Mechanical Wave

Doppler effect in sound wave

Non- Mechanical Wave SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
Waves associated Doppler effect refer to
with Constituents the change in wave
of matter i.e, DISPLACEMENT RELATIOn IN A PROGRESSIVE WAVE
frequency due to
electrons, protons, relative motion between
neutrons, atoms SPEED OF LONGITUDINAL SPEED OF TRANSVERSE WAVE a wave source and its
and molecular are Progressive Waves
Wave length, L
Progressive wave travels WAVE (SOUND WAVE) observer.
called matter waves Amplitude Direction of progress
continuously in a medium Speed of sound wave in  ν ± νo 
Wave
Height h h
B T → fo =   fs , fs = frequency
Speed of sound wave υ = C tight string
H
H without changing its ν=  ν ± νs 
amplitude. p µ emitted by source
B = Bulk modulus,
ι = density, For solids, T = Tension in the string fo = Frequency heared by observer
→ Wave which require a
material medium For µ = linear mass density. V = Speed of sound
y = young modulus. Vo = Speed of observer
propagation and to
transfer energy
Matter Wave AMPLITUDE
Vs = Speed of source

continually are said RESONANCE

Amplitude is maximum
to be mechanised wave.
displacement of
→ Example:- (1) Water waves, Waves which do not LAPLACE CORRECTION Phenomenon of increased
constituident particles - V0observe= o m/s and Source
(2) Sound Waves require any material amplitude when the
from their equilibrium moving towards observer with
medium For propagation Propagation of sound is not Frequency of periodically
position. speed vs,  ν 

Case - 1
and to transfer of an isothermal process. applied force is equal to fo =   fs
VS
- It is an adiabatic process the natural frequency of  ν − νs 
Vibration of Particles

energy. Example:- S O
Electromagnetic Time Period system on which it acts. n nÅ
y.p (moving)
waves (X – rays, - ν= (rest)
Time to Complete one ∫
radio waves)
revolution of oscillation, - y = CP NATURAL FREQUENCY
- S.I. unit is sec (&) CV Vobserve= o m/s and Source
Frequency at which system

Case - 2
moving away From observer
tends to oscillate in the with Vs  ν 
Longitudinal waves Wavelength NEWTON’S FORMULA absence of any damping Force. VS fo =   fs
S O  ν + νs 
minimum distance between n nÅ
Waves in which the propagation of sound wave (moving) (rest)
two points having
is an isothermal process
direction of disturbance same phase.
of wave particle is along - S.I. unit = Meter (m) ∆T = O,
P
Vobserve= o m/s and observe
the direction of propagation ν=  228 m/s
Transfer of energy

∫ is moving towards source with

Case - 3
of wave.
Frequency P = Pressure, ∫ = density speed Vo ν +ν 
BEATS VO fo =  O
 fs
Frequency is number of S O  ν 
oscillations per second. Beats is the phenomenon n nÅ
Transverse Waves n ω caused by superposition (rest) (moving)
f= = PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
T 2π of two waves of same
In which the direction amplitude and slightly
of disturbance is n = no. of oscillations Phenomenon of mixing of two
or more waves to produce different angular Vobserve= o m/s and observe
perpendicular to the w = Angular Frequency.
frequency. is moving away From source

Case - 4
direction of propagation - Unit = Hertz (Hz) a new wave.
φ φ
of wave. y (x,t) = 2a cos sin (kx − wt + ) Ynet = 2 cos  w 1 − w 2  cos  W1 + w 2  with speed Vo.  ν − νO 
2 2 A1
2  2    VO fo =   fs
φ + A 1+A 2 S O  ν 
Angular Frequency Anet = 2a cos A2 Beat frequency ∆ f = Fmax − Fmin
2 n nÅ
If φ = o, Anet = 2a (amplified (rest) (moving)
Angular frequency is wave)
Stationary Wave angular displacement If φ = π, Anet = O (Standing Vibration of air column
Which seems to be at rest of any element wave) in open organ pipe Source and observe both moving
due to superposition of two per unit time towards each other with speed

Case - 5
Fundamental Ist Overtone IInd Overtone
REFLECTION OF WAVES
waves having same 2π Vibration of air column A A Vs & Vo respectively.  ν + νO 
amplitude, wavelength ω= = 2 πf ((Reflection From rigid boundary) f =   fs
T VS VO o
N

travelling in straight line

in closed organ pipe N
S O  ν − νs 
Unit = rad/sec. Fundamental - Yincident = a sin (wt – 2l 2
A
3l 3 n nÅ
in opposite direction.
1
Ist Overtone IInd Overtone
A A A
kx) ( in +ve x- direction)
N 2 A 2 N 2
(moving) (moving)
N

Wavenumber N - Yreflected = - a sin (wt N

A

Progressive Wave Relation between 1

4
3 2 A
4
N
5l 3
4
+ kx) (in – ve x – direction) N
particle velocity A
A A A A
and wave velocity (i) (ii) (iii) Source and observer both
Wavenumber is defined (i)
N N
(ii)
N
(iii)
moving away From each other
Which travels continuously in For nth harmonic,

Case - 6
as 2π times the number For nth harmonic, with speed Vs & Vo respectively.
a medium in same direction υp = aw cos(wt − kx + φ) frequency of vibration
of waves per unit length frequency of vibration
without changing its amplitude. ω ν (2n +1) ν
REFLECTION FROM FREE END ν (n + 1) ν VS VO  ν − νO 
υw = 2π fn = = S O fo = 
Example: (1) longitudinal wave, k K= fn= =
λ 4L λ 2L  fs
λ - Yincident = a sin (wt – kx) n nÅ  ν+ν 
(2) Transverse Waves (n = 0, 1, 2,……) n = (0,1,2,3,….) (moving) (moving)
υw = − tan θ. ν p - S.I. unit = rad/m - yreflected = a sin (wt + kx)
L = Length of tube
L = Length of the tube

anand_mani16 DR. Anand Mani https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001