Baartmans & Bögels, 2021; Heapy,
Norman, Murphy, Bögels, Emerson & Thompson, 2022) 62
61
60

• Substantial effects on parenting stress, overreactive 59

58

parenting, parent-child relationship and coparenting 对养 57

56
Internalizing
Externalizing

育压力、过度反应式养育、亲子关系和共同养育有实质 55
54
性效果 53
Waitlist Pretest Post-Test Follow-up

• Substantial effects on parents’ and children’s Child Psychopathology

psychopathology and wellbeing 对父母和孩子的精神疾

0.6

0.5

病状况和健康幸福有实质性效果 0.4

• Improved mindful parenting mediates better child 0.3

Internalizing
Externalizing
outcome 正念养育的提高对更好的儿童发展结果起到
0.2

0.1

了中介作用 0
Waitlist Pretest Post-Test Follow-up

Above CBCL, below adult version of CBCL Parent Psychopathology

 A fearful pregnant woman and her partner perspective (MBCP)
恐惧的孕妇和她的伴侣的视角-（MBCP)
(Veringa et al., 2016; Veringa, Bruin, Mooren, Steensel & Bögels, 2021; Veringa, Bruin, Steensel & Bögels, 2022; Veringa, Ziemers, Bruin,
Bruin & Bögels, 2022; van der Meulen, Steensel, Bruin, Veringa & Bögels, 2023)
160

140
• Fear of Childbirth predicts problematic childbirth
对分娩的恐惧预示分娩会有问题
120
• Mindfulness-based Child-birthing and Parenting (MBCP) > Fear of
100
Childbirth Consults (FoCC) on fear of childbirth and childbirth outcome
W-DEQ

80 正念分娩和养育（MBCP）>针对分娩和分娩结果恐惧的咨询（FoCC）
60 MBCP (ITT) • Partners at risk improved in psychological wellbeing compared to FoCC
FoCC (ITT)
40 MBCP (PP)
与FoCC相比，风险伴侣的心理健康状况有所改善。
20
FoCC (PP)
• Mindful awareness mediates birth outcome
正念觉察调节分娩结果
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4)
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筛查 干预前 干预后 2周跟踪 16周跟踪

 A mother with their baby/toddler perspective
有婴幼儿的母亲的视角
(Potharst, Aktar, Rexwinkel, Rigterik, & Bögels, 2017; Zeegers et al., 2019; Potharst, Zeegers & Bögels, 2021; Potharst,
Veringa, Broekhors & Bögels, 2022; Potharst, Kuijl, Wind & Bögels, 2022)

Compared to waitlist: 与后补名单相比

• Substantial improvements on mothers’ mindfulness, mindful parenting,
parental stress, psychopathology up to 1 year follow-up
1年随访： 母亲的正念、正念育儿、父母压力、精神病理都有
实质性的改善
• Observed parenting of mother improves: more responsive, accepting,
less non-attuned. Babys also more responsive
观察到母亲的养育方式有所改善：反应更灵敏，更多地接纳，
不协调更少。宝宝的反应也更灵敏。
• Substantial improvement on positive affectivity baby but not on negative
emotionality 婴儿的积极情感有实质性改善，但消极情绪没有改善
 A child/adolescent and their parents’ perspective
(MYmind) 儿童/青少年及其父母的视角 （Mymind）
(Bögels et al., 2008; Oord, Bögels & Peijnenburg, 2012; Weijers, Formsma, Bruin & Bögels , 2012; Bruin, Blom, Smit, Steensel & Bögels, 2014; Ridderinkhof et
al., 2018; Ridderinkhof, Bruin, Blom & Bögels, 2018; Ridderinkhof, Bruin, Driesschen, & Bögels, 2020; Bögels, Oort, Potharst, Roosmalen, Williams & Bruin,
2021; Siebelink et al., 2021)

• Improvements in attention problems and psychopathology in children

and parents 儿童和父母的注意力问题和精神病理学的改善
• Parents become less stressed and overreactive and more mindful (also
in their parenting) 父母变得不那么紧张，更少地反应过度，更多地
专注（在养育方面也是如此）

(drawings绘图:
Corien Bögels )
Child ADHD symptoms change in children of
fathers with/without ADHD (Bögels et al., 2021)
儿童ADHD症状变化 –
父亲患有/未患有ADHD的子女
儿童ADHD的估测边际均值

估
测
边
际
均
值
 Qualitative research of MYmind (ADHD):
Trainers’ view (Siebelink et al., 2021)
MyMind（ADHD）的定性研究：培训师的视角
that parents and children were co-teachers for eachother, e.g., by reminding eachother
to take a breathing space under stress
父母和孩子是彼此的合作老师，例如，彼此提醒在感到压力时喘口气
the support and involvement of the partner
伴侣的支持和参与
quality time together
一起度过美好时光
developing a mutual language, such as “being on the highway”
发展一种共同的语言（表达方式），如“在高速公路上”
Insight and empathy for eachothers’ emotions, needs, and behaviour
对彼此的情绪、需求和行为的洞察力和同理心
Qualitative research of MYmind (ADHD): Parents’ view
MYMind（ADHD）的定性研究：父母的视角
(Siebelink et al., 2021)

aware of critical view on child 觉察到对儿童的批判性观点

more accepting to self, child and partner 更能接受自己、孩子和伴侣
warmer relation with child 与孩子的关系更温暖
quantity and quality of conversations with child improves
与孩子对话的数量和质量都有所提高
less conflicts 减少冲突
aware of parental stress, more oversight in stressful situations and reduced stress
less overreactive 觉察到做父母的压力，压力情形下更多的监督和压力的减少
feeling supported and understood by group
减少过度反应
 Qualitative research of MYmind (ADHD):
Children’s view (Siebelink et al., 2021)
MYmind（多动症）的定性研究：
儿童的视角

aware of effect of ADHD behaviors on others and vice versa

意识到多动症行为对他人的影响，反之亦然

recognising myself in other children with ADHD in the group

在小组中其他患有多动症的儿童中认出自己
 A lifelong perspective – 1
终身视角-1
• Parenting does not stop when children are 18, and esp. not when
children have severe or chronic conditions
当孩子18岁的时候，养育并没有停止，尤其是当孩子患有严重或慢性
疾病时，更不能停止了。
• MYmind for (young) adults with ADHD and ASD with and without
mindful parenting for their parents, or mindful parenting for parents
of adults with certain conditions MyMind -患有多动症和自闭症障碍的
（年轻）成年人，无论他们的父母是否进行正念养育，或者患有某些疾病的
成年人的父母进行有前提的正念养育
 A lifelong perspective -2
终身视角 - 2
• Mindfulness for adults with ADHD is effective (meta Poissant et al., 2020),
adults larger effects than children (meta Zangh et al., 2019)
正念对患有ADHD的成人有效（Meta Poissant等人，2020），
成人比儿童更有效 （Meta Zangh等人，2019）

• Mindfulness for caregivers, children, and adults with ASD is

effective (meta Hartley, Dorstyn & Due, 2019)
正念对护理人员、儿童和患有自闭症成人是有效的
（Meta Hartley Dorstyn&Due，2019）
 To conclude -1
总结 -1
• Mindfulness targeting one family member does affect family
relations and other family members’ wellbeing
针对一个家庭成员的正念培训确实会影响整个家庭关系和其
他家庭成员的幸福感。
• Co-regulation (of mood, attention etc.), modelling, attunement,
overriding automatic responding (FFF, history of interactions,
parenting ourselves), no projection, may all explain this effect
共同调节（情绪，注意力等），建模，协调，超越自动反应
（FFF，互动史，自我养育），不投射，都可以解释这种效应
 To conclude -2
总结-1
• Including other family members (partners, parents, babies) in
mindfulness (in the same or a parallel training) appears beneficial
将其他家庭成员（伴侣、父母、婴儿）纳入（相同或平行的）
正念培训显然是有益的
• Controlled research needed
需要对照研究
• Bringing mindfulness to the family is a lifelong journey!
把正念带入家庭是一生的旅程！
 UvA minds
阿姆斯特丹大学
 UvA Family Lab
阿姆斯特丹大学 家庭实验室

26
 Thanks 感谢
• Evin Aktar
• Jeanine Baartman
• Ed de Bruin
• Esther de Bruin
• Lisa Emerson
• Anne Formsma
• Joke Hellemans
• Brett Kosterman
• George Langenberg
• Rachel van der Meulen
• Renee Meppelink
• Saskia van der Oord
• Frans Oort
 More information about mindfulness in families

• June 12-25 2023: Mindful Parenting teacher training in China (online)

2023年6月15日 中国正念教养师资培训 （网络）
• 2024: MYmind teacher training in China (online)
2024 年中国 Mymind 师资培训 （网络）