ROHIT CHAUHAN

RESEARCH SCHOLAR

CONTACT PROFILE
Dedicated and detail-oriented psychologist with a strong foundation in research and
+919588184484 a fervent commitment to unravelling profound insights from diverse psychological
data. Demonstrated proficiency in psychological analysis, experimental design, and
rohitrofl@gmail.com data-informed decision-making. Skilled in employing advanced statistical methods
to derive actionable insights, enriching the psychology field. Possesses effective
Chandigarh communication skills, articulating intricate psychological concepts to audiences
with varying technical backgrounds.

EDUCATION
Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana
EXPERTISE ·Master of Science, Psychology, August, 2022

Research Design and Methodology University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi

Statistical Analysis and Modelling
·Bachelor of Science, Electronic Science (H), July, 2018

Experimental Data and Hypothesis Central Board of Secondary Education

Testing Higher Secondary, scored 78.60%, 2015
Matriculation, scored 85.50%, 2013
Advance proficiency in SPSS
Panjab Univesity, Chandigarh
Ph.D in Psychology (2023- present)
RESEARCH PAPERS
EXPERIENCE
Role of Parenting Style of Mothers of Rural India
1.Research Kshetra (www.researchkshetra.in) 2022-- present
in Self-Esteem of Children.
DOI- http://doi.org/10.25215/1101.062
Founder.
Role of Workplace Spirituality, Organizational Conduct in-depth data analysis using advanced statistical techniques
Citizenship Behavior, Organizational Justice to derive meaningful insights and support decision-making processes.
and Performance of Nurses. Assisted in the design and execution of research projects, ensuring
DOI - https://doi.org/10.25215/1102.086 adherence to established methodologies and ethical standards.
Collaborate with cross-functional teams to gather relevant data,
assess research needs, and develop comprehensive research plans.
HOBBIES Provide expert assistance in literature reviews, survey design, and data
collection, contributing to the overall success of research initiatives.
Video Games Utilize a variety of research tools and software to enhance efficiency
Playing flute and accuracy in data analysis.

Reading mythologies
2. Asst. Counselor, MY FIT BRAIN. Jul’22- August ‘22

A one-month internship program was undertaken at MY FIT BRAIN,

ACHIEVEMENTS supervised by Dr. Neha Mehta, a Clinical Psychologist. The principal
responsibilities assigned during the internship included the undertaking
UGC- NET -JRF.
of history-taking, the administration of Mental Status Examination (MSE),
GATE-2022 AIR 456. and the formulation of diagnostic assessments.

Lead a Research Project at Two weeks

I, hereby affirm that the information provided in my resume is true and
Research methodology training program
at ICSSR-NWRC.
correct to the best knowledge and belief.

Rohit Chauhan
Presented paper at National conference
CHASSCONG-2023..
 GENDER DIFFERENCE IN SUBJECTIVE WELL BEING, SELF EFFICACY AND
EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE AMONG ADOLESCENTS OF WORKING MOTHER
AND NON- WORKING MOTHER

Introduction
The well-being of adolescents has been an area of concern for many researchers and

practitioners. Adolescence is a critical stage of development, and the quality of this stage has

been associated with many outcomes in adulthood. Subjective well-being, self-efficacy, and

emotional competence are three factors that have been identified as essential components of

adolescent well-being. Furthermore, the role of maternal employment status in adolescent

development has been a topic of increasing interest in recent years. In this study, we aim to

examine the gender differences in subjective well-being, self-efficacy, and emotional

competence among adolescents of working and non-working mothers.

Subjective well-being refers to an individual's assessment of their life satisfaction, happiness,

and overall well-being. It is composed of affective and cognitive components, which include

positive and negative emotions and life satisfaction. Positive emotions are feelings such as joy,

pleasure, and contentment, while negative emotions include anxiety, depression, and stress. Life

satisfaction is the overall judgment of one's life quality, including various domains such as

relationships, work, and health.

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to accomplish a specific task or goal.

It is an essential component of motivation and influences the choices people make, the effort

they put into a task, and their persistence in the face of difficulties. Self-efficacy beliefs are

shaped by a person's past experiences, social comparison, and the feedback they receive from

others.
Emotional competence refers to an individual's ability to recognize, regulate, and express their

emotions effectively. Emotional competence is essential for building and maintaining

relationships, coping with stress and adversity, and achieving personal goals. It includes several

sub-skills, such as emotional awareness, emotional regulation, empathy, and social skills.

Several studies for gender differences in subjective well-being, self-efficacy, and

emotional competence have been done which concludes that females score higher in measures of

emotional competence and subjective well-being, while males tend to have higher levels of self-

efficacy. However, the effect of maternal employment status on these gender differences has not

been adequately explored.

Although the field of maternal employment status has still been unexplored by

researchers studying adolescent’s well-being. The impact of maternal employment status on

adolescents can be both positive and negative, depending on various factors such as the quality

of maternal employment, the level of support provided by the mother, and the family's economic

status. However, the specific effects of maternal employment status on gender differences in

subjective well-being, self-efficacy, and emotional competence among adolescents have not been

thoroughly investigated.

The aim of this study is to examine the gender differences in subjective well-being, self-efficacy,

and emotional competence among adolescents of working and non-working mothers. We

hypothesize that females will score higher in measures of emotional competence and Self-

Efficacy, while males will score higher in measures of subjective well-being. Furthermore, we

expect that maternal employment status will moderate these gender differences.

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Review of Literature
Amato & Keith (1991) examined the relationship between maternal employment status and

child outcomes, including academic achievement, self-esteem, and behavioral problems. The

study found that there were no significant differences in child outcomes between children of

working mothers and children of non-working mothers.

Dunifon & Kowaleski-Jones (2002) investigated the impact of maternal employment status on

child outcomes, including academic achievement, behavioral problems, and emotional well-

being. The study found that children of working mothers had higher levels of academic

achievement and better emotional well-being compared to children of non-working mothers.

However, there were no significant differences in behavioral problems between the two groups.

Cooksey & Fondell (2006) explored the relationship between maternal employment status and

adolescent outcomes, including academic achievement, self-esteem, and psychological distress.

The study found that there were no significant differences in academic achievement and self-

esteem between adolescents of working mothers and adolescents of non-working mothers.

However, adolescents of working mothers had lower levels of psychological distress compared

to adolescents of non-working mothers.

Shrivastava & Gupta (2014) explored the impact of maternal employment status on the

psychological well-being of adolescents in India. The study found that adolescents of working

mothers had higher levels of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and subjective well-being compared to

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adolescents of non-working mothers. The study also found that the impact of maternal

employment status on adolescent well-being was stronger for girls compared to boys.

Sharma & Narang (2015) examined the relationship between maternal employment status and

academic achievement among adolescents in India. The study found that adolescents of working

mothers had higher levels of academic achievement compared to adolescents of non-working

mothers. The study also found that the positive relationship between maternal employment status

and academic achievement was stronger for female adolescents compared to male adolescents.

Garg & Sharma (2016) examined gender differences in emotional competence among

adolescents of working mothers and non-working mothers. The study found that female

adolescents of working mothers had higher levels of emotional competence compared to female

adolescents of non-working mothers. However, there were no significant differences in

emotional competence between male adolescents of working mothers and non-working mothers.

Kumar & Kaur (2017) explored the impact of maternal employment status on the self-esteem

and subjective well-being of adolescents in India. The study found that adolescents of working

mothers had higher levels of self-esteem and subjective well-being compared to adolescents of

non-working mothers. The study also found that the impact of maternal employment status on

adolescent well-being was stronger for female adolescents compared to male adolescents.

Kaur & Sidhu (2018) investigated the impact of maternal employment status on the academic

achievement and psychological well-being of adolescents in India. The study found that

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adolescents of working mothers had higher levels of academic achievement and subjective well-

being compared to adolescents of non-working mothers. The study also found that maternal

employment status had a stronger impact on the psychological well-being of female adolescents

compared to male adolescents.

Gangopadhyay & Chanda (2019) investigated gender differences in emotional competence and

subjective well-being among adolescents of working mothers and non-working mothers in India.

The study found that female adolescents of working mothers had higher levels of emotional

competence and subjective well-being compared to female adolescents of non-working mothers.

However, there were no significant differences in emotional competence and subjective well-

being between male adolescents of working mothers and non-working mothers.

Singh & Singh (2020) explored gender differences in self-efficacy among adolescents of

working mothers and non-working mothers. The study found that male adolescents of working

mothers had higher levels of self-efficacy compared to male adolescents of non-working

mothers. However, there were no significant differences in self-efficacy between female

adolescents of working mothers and non-working mothers.

The above literature suggests that maternal employment status has a significant impact on the

well-being and success of adolescents in India, with stronger effects for female adolescents.

These findings have important implications for policies and practices related to maternal

employment, as well as for interventions aimed at improving the well-being and success of

adolescents of working mothers and non-working mothers in India. Further research is needed to

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explore the complex relationships among maternal employment status, gender, and adolescent

outcomes, as well as to identify effective interventions for improving adolescent well-being in

India. The studies discussed in this review highlight the importance of maternal employment

status in shaping the well-being and success of adolescents in India, and underscore the need for

further research and effective interventions in this area.

Rationale and Significance

The study can help identify any potential negative effects of maternal employment on adolescent

well-being, such as increased stress due to parental responsibilities or reduced family time.

Additionally, it can help identify any positive effects, such as increased self-efficacy due to

exposure to working role models or increased family income. By understanding the potential

impact of maternal employment on adolescent well-being and development, policymakers and

practitioners can develop more effective strategies to support working mothers and promote

healthy adolescent development.

Moreover, the study can also contribute to the existing literature on gender differences in

emotional competence, self-efficacy, and subjective well-being among adolescents. By

comparing the outcomes of male and female adolescents with working and non-working

mothers, the research can identify any gender-specific effects of maternal employment on

adolescent development. This can help inform efforts to promote gender equality and support the

well-being of both male and female adolescents.

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Objectives of the Study:

1. To study the effect of maternal employment on subjective well-being of their children.

2. To study the gender difference in subjective well being between adolescent children of

working and non-working mother.

3. To study the effect of maternal employment on self-efficacy of their children.

4. To study the gender difference in self-efficacy between adolescent children of working

and non-working mother.

5. To study the effect of maternal employment on Emotional Competence of their children.

6. To study the gender difference in emotional competence between adolescent children of

working and non-working mother.

The Hypothesis of the Study:

 Subjective well-being will be more among children whom mothers are home maker as

compared to children with working mothers.

 Subjective well-being will be more among males as compared to female children.

 Self-Efficacy will be more among children whom mothers are working as compared to

children with non-working mothers.

 Self-Efficacy will be more among female children as compared to male children.

 Emotional Competence will be more among children whom mothers are working as

compared to children with non-working mothers.

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  Emotional Competence will be more among female children as compared to male

children.

Method:

Variables of the Study:

 Independent Variable:

1. Gender (Male and Females)

2. Mother (working and non-working).

 Dependent Variables:

1. Well-being

2. Self confidence

3. Emotional competence

Explanation for Variables of the Study:

Adolescence: Adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood,

typically starting around the age of 10 or 11 and ending in the late teens or early 20s. It is

characterized by significant physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes as young people

transition into adulthood.

Well-being: Well-being refers to the state of being healthy, happy, and satisfied with one's life.

It encompasses physical, emotional, and social health and is influenced by factors such as

lifestyle, relationships, and environment.

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Emotional competence: Emotional competence refers to the ability to recognize, understand,

and regulate one's own emotions, as well as the emotions of others. It involves skills such as

empathy, self-awareness, emotional self-regulation, and effective communication.

Self-Efficacy- Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform

a specific task or achieve a particular goal. In other words, it is the level of confidence a person

has in their own abilities to accomplish something. It plays a crucial role in determining an

individual's motivation, behavior, and performance. When people have high self-efficacy, they

are more likely to set ambitious goals, persist in the face of challenges, and ultimately achieve

success. Conversely, individuals with low self-efficacy may feel overwhelmed by obstacles,

doubt their abilities, and give up more easily.

Research design to be implemented:

Working Mother Non- Working

Mother
TOTAL

Male Child X1 Y1 X1+Y1

Female Child X2 Y2 X2+Y2

TOTAL X1+X2 Y1+Y2 X1+X2+Y1+Y2

X1- number of male children of working mother

X2- number of female children of working mothers
Y1- number of male children of non-working mother

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Y2- number of female children of non-working mother

Data collection method:

A sample of 300 boys and 300 girls of age group 10-17 years would be taken for this study out of

which 150 boys and 150 girl children would be of working mother and 150 boys and 150 girl

children would be of non-working mothers.

 Inclusion Criteria:

o Male and Female adolescents.

o Children living with their parents.
o Both going to school and not going to school.
o Urban and Rural areas.

 Exclusion Criteria

o Adolescents who are not willing to participate in the study.

o Adolescents who are not mentally or physically fit to be included in the study.
o Orphan adolescents.

Tools for this study

1. Subjective Well-being Scale- by Dr. Rashmi Chaturvedi and Prof. Ritu Chandra

(Adolescent) - The scale consists of 40 items that assess various domains of well-being,

including positive and negative effect, life satisfaction, and self-esteem. The questions

are designed to be easy to understand and are presented in a Likert-type format where

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 respondents rate their agreement or disagreement with each statement. The scale has

been validated for use with Indian adolescents and has been found to be a reliable and

valid tool for assessing subjective well-being in this population. The scale has been used

in research studies and clinical practice to assess the impact of various interventions on

adolescent well-being.

2. Self-Efficacy scale- by Sarita Dahiya and Kumar - The Self-efficacy scale consists of 20

items that assess an individual's confidence in their ability to perform specific tasks or

behaviors. The scale is designed to be applicable across various domains, including

academic, occupational, and social situations. Respondents rate their level of confidence

on a scale ranging from 0-100. The scale has been found to be reliable and valid in

assessing self-efficacy in both clinical and research settings. The self-efficacy scale has

been used in various studies to assess the impact of interventions on self-efficacy and to

understand its role in predicting behavior change.

3. Emotional Competence Scale- by R Bhardwaj and H Sharma- The scale consists of 46

items that assess various dimensions of emotional competence, including emotional

awareness, emotional expression, emotional regulation, and empathy. Respondents rate

their level of agreement with each statement on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1

(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The Emotional Competence Scale has been

validated for use in Indian populations and has been found to be a reliable and valid tool

for assessing emotional competence in both clinical and research settings.

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Statistical Analysis:

After gathering the data, the Mean, Median, and SD, along with other Descriptive Statistics, will

be computed, and then a statistical analysis plan will be established.

Ethical Considerations:

Ethical considerations for this study include obtaining informed consent from participants and

their parents or guardians. Participants will be informed that participation is voluntary, and they

can withdraw at any time. Confidentiality and anonymity will be ensured, and data will be stored

securely.

References
Amato, P. R., & Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A meta-
analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 26-46.

Cooksey, E. C., & Fondell, M. M. (2006). Spending time with his kids: Effects of family
structure on fathers’ and children’s lives. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(1), 1-21.

Dunifon, R., & Kowaleski-Jones, L. (2002). Who’s in the house? Race differences in
cohabitation, single parenthood, and child development. Child Development, 73(4),
1249-1264.

Gangopadhyay, S., & Chanda, A. (2019). Gender differences in emotional competence and
subjective well-being among adolescents of working mothers and non-working mothers.
Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(4), 613-621.

Garg, A., & Sharma, D. (2016). Emotional competence among adolescents of working and non-
working mothers: A comparative study. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 7(2),
139-142.

Kaur, M., & Sidhu, G. K. (2018). Maternal employment and its impact on academic achievement
and psychological well-being of adolescents. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(1),
88-93.

Kumar, P., & Kaur, J. (2017). Impact of maternal employment on self-esteem and subjective
well-being of adolescents. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(2), 1-13.

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Sharma, S., & Narang, S. (2015). Impact of maternal employment status on academic
achievement among adolescents. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 6(5), 479-481.

Shrivastava, M. K., & Gupta, R. (2014). Impact of maternal employment on psychological well-
being of adolescents: A study in India. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(1), 39-
43.

Singh, M., & Singh, V. (2020). Gender differences in self-efficacy of adolescents in relation to
maternal employment status. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 11(1), 58-61.

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