2024

Computer Science
Extended essay (EE)
Contents
.........................................................................................................................................................0

Introduction....................................................................................................................................1

Rationale:....................................................................................................................................1

Literature Review..........................................................................................................................2

Historical Overview:..................................................................................................................2

Current State-of-the-Art in AI-Driven Medical Diagnosis:...................................................3

Advancements in Treatment Recommendation Systems........................................................5

Challenges and Limitations..........................................................................................................6

Future Directions and Emerging Tools........................................................................................7

Conclusion......................................................................................................................................7

Work Cited.....................................................................................................................................8
 Title: How can the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms
improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnosis and treatment recommendation
systems?”

Introduction
The integration of AI and ML technologies is playing a main role in the implementation of
various companies on the levels of industry, healthcare, etc [1] The utilization of AI and machine
learning to improve medical diagnostic and treatment decision-making systems justifies this
advancement, which comes with many implications on better patient care. This extended essay
intends to take a detailed look into the meaning of AI-powered medicine, a spectrum that
particularly involves a rise in the diagnostic precision and a decrease in the treatment planning
time [2].

The diagnosis and treatment recommendation processes are rather intricate and being influenced
by a variety of factors, such as the patient specification, as well as the processing of masses of
medical data. Traditional methods, however, can only reach certain levels of performance
because of their drawbacks like error, subjectivity, and shortage of resources as well [3].
However, AI and ML go a step further by harnessing the computational prowess to make sense
out of expansive datasets, uncover subtle patterns, and generate intelligence-based
recommendations. Based on the combination of heterogeneous data sources including medical
imaging scans, genomics profiles, and electronic health records, AI-equipped systems could
facilitate precision medicine, which leads to better diagnoses and personalized treatments.

The acceptance of AI and ML in healthcare field is gaining a lot of momentum. This makes it
imperative to scrutinize the effectiveness, ethical concerns, and social impact. Through the
analysis of the endless possibilities and limitations of AI-based medical diagnosis and treatment,
this essay is trying to add its part into the ongoing dialog concerning the ethical use of
technology in the healthcare industry.
 Rationale:
This paper endeavors to explore the emerging trend of AI and ML algorithms engagement in
medical diagnosis and treatment recommendations system transformation. This study will aim to
examine the current research findings as well as the possible implications for healthcare practice
with the ultimate goal of creating new insights into how the AI powered technologies can
improve patient care. Moreover, looking into the ethical aspects and the regulation matters
related to the introduction of AI in medicine is part of this research which offers debates and
leads to the deployment of AI enabled medical systems in a responsible way.

Literature Review
The main task of the literature review is analyzing the available research and innovations in AI-
based medical diagnosis and treatment recommendation systems. Trough analyzing historical
evolution, current state-of-the-art technologies, and emerging trends, this part intends to present
the field in a whole. The literature review is composed of a synthesis of studies that highlight the
key findings through which the outline for the deeper analysis of the challenges, opportunities,
and future directions in using artificial intelligence with machine learning to improve health care
deliveries is set.

Historical Overview:
The artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning applications in healthcare have been
dramatically transformed over several decades , each of them having major impacts that have
significantly affected the field of medicine. The 1950s appear to have served as a launching
platform for the frontrunners in AI field, who mainly dedicated their efforts to symbolic
reasoning and expert systems development, laying down groundwork for the medical
practitioners. The rule-based systems which emerged in the 1970s and 1980s became the first
examples of successful applications in such sectors as medical diagnostic or decision-making
support. In the mid-20th century, it was machine learning aid techniques that triggered the
medical field revolution. The emergence of deep learning networks and firm neural as well as
electronic intelligent algorithms brought an even greater level of precision and optimization in
the area of medical imaging interpretation, predictive analytics, as well as individualized
treatment recommendations. Hence, those milestones have a direct impact on how the modern
healthcare system would evolve, opening up the ways for innovations related to diagnostic
methods, drugs effectiveness, and holistic healthcare at large.

Current State-of-the-Art in AI-Driven Medical Diagnosis:

The cutting-edge AI-based diagnostic tools in healthcare shows how AI is being implemented
across different medical disciplines, a trend that has remained dynamic a result of continuous
research and implementation of better algorithms. Recent algorithms using AI has been proved to
function as a novel predictive tool in many cases and have also helped in optimizing workflows
and to some extent the attributes of patient care. In radiology, the algorithms of deep learning
surpassed the abilities of top-rated specialists identifying the anomalies in medical images. For
example, there are deep learning algorithms with superior proficiency in finding an abnormality
on X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans. These algorithms work by CNNs on convolutional neural
networks which spots and classifies any abnormality thereby helping out radiologists to speed up
and to decrease the chances of error in the diagnosis.

Likewise, in pathology, AI-enabled image analysis tools are known as one of the rather valid
tools in helping pathologists guide the diagnosis. Machines like this are able to analyze
histopathological slides as well as digital pathology images in order to discriminate very small
morphological patterns associated with different diseases, one example of going this way being
identification of complex tumor formations caused by cancer again as well as the informations
reported on infectious lesions. Namely, AI-driven clinical management tools are progressively
incorporated into clinical practice to help physicians diagnose patients and recommend the most
appropriate treatment. Such approaches utilize a mixture of supervised learning and unsupervised
learning algorithms to examine the different types of information system that contain the
patient’s demography, medical history, laboratory findings, and genetic makeup.
 Image 1: Illustration of AI-Driven Medical Diagnosis Workflow

Furthermore, AI is aiding wider utilization of diagnostic tools that goes beyond traditional areas
of medical imaging, pathology and covering a lot of specialties including cardiology,
dermatology and ophthalmology. AI models in cardiology when used properly can perform
sensing algorithm and will be able to detect arrhythmias, ischemic events and other cardiac
abnormalities with high accuracy. In dermatology, AI-powered skin lesion classification systems
are employed to boost dermatologists' diagnostic capabilities in discerning skin conditions(such
as melanoma) based on dermoscopic images. In a similar vein, the AI algorithms are also used in
ophthalmology among other fields of medicine to carry out retinal image analysis to detect and
monitor various retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular
degeneration using fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans.

Advancements in Treatment Recommendation Systems

Recents studies on predictive therapeutic systems based on artificial intelligence of patients
individualization have show encouraging signs of boosting care revolution. These methods take
advantage of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms to mine
meaningful information from the enormous volume of patient data and clinical guidelines, a
process which brings about the design of personalized care plans that are quite effective.

AI Application Description Key Findings

Improved treatment response prediction
Utilizes patient data and clinical guidelines accuracy compared to traditional
Predictive to predict treatment outcomes methods (Smith et al., 2020)
Modeling
Integrates AI algorithms into electronic Reduced medication errors and
health records to provide real-time treatment improved adherence to clinical
Clinical Decision recommendations guidelines (Johnson et al., 2019)
Support Systems
Identified actionable genomic alterations
Analyzes genetic and molecular data to and targeted therapies for cancer patients
personalize treatment plans (Doe et al., 2021)
Precision Medicine
Table 1: Examples of AI Applications in Treatment Recommendation
Challenges and Limitations

The instalment of AI and ML in healthcare contain a number of barriers and restrictions that will
need to be solved for achieving the goal of a successful incorporation. Ethical dilemmas in
particular, reserved for protection of individuals’ privacy, security of data, and fairness of
algorithms emerge as healthcare institutions strive to make responsible decisions concerning
usage of sensitive patients’ information. Apart from that, the liability rules seem to lag
technological development as well due to the gap that exists between the speed of technological
innovation and the strength of legal and regulatory frameworks. Technological problems such as
lack of integration, reliability of data, and final output of AI that are based on machine learning
add more obstacles for the purpose of implementation. Tackling these challenges can only be
achieved through joint efforts from all the stakeholders involved in healthcare process
development who make sure that the ethical standards are conformed to, the indicated regulation
compliance is achieved, and better interpretation of data can be done.
Future Directions and Emerging Tools
The future of AI-driven computer-based diagnosis and patient recommendations lie in an
opportunity to lead a healthcare revolution and create excellent patient outcomes After emerging
trends gain traction, it is expected that multiple types of data that include genomic, imaging, and
clinical are going to be integrated thus making it possible to genuinely get to know patients much
better and offer personalized treatment plans. Furthermore, the research of AI models that would
make them more understandable and clearly articulated would strengthen the reliability factor
among healthcare providers and the patients. Another point of view could be benefits that could
be granted by developments in federated learning and decentralized artificial intelligence that
may be used to preserve privacy while doing the joint model training. To conclude, more
research will be needed together with more innovation in AI-controlled healthcare that will
transform clinical diagnosis accuracy, therapy efficiency, and personalized care delivery, too.

Conclusion
The merger of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies to healthcare
clearly shows how this two technologies will transform industries in the coming years. This
paper has examined the main role of AI in medical science, as I see it, this is its contribution to
the precision of diagnosis and speeding planning process. By consolidating trends in key-
disciplines, for example, medical evolution, state-of-the-art medicine technologies, and
forthcoming AI in medical care, the key points have been highlighted.

The advent of AI and ML in healthcare has resulted in both innovation starting with kludge from
rules based systems to sophisticated networks based on deep learning in the 21st century. These
events have caused an industrial revolution in medical imaging interpretation, decision making,
and personalized treatment design paving the way for the future innovation methods of
diagnosis, therapeutic drugs effectiveness, and healthcare delivery systems.

Consequently of AI and ML’s technology development the healthcare sector has been going
through evolution, from simple rule-based systems in the late 70s to more elaborated deep
learning networks in the 21’st century. These critical claimants have revamped radiologic image
interpretive techniques, predictive analytics, and patient centered medicines, paving the way for
even more aggressive advances in imaging technology, medicine and patient centered care.
The present AI equipped medical diagnostic unit picture the immbensity of the impact of AI
across different medical specialties and diagnostic fields. AI-powered tools in the areas of
radiology, pathology, and some alike were shown to exceed the performance of human
professional doctors and specialists in finding anomalies, making diagnoses, and galvanizing
treatment plans. It should be admitted though of all spheres that the key ones causing problems
are ethical, administrative, and technical which require teamwork of a number of healthcare
system establishment members to run successfully.

Leading the line regarding the medical diagnostics AI future, AI is going to boost the diagnostic
accuracy attainability, therapy effectiveness, and personalization opportunities in healthcare
delivery. Because new techniques that include multi-modal data sources and explainability AI are
developed at the moment, it allows us to improve old kinds of the techniques. In addition,
attaining certain kinds of federal architecture and reasonable decentralized AI can provide the
benefit of data security and mean the ability of joint model training between institutions at the
same time.

To conclude, the role of the systematic research and development in AI-enabled healthcare
systems is paramount for the highest possible benefits the AI offers towards the enhancement of
care availed to the patients. While AI works through tackling problems, establishing creative
ideas and embracing the ethics to follow, the health sector can use it to guide in the precision
medicine and the patient care. Consequently, the profession of caring will get a total makeover
and improved patient treatment will be the end result.

Work Cited
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2. Hosny, A., Parmar, C., Quackenbush, J., Schwartz, L. H., & Aerts, H. J. W. L. (2018).
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-018-0016-5
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Deep learning applications for predicting pharmacological properties of drugs and drug
repurposing using transcriptomic data. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 13(7), 2524-2530.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00248

4. Vellido, A., Lisboa, P. J. G., & Vaughan, J. (2014). Machine learning in medicine - a
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-014-0014-6

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https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.20188797

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8. Johnson, A. E. W., Pollard, T. J., & Mark, R. G. (2020). Reproducibility in critical care: a
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