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Advanced Structured Materials
Azman Ismail
Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar
Andreas Öchsner Editors
Advanced
Engineering for
Processes and
Technologies
Volume 102
Series editors
Andreas Öchsner, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University
of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
Lucas F. M. da Silva, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Holm Altenbach, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt,
Germany
Common engineering materials reach in many applications their limits and new
developments are required to fulfil increasing demands on engineering materials.
The performance of materials can be increased by combining different materials to
achieve better properties than a single constituent or by shaping the material or
constituents in a specific structure. The interaction between material and structure
may arise on different length scales, such as micro-, meso- or macroscale, and offers
possible applications in quite diverse fields.
This book series addresses the fundamental relationship between materials and their
structure on the overall properties (e.g. mechanical, thermal, chemical or magnetic
etc.) and applications.
The topics of Advanced Structured Materials include but are not limited to
• classical fibre-reinforced composites (e.g. class, carbon or Aramid reinforced
plastics)
• metal matrix composites (MMCs)
• micro porous composites
• micro channel materials
• multilayered materials
• cellular materials (e.g. metallic or polymer foams, sponges, hollow sphere
structures)
• porous materials
• truss structures
• nanocomposite materials
• biomaterials
• nano porous metals
• concrete
• coated materials
• smart materials
Advanced Structures Material is indexed in Google Scholar and Scopus.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8611

Azman Ismail Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar
•
Andreas Öchsner
Editors
Advanced Engineering
for Processes
and Technologies
123
Editors
Azman Ismail Andreas Öchsner
Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Technology Esslingen University of Applied Sciences
Universiti Kuala Lumpur Esslingen am Neckar, Baden-Württemberg,
Lumut, Perak, Malaysia Germany
Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar

Malaysian Spanish Institute
Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia
ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic)

ISBN 978-3-030-05620-9 ISBN 978-3-030-05621-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05621-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018964016
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
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jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
We are honored to announce the publication of the book Advanced Engineering for
Processes and Technologies which is a collection of reviewed international chapters
in the Advanced Structured Materials series of Springers. All the chapters published
in this book were mostly contributed by the academia of Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia Spanish Institute (UniKL MSI) in Kulim, Malaysia, led by their research
and innovation head, Dr. Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar.
Nowadays, advanced engineering is the key driver for sustainable innovation
and productivity. As we engage on this new revolution of technology, it would be
beneficial for those involved in Internet of things (IoT), big data, automation, and
many more. Thus, expanding the business and technology opportunities access that
exists among us is crucial. This book explained a range of advanced processes and
technology methods used for the establishment of engineering innovation and
productivity through their enlightening/competitive research findings and the
exposure of their relative merits and limitations, together with some directions of
further researches for sustainability operations and developments in advanced
engineering research fields.
Lumut, Malaysia Azman Ismail

Kulim, Malaysia Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar
Esslingen am Neckar, Germany Andreas Öchsner
v
Contents
Three Dimensional Simulation of Filling Process for Stacked-Chip

Scale Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Mior Firdaus Mior Abd Majid, Mohamad Sabri Mohamad Sidik,
Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar, Khairul Shahril Shafee,
Zainal Nazri Mohd Yusuf, Mohamad Shukri Mohd Zain
and Mohd. Zulkifly Abdullah
Analysis of Temperature Distribution Behavior of Motorcycle
Brake Pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Khairul Shahril bin Shaffee, Mohd Khairuddin Hj. Ali Musa,
Mohamad Sabri Mohamad Sidik, Mior Firdaus Mior Abd. Majid
and Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar
Application of a Portable Coordinate Measuring Machine onto
Automotive Door Panel for Quality Inspection Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Tajul Adli bin Abdul Razak, B. T. Hang Tuah bin Baharudin,
Khairul Shahril bin Shafee and Khairul Akmal bin Shamsuddin
Study on Implementation of Neural Network Controlling Four
Quadrants Direct Current Chopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
S. Arof, N. H. Diyanah, P. A. Mawby and H. Arof
Processor in the Loop for Testing Series Motor Four Quadrants Drive
Direct Current Chopper for Series Motor Driven Electric Car . . . . . . . 59
S. Arof, N. H. Diyanah, N. M. Yaakop, P. A. Mawby and H. Arof
Comparative Study of Fuel Consumption, Acceleration and Emission
for Road Vehicle Using LPG or Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Loke Kean Koay, Muhammad Jasni Md Sah and Rusli bin Othman
vii
viii Contents
Design and Construction of a Micro-hydro Turbine for Additional

Home Power to Use a Conventional Water Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Tajul Adli bin Abdul Razak, Shahril Nizam bin Mohamed Soid,
Khairil Shahril bin Shafee, Mohd Riduan bin Ibrahim
and Aznizam bin Abdullah
Design and Fabrication of a Magneto-rheological Fluid Based
Torque Sensor for Automotive Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar and Amirul Qusyaini Alwi
Development of a 2-Dof Parallel Kinematics Machine for Macro
Scale Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Nor Liyana Maskuri, Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar
and Ahmad Razlee Ab Kadir
Development of a Capacitor Using a Rubber Based Magneto
Rheological Elastomer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar, Mohd Nor Hazwan Hadzir
and Muhamad Termizi Muhamad
Effect of the Magnetic Field on Magnetic Particles
in Magnetorheological Elastomer Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Mohd Nor Hazwan Hadzir, Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar
and Ishak Abdul Azid
Effects of the Coconut Pulp Fiber on the Mechanical Properties
and Water Absorption of Reinforced Ethylene Propylene
Diene Monomer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Mohamad Sabri Mohamad Sidik, Mohamad Taufiq and Nurulhuda Amri
Flow Analysis Inside Coated Porous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Ahmad Kamal Ismail, Mohd. Zulkifly Abdullah, Abdul Rashid Jamaludin,
Mohammed Zubair and Nor Haslina Ibrahim
Francis Turbine Analysis Between Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) and Experimental Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Muhammad Naim bin Md. Kamal, Khairul Shahril bin Shaffee,
Mohamad Sabri bin Mohamad Sidik, Ahmad Razlee Ab. Kadir
and Johan Ihsan bin Mahmood
Refining 5S Awareness Through an Interactive Game Board . . . . . . . . 173
Jumázulhisham Abdul Shukor, Rahim Jamian
and Mohd Nizam Ab Rahman
Kinetic Modelling of a Particle Grinding Process in a Planetary
Ball Mill Jar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar, Ahmad-Fazireen Ahmad-Fauzi
and Nor Liyana Maskuri
Contents ix
Large Eddy Simulation of Vehicle Aerodynamics Using Parallel

Computational Fluids Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Abd-Munim Abd-Halim and Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar
Performance Characteristics of a Small Engine Fueled
by Liquefied Petroleum Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Mohamad Shukri bin Mohd Zain, Shahril Nizam bin Mohamed Soid,
Mior Firdaus bin Mior Abd Majid and Mohd Nurhidayat bin Zahelem
Machining Performance of AlSi/10%AlN Metal Matrix Composite
Material in Milling Process Using Uncoated Insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Nurul Na’imy Wan, Mohamad Sazali Said, Norzalina Othman,
Ahmad Razlee Ab Kadir and Baizura Zubir
Numerical Investigation of Magneto-hydrodynamics in a Magnetic
Peristaltic Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Faizah Osman and Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar
Parametric Study of the Two-Stage Pyrolysis Process for Activated
Carbon Preparation from Pithecellobium Jiringa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar, Mohamad-Syafiq Mohd-Kamal
and Mohd-Nazri Che-Adnan
Performance of a Small Engine Fueled by Methane
Using a Simulation Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Shahril Nizam Mohamed Soid, Muhammad Najib Abdul Hamid,
Mohd Suyerdi Omar and Muhammad Iqbal Ahmad
Simulation Analysis on the Performance of a Hydrogen Port Fuel
Injection Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Shahril Nizam Mohamed Soid, Surenthar Magalinggam
and Muhammad Iqbal Ahmad
Simulation of Flange Modeling by Using the Finite
Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Khairul Shahril Shaffee, Khairulanwar Haris, Khairul Akmal Shamsuddin,
Mohamad Sabri Mohamad Sidik
and Megat Mohd Amzari Megat Mohd Aris
Material Removal Rate and Cutting Force of AlSi/10%AlN
Metal Matrix Composite Material in Milling Process
Using Uncoated Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Mohamad Sazali Said, Nurul Na’imy Wan, Norzalina Othman,
Ahmad Razlee Ab Kadir and Baizura Zubir
Synthesis of Polypropylene Solid State Electrolytes for Batteries
Using a Polymerization Heat Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar and Kartina Farah Hana
x Contents
The Effect of Cutting Fluid Condition on Surface Roughness

in Turning of Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Baizura Zubir, Mohd Zaki Abdul Razak, Ahmad Fauzie Abd Rahman
and Mohamad Sazali Said
Thermal Analysis of a Cylindrical Sintered Wick Heat Pipe . . . . . . . . . 307
Faiza Mohamed Nasir, Mohd. Zulkifly Abdullah and Fairosidi Idrus
Three Point Bending Analysis on the Side Impact Beam
of a Perodua Kancil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Fazidah Saad, Zainal Nazri Mohd Yusuf, Zulkarnain Abdul Latiff
and Norhisham Ismail
Time Optimization Implementation in Conventional Lathe
Machining Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Jumázulhisham Abdul Shukor, Syed Ahmad Faiz Syed Mohd
and Mozaimi Mohamad
Three Dimensional Simulation of Filling
Process for Stacked-Chip Scale Packages
Mior Firdaus Mior Abd Majid, Mohamad Sabri Mohamad Sidik,

Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar, Khairul Shahril Shafee,
Zainal Nazri Mohd Yusuf, Mohamad Shukri Mohd Zain
and Mohd. Zulkifly Abdullah
Abstract Encapsulation is one of the key processes in electronic packaging in

order to protect the integrated circuit chips from environmental and mechanical
damages. The most obvious choice for the encapsulation process is transfer
moulding due to its capability to mould small parts with complex features. An
electronic package that employs transfer moulding is Stacked-Chip Scale Package
(S-CSP). However, a computer simulation is one of the tools that could be used to
simulate and predict the mould process. It is highly desirable in order to avoid the
typical time-consuming procedure of mould design and process optimization by
trial and error. In this paper, a fully three-dimensional analysis to predict the
transfer moulding process of S-CSP encapsulation using a finite volume method
(FVM) based software, FLUENT is presented. The proposed FVM simulation
model is built and meshed using GAMBIT. Some simplification is done for the
M. F. Mior Abd Majid (&) M. S. Mohamad Sidik M. H. Abu Bakar

K. S. Shafee Z. N. M. Yusuf M. S. M. Zain
Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysan Spanish Institute, Kulim Hi-Tech Park,
09000 Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia
e-mail: miorfirdaus@unikl.edu.my
M. S. Mohamad Sidik
e-mail: msabri@unikl.edu.my
M. H. Abu Bakar
e-mail: muhamadhusaini@unikl.edu.my
K. S. Shafee
e-mail: khairuls@unikl.edu.my
Z. N. M. Yusuf
e-mail: zainalnazri@unikl.edu.my
M. S. M. Zain
e-mail: mshukrimz@unikl.edu.my
Mohd.Zulkifly Abdullah
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal,
Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
e-mail: mezul@eng.usm.my
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1

A. Ismail et al. (eds.), Advanced Engineering for Processes and Technologies,
Advanced Structured Materials 102, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05621-6_1
2 M. F. Mior Abd Majid et al.
simulation model due to time consumption and the complicated geometry of the
actual S-CSP model. In the analysis, the volume of fluid (VOF) technique was used
to track the flow front of the encapsulation. The viscosity versus shear rate is plotted
and the void formation problem is also discussed. The numerical results are com-
pared with the previous experimental results and are in good agreement.
Keywords Stacked-Chip Scale Package (S-CSP) Finite volume method (FVM)

Volume of fluid (VOF) Front tracking Void
1 Introduction
Electronic packaging is defined as a package to house a silicon chip in an electronic

system. The main functions of an electronic package are to protect the electronic
components from adverse environmental and mechanical effects and to act as a
structural support and electrical insulation [1]. It also provides heat dissipation,
signal timing and power distribution [2]. In electronic packaging, one of the key
processes is encapsulation. Generally, transfer moulding and liquid encapsulation
are the most common encapsulation techniques. In transfer moulding, an epoxy
moulding compound (EMC) is preheated before loading into the transfer port. By
applying certain pressure, the heated moulding compound is transferred from the
transfer port through the runners and then into the mould cavities which may consist
of a single or many dies [3].
An example of electronic package using the transfer moulding process is Chip
Scale Package (CSP) which is a package whose area is less than 1.2 times the area
of the Integrated Chip (IC). CSP has smaller, thinner and lighter characteristics and
has been developed to address the demands of modern electronics. The pace of CSP
technology development is accelerating rapidly. The semiconductor industry is
driven by the broad adoption of CSP in wireless handsets and handheld electronic
devices. Looking into the modern life today, the market demand for thin, small,
light and user friendly electronic packaging that can provide wider variety of
functions is still on the increase in recent years [4–6]. The Stacked-Chip Scale
Packages (S-CSP) can be the best option to meet the aforesaid demands to a
remarkable extend. It integrates Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) and
memories such as flash, Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), and Double Data
Rate (DDR) into one package by stacking dies, interconnecting them with wire
bonding and moulding all into one package based on the Joint Electronic Device
Engineering Council (JEDEC) standard [7, 8]. S-CSP is adopted widely in portable
multimedia devices such as cellular telephones, digital cameras, PDAs and audio
players [9].
There are several factors that can affect the mould filling yields, such as die
thickness (gap clearance), size and array arrangement of complicated stacking dies.
Three Dimensional Simulation of Filling Process for … 3
They are defined as critical factors at the initial stage of the product quality planning
[10]. As the S-SCP mould is the matrix array type with thin space and wide filling
area, the quality concern of the filling process becomes very significant. It involves
complex non-Newtonian fluid flow, coupling heat transfer and chemical reaction.
As a result, the problems like incomplete mould, void formation, unbalanced flow
and wire sweeping are common. Moreover, these phenomena in the complex mould
geometry make it difficult to analyze the process and further optimize the design
[11].
Although transfer moulding is a mature technology, it is still difficult to optimize
and the mould design is a costly and lengthy process. Prototyping often requires
numerous modifications and revisions. To minimize the impact of these problems
and for better mould design and optimization, numerical flow analysis during the
encapsulation process is needed [12]. Turng and Wang [13], Han and Wang [14],
and Nguyen et al. [15–18] are the pioneers in numerical simulation of the flow
during encapsulation. Their numerical formulation was mostly based on the finite
element method (FEM) coupled with the volume of fluid (VOF) technique. The
Generalized Hele Shaw approximation was made for the fluid field. Basically, the
Hele-Shaw cell consists of two flat plates that are parallel to each other and sep-
arated by a small distance. The Hele Shaw approximation uses gap wise-averaged
mass and momentum-conservation equations ignoring the gap wise component of
the flow. Moreover, the thickness of th model is relatively small as compared to its
width and length, and the viscous effect dominates the flow. Thus, the inertia effect
is negligible [19]. Abdullah et al. [20, 21] presented flow visualization and EMC
rheology on S-CSP encapsulation studies using the finite difference method. An
alternative FVM-based three-dimensional mould filling analysis using the incom-
pressible Navier-Stokes equation is introduced in the current study. The Epoxy
Moulding Compound (EMC) is modelled as a non-Newtonian fluid and the EMC is
treated as a generalized Newtonian fluid (GNF). Accordingly, in our previous work
[22], 3D simulation of pressurized under-filling of flip chip package has been
presented. The Simulations were done with the computational fluid dynamics code
FLUENT 6.3. The Volume of fluid (VOF) Technique is used to track the flow front
during calculation. In the present study, we adopt the technique to investigate the
flow visualization and encapsulate filling microchip encapsulation process.
Numerical results of flow front profiles are compared with previous experimental
results. In additional, the void formation is observed.
2 Numerical Model
The three-dimensional incompressible flow equation, namely the conservation of

mass, Navier-Stokes equation and conservation of energy for non-isothermal,
generalized Newtonian fluids (GNF) are given below:
(i) Continuity equation:
@u @v @w
þ þ ¼0 ð1Þ
@x @y @z
(ii) Navier-Stokes Equation:

x-direction
2
@u @u @u @u 1 @p @ u @2u @2u
þu þv þw ¼ þg þ þ ð2Þ
@t @x @y @z q @x @x2 @y2 @z2
y-direction
2
@v @v @v @v 1 @p @ v @2v @2v
@t @x @y @z q @y @x2 @y2 @z2
z-direction
2
@w @w @w @w 1 @p @ w @2w @2w
@t @x @y @z q @w @x2 @y2 @z2
(iii) Energy equation:

@T
qCp þ u rT ¼ rðkrT Þ þ U ð5Þ
@t
However, a modification in the conservation of energy has been made by

inserting an energy source term. The energy source term is as follows:
U ¼ g_c ð6Þ
For predicting the relationship between viscosity and the degree of polymer-
ization that are given accordingly as:
The Cross rheology model:
g0 ð T Þ
gðT; c_ Þ ¼ ; ð7Þ
_
1 þ gsoc
where

Tb
g0 ðT Þ ¼ B exp ð8Þ
T
n is the power law index, g0 is the zero shear rate viscosity, s is the parameter
that describes the transition region between zero shear rates and the power law
region of the viscosity curve, c_ is the shear rate, B is an exponential-fitted constant
and Tb is a temperature fitted-constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
In a three-dimensional filling simulation, accurate tracking of the melt fronts as
well as the representation and evolution of the complex topology are very impor-
tant. In the VOF method the melt front can be tracked by solving the transport
equation of the fractional volume function. The transport equation can be solved by
either in the geometrical approach or the algebraic approach. The VOF equation is
given as:
2
dF @F @F @F @F @ F @2F @2F
¼ þu þv þw þ þ ¼ 0; ð9Þ
dt @t @t @t @t @x2 @y2 @z2
where F is defined either as equal to one (F = 1) for the fluid region or equal to zero
(F = 0) for the empty region and partially full if F has value in between one and
zero at the melt front (0 < F < 1).
3 Simulation Setup
The volume of fluid (VOF) model in FLUENT 6.3.26 is utilized to simulate the
S-CSP mold filling process. In the VOF model, a single set of momentum equations
is shared by the fluids, and the volume fraction of each of the fluids in each
computational cell is tracked throughout the domain. Air and encapsulant material
Hitachi CEL-9200 XU (LF) [23] are defined as the phases in the analysis and the
mould temperature is set as 175 °C. Implicit solution and time dependent formu-
lation are applied for the volume fraction in every time step. The volume fraction of
the encapsulant material is defined as one and zero value for the air phase. Besides,
viscosity cross model and VOF techniques are applied to track the melt front. The
model is created by using GAMBIT software and a total 94196 tetrahedral elements
are generated for the simulation. The simulation took about seven hours to complete
for a single case. The S-CSP package model used in the present study and its
simplified model and the meshed model are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.
Some simplifications have been made to the actual model such as replacement of
chamfered corners by 90° corners and removal of vents for the simulation model.
The material properties [23] for the current study are summarized in Table 1. The
boundary and initial conditions used in the calculation are as follows:
(a) Actual model (b) Simplified model
Fig. 1 The actual and simplified S-CSP models. a Actual model. b Simplified model
Fig. 2 3D meshed model
Table 1 Material properties Parameter Value

[23]
n 0.7938
s ðPaÞ 7.264E−4
B 5.558E 4
Tb ðKÞ 7.166E3
qðkg=cm3 Þ 2.000E3
cp ðJ=kg KÞ 1079
k ðW=m KÞ 0.97
(a) On the mould wall: u ¼ v ¼ w ¼ 0; T ¼ Tw ; @p @n ¼ 0

(b) On the melt front: p ¼ 0
(c) On the inlet: u ¼ v ¼ w ¼ given; p ¼ pin ðx; y; z; tÞ; T ¼ Tin .
4 Results and Discussion
The experiments have been done to investigate the flow behaviour of epoxy
moulding compound (EMC) inside the actual mould of Stacked-Chip Scale
Package (S-CSP) with twelve arrays of six stacking dies. The EMC used in this
investigation is the HITACHI CEL-9200-XU (LF). The mould temperature is set at
175 °C and the package pressure is 70 kg/cm2. Short-shot results have been per-
formed to observe the melt front advancement at different times step. The short-shot
samples can be obtained by setting certain stroke length of the plunger. The
package will be incomplete if the sets less then the stroke length. Thus the front
profile can be attained. Figure 3 illustrates the gate, air vents, stacking dies in
matrix array of 4 3 and the flow direction.
Figure 4 demonstrates respectively the experiment and simulation (short shot)
results of melt front advancement with an inlet velocity of 4 mm/s in the S-CSP.
Hitachi CEL-9200-XU (LF) is used as an encapsulant in the simulation. The
encapsulation process shows a good agreement of flow front profile at 1.5 s and 2 s
for experimental and simulation result. The mould compound flows around the dies
and moves quickly before it starts to cover the dies. However, the flow above the
dies covers more area in the experiments compared to that of the simulation. The
effect of dies on the flow fronts is clearly visible. It restricted the flow along
the edges and over the dies. As a result, the flow around the dies is accelerated.
However, at 2.5 s the simulation flow front profile is found more slowly in
filling compared to experiments. This phenomenon is caused by the simplification
of the simulation model. The simplification on the stacked chip may be a factor for
affecting the encapsulant during the process. The simplified chips act as a larger
obstruction to the flow and caused the encapsulant to fill the free region. At 6 s of
Free passage flow
Backside flow
Top die flow
Vent
Die
Gate
Fig. 3 Schematic of flow in the cavity

Experiment Simulation Experiment Simulation
1.5 s 2.0 s
2.5 s 3.0 s
3.5 s 4.0 s
5.0 s 6.0s
Fig. 4 Short shot results of melt front advancement at distinct time steps with velocity inlet of
4 mm/s
the filling stage, a void is found in the mold filling process. Figure 5 shows the void
formation during the S-CSP filling process.
Figure 6 shows viscosity variation versus shear rate. The curves show as a
power law viscosity variation where the viscosity reduces with the shear rate.
Fig. 5 Void formation at circled region
110
100
Viscosity (Pa.s)
90
80
70
60
50
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Shear rate (1/s)
Fig. 6 Viscosity versus Shear rate
5 Conclusion
A three-dimensional non-isothermal incompressible analysis model based on the

finite difference method (FVM) for the transfer moulding process is presented and
compared with the experimental results. The three-dimensional S-CSP package is
simulated to study the flow visualization in the process. The encapsulant material
used is the Hitachi Chemical CEL-9200-XU (LF). Cross-viscosity model and
volume of fluid (VOF) technique are used to track the flow front in the numerical
simulation. Navier-Stokes equations are solved by the finite volume method and
SIMPLE segregated algorithm. It is found that simulation results of melt fronts are
in good agreement with the experimental results, thus proving the strength of the
model and the fluent software in handling stacked chip encapsulant problems. The
present study may be extended further for more actual type of stacked chip and
different parameters on different S-CSP packages.
References
1. Tummala, R.R.: Fundamentals of Microsystems Packaging, pp. 44–79. McGraw Hill,

Singapore (2001)
2. Manzione, L.T.: Plastic Packaging of Microelectronic Device, pp. 1–35. Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York (1990)
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studies in transfer molding for Newtonian flids. J. Phys. Sci. 16(2), 103–114 (2005)
4. Kulkarni, V.M., Seetharamu, K.N., Azid, I.A., Aswatha Narayana, P.A., Quadir, G.A.:
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molding of plastic ball grid array packages. In: 1999 Electronic Components and Technology
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Book Chapter
23. Modeling multiphase flow, FLUENT Documentation, Chapter 23

Analysis of Temperature Distribution
Behavior of Motorcycle Brake Pads
Khairul Shahril bin Shaffee, Mohd Khairuddin Hj. Ali Musa,

Mohamad Sabri Mohamad Sidik, Mior Firdaus Mior Abd. Majid
and Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar
Abstract The gradual phasing-out of asbestos in motorcycles brake friction

materials in many parts of the world has sparked the onset of extensive research and
development into safer alternatives. As a result, the brake friction industry has seen
the birth of different brake pads and shoes in the past decade, each with their own
unique composition, yet performing the very same task and claiming to be better
than others. This suggests that the selection of the brake pad design geometry
surface is based more on original shape and simulation trial and error rather than
fundamental understanding. This analysis strives to eliminate the cloud of uncer-
tainty by providing an insight into the pros and cons of the geometry surface shape
of motorcycle brake pad and make-up used in contemporary temperature behavior
distribution on pads and shoes. In this analysis brake pad designs are reviewed and
their advantages and disadvantages in contemporary brake applications are
discussed.
Keywords Different brake pads geometry surfaces New design

Temperature distribution Brake friction Advantages and disadvantages
brake pads
K. S. bin Shaffee (&) M. K. Hj.A. Musa M. S. Mohamad Sidik

M. F. M. Abd.Majid
Mechanical Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Spanish Institute,
Kulim Hi-Tech Park, 09000 Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia
e-mail: khairuls@unikl.edu.my
M. K. Hj.A. Musa
e-mail: khairuddin.jpm@gmail.com
M. S. Mohamad Sidik
e-mail: msabri@unikl.edu.my
M. F. M. Abd.Majid
e-mail: miorfirdaus@unikl.edu.my
M. H. A. Bakar
Manufacturing Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Spanish Institute, Kulim
Hi-Tech Park, 09000 Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia
e-mail: muhamadhusaini@unikl.edu.my
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 13

A. Ismail et al. (eds.), Advanced Engineering for Processes and Technologies,
Advanced Structured Materials 102, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05621-6_2
14 K. S. bin Shaffee et al.
1 Introduction
Brake pads are a component of disk brakes used in automotive and other appli-
cations. Brake pads are steel backing plates with friction material bound to the
surface that faces the disk brake rotor. Brake pads convert the kinetic energy of the
car to thermal energy by friction. Two brake pads are contained in the brake caliper
with their friction surfaces facing the rotor. When the brakes are hydraulically
applied, the caliper clamps or squeezes the two pads together into the spinning rotor
to slow/stop the vehicle. When a brake pad is heated by contact with a rotor, it
transfers small amounts of friction material to the disc, turning it dull gray. The
brake pad and disc both now with friction material, then “stick” to each other,
providing the friction that stops the vehicle.
Brake pad materials range from asbestos to organic or semi-metallic formula-
tions. Each of these materials has proven to have advantages and disadvantages
regarding environmental friendliness, wear, noise, and stopping capability.
Semi-metallic pads provide strength and conduct heat away from rotors but also
generate noise and are abrasive enough to increase rotor wear.
Asbestos was widely used in pads for its heat resistance but, due to health risks,
has been replaced with alternative materials, such as mineral fibers, cellulose,
aramid, chopped glass, steel, and copper fibers as shown in Fig. 1. Depending on
material properties, disc wear rates vary. The properties that determine the mate-
rial’s wear, involve trade-offs between performance and longevity. Newer pads can
be made of exotic materials like ceramics, aramid fibres, and other plastics.
Vehicles have different braking requirements. Friction materials offer
application-specific formulas and designs. Brake pads with a higher coefficient of
friction provide good braking performance with less brake pedal pressure
requirement, but tend to lose efficiency at higher temperatures which increases the
stopping distance. Brake pads with a smaller and constant coefficient of friction do
not lose efficiency at higher temperatures and are stable, but require higher brake
pedal pressure.
Fig. 1 Brake pads

Analysis of Temperature Distribution Behavior of Motorcycle … 15
1.1 Problem Statement
The disc brake is a device for slowing or stopping the rotation of a wheel of
vehicles. To stop the wheel, the friction material in the form of brake pads is forced
mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically, or electromagnetically against both
sides of the disc and causes the wheel to slow down or stop.
By the First Law of Thermodynamics, when the brake pedal is pressed, the
brakes on the vehicle heat up, slowing it down. But if the brakes are used rapidly,
the discs and brake pads will stay hot and get no chance to cool off. The brake
cannot absorb much more heat because the brake components are already so hot.
The braking efficiency is reduced. This malfunction of the brake system is called the
brake fade. In every brake pad there is the friction material which is held together
with some sort of resin. Once the brake pad starts to get too hot, the resin holding
the pad material together starts to vaporize forming gas. This gas cannot stay
between the pad and the disc, so it forms a thin layer between the brake pad and
rotor trying to escape. The pads lose contact with the disc, thus reducing the amount
of friction. The design of the brake pad is important to determine the rate of cooling
and uniform wear of disc and brake pad and thus affecting the braking efficiency.
This project will focus on the simulation analysis of the temperature distribution
behavior of motorcycle brake pads during operation when forces and moments
generated from the braking are applied. The temperature distribution of the brake
pad from the simulation result can be analyzed. To study about the effect of
motorcycle brake pads performance includes the following variables:
• Contribution on heat transfer coefficient (h),
• Temperature (T),
• Total heat (q),
• Brake pads geometry (surface, area) and provide result of area.
There is never a right analysis data about motorcycles brake pads.
High temperature distributions at disc brake components may cause undesirable
effects, leading to brake failure.
1.2 Objective
The aim of this project is to determine the temperature distribution and to study the
temperature behavior from the new design geometry shape of motorcycle brake
pad. To achieve this project, the objectives are set as below:
1. To analyze the temperature distribution as well as the maximum temperature
attained.
2. To design a new model of motorcycle brake pads.
3. To compare the datum design with the new design to determine the best design
of motorcycle brake pads.
1.3 Scope and Limitation
The scopes and limitation of this project are:

1. Literature review on the working principles, component, standard and theories
about the brake system.
2. To analyze the temperature distribution behavior of the best geometry shape
design for the motorcycle brake pad.
3. Develop a new design geometry surface of brake pads.
4. Simulation of the thermal transient behavior using ANSYS software.
5. Construction of 3D modeling for motorcycle brake pad design.
2 Literature Review
The braking system used in the car is used primarily to help the driver to control the
vehicle deceleration. It is one of the major systems and specifically designed to
reduce the speed of a fast-moving vehicle. An ordinary car braking system consists
of a brake device having different components, which are used to slow down or stop
the vehicle. More precisely, the tools to reduce or stop the speed of a moving or
rotating body by absorbing kinetic energy mechanically or electrically. The system
automatically controls the wheel slip and prevents the wheels from spinning. They
are widely used in motor vehicles, buses, trucks, trains, airplanes, motorcycles and
other types of vehicles. The braking system used in cars has come a long way in
recent years. The use of anti-lock braking system along with the introduction of
different brake components made of carbon fiber, steel, aluminum and others have
completely stopped giving better performance compared to traditional brake
system.
Sliding contact member brake discs result in the conversion of kinetic energy into
heat at the pad and disc interface. Increase in friction is a limited quantity and
depends on the coefficient of friction, rubbing the radius of the road, and the forces
acting on the pad. The slip process leads to a rise in temperature, while the peak is
one of the most important factors in the action to occur. The temperature at the
contact surfaces during the quarter emergency brake system is intensified by a
significant heat load caused by the friction force and high velocity of this process [1].
Temperature and thermal constriction resistance as a function of the parameters
of the velocity is determined. Temperature and thermal stresses pad (band) with
retarded continuous sliding on the surface of the disk (a half) both during and after
the heating studied [2].
However these geometric configurations can study with the actual engineering
applications, where there is no perfect solution, particularly the application of finite
frictional heating system needs to be recognized. Simplification of the actual
Fig. 2 Motorcycle brake

pads system
modeling techniques from three-dimensional to two-dimensionality associated with

the rate of heat uniformly distributed circumferentially were so far achieved [3].
Disc brakes consist of a cast iron disc that rotates with the wheel, caliper fixed to
the steering knuckle and the friction material (brake pads) as shown in Fig. 2. When
the braking process occurs, the hydraulic pressure forces the piston and therefore
the pad and the disc brakes are in sliding contact. This prepares a resistance
movement and the vehicle slows down or eventually stops. The friction between the
disc and the pads are always opposes to the motion and the heat generated by the
conversion of kinetic energy. Under the influence of temperature, friction elements,
the operating conditions become less favorable friction patches and result in
decreasing wear and friction coefficient decreases, which can lead to emergency
situations. Therefore, experimental, mathematical and numerical modeling of the
temperature distribution is a significant problem in the design of the braking system.
The experimental determination of the surface temperature of objects authentic
touch in most cases significant technical problems and expenses [4]. Therefore, the
analytical or numerical definition of a temperature regime of friction pair elements
obtained with the corresponding problem solving frictional heat during braking
attracted great interest.
3 Methodology/Experimental Set-Up/Model Set-Up
There is an advantage of brake pads, where most of them are poor to thermal
conductivity which protects the hydraulic actuating elements from overheating. It is
also ease to manufacture and low cost. However, the pads needs to be inspect
frequently due to rapid wear as a result from higher temperatures and contact
pressures associated with the operation of a brake disc. Figure 3 shows a typical
geometry of the brake pad design.
Fig. 3 Motorcycle brake pads geometry shape
3.1 Modeling Software
There are different softwares available for modeling some of them are:
• Solid works
• Pro-E
• Ideas
• Inventor
• Catia v5.
Solidworks a multi-platform CAD/CAM/CAE is used as the modeling tool in
this project.
3.2 Solidworks (Part Modeling)
The SolidWorks is a Parasolid-based solid modeler, and utilizes a parametric

feature-based approach to create models and assemblies. Parameters refer to con-
straints whose values determine the shape or geometry of the model or assembly.
Parameters can be either numeric parameters, such as line lengths or circle diam-
eters, or geometric parameters, such as tangent, parallel, concentric, horizontal or
vertical, etc. Numeric parameters can be associated with each other through the use
of relations, which allow them to the capture design intent. SolidWorks allows the
user to specify that the hole is a feature on the top surface, and will then honor their
design intent no matter what height they later assign to the model as shown in
Fig. 4.
Building a model in SolidWorks usually starts with a 2D sketch (although 3D
sketches are available for power users). The sketch consists of geometry such as
points, lines, arcs, conics (except the hyperbola), and splines. Dimensions are added
Fig. 4 Brake pads part design using solidworks
to the sketch to define the size and location of the geometry. Relations are used to
define attributes such as tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.
The parametric nature of SolidWorks means that the dimensions and relations drive
the geometry, not the other way around. The dimensions in the sketch can be
controlled independently, or by relationships to other parameters inside or outside
of the sketch.
3.3 Material Properties
Young’s modulus (EX) must be defined for a static analysis. If we plan to apply
inertia loads (such as gravity) we define mass properties such as density (DENS).
Similarly if we plan to apply thermal loads (temperatures) we define the coefficient
of thermal expansion (ALPX) as shown in Table 1.
3.4 Thermal Analysis
A thermal analysis calculates the temperature distribution and related thermal

quantities in a system or component. Typical thermal quantities are:
• The temperature distributions
• The amount of heat lost or gained
• Thermal fluxes.
Table 1 Material properties Thermal conductivity 2.06 wm/k

for asbestos
Density 2798 kg/m3
Specific heat, c (J/kg k) 691
Poisson’s ratio, v 0.25
Thermal expansion (10.5) 1.0
Elastic modulus 14.25 GPa
Coefficient of friction, µ 0.2
Types of Thermal Analysis:

1. A steady state thermal analysis determines the temperature distribution and other
thermal quantities under steady state loading conditions. A steady state loading
condition is a situation where heat storage effects varying over a period of time
can be ignored.
2. A transient thermal analysis determines the temperature distribution and other
thermal quantities under conditions that vary over a period of time. The
expected result at the end of the research is when the measurement surface
geometry changes, the temperature conditions will decrease and produce better
results.
3.5 Mesh Generations
In the finite element analysis the basic concept is to analyze the structure, which is
an assemblage of discrete pieces called elements, which are connected, together at a
finite number of points called nodes. Loading and boundary conditions are then
applied to these elements and nodes. A network of these elements is known as the
mesh (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5 Meshed model of the

brake pads
Fig. 6 Boundary condition

Another random document with
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concentrating itself into too narrow a channel, too great
independence of external sympathy.
“Leave off knitting for a minute or two, Bessie,” said Mr. Guildford.
“I want to tell you of rather an unusual proposal I have had made to
me to-day. Do you know where I have been, by the bye?”
“Of course not. You never tell me where you are going, and you
don’t suppose I ask Sims, do you?” said Mrs. Crichton virtuously.
“Where have you been?”
“Do you remember my being sent for a few weeks ago by a family
I had never heard of—a family living near Haverstock?” inquired her
brother.
“Where the little boy died?” said Bessie, with more interest. “Oh!
yes, I remember. Have they sent for you again?”
“Not exactly. But I have been asked if I would undertake to visit
there regularly for the next few months. The father—Colonel
Methvyn—is an invalid, and this old Dr. Farmer, who has looked after
him for years, is going away for some months; he is ill himself, and is
anxious to make some comfortable arrangement for Colonel
Methvyn. So he thought of me, knowing the summer was not my
busy time. I shall have to go to Greystone, once a week, for some
months to come. Don’t you think it will be a nice change for me,
Bessie? perhaps they will ask me to stay to dinner sometimes.”
Mrs. Crichton looked up doubtfully.
“Are you in fun, Edmond?” she asked. “I should not have thought
it the sort of thing you would like to undertake. You like to be so
independent, and I dare say this Colonel Methvyn is a disagreeable,
stuck-up old man, who would quite look down upon a Sothernbay
doctor.”
“I don’t care. If he does what I tell him, I’m quite willing to do my
best for him. If he doesn’t, I should give it up,” said Mr. Guildford
carelessly. “Still you are right, Bessie, in a sense. It isn’t the sort of
thing I generally care about at all. I don’t quite know what made me
agree to it.”
His face grew graver; he seemed to be revolving some question
in his own mind. “It will be nice to be forced into the country every
week during the summer,” he said lightly. “I fancy that was partly the
reason I undertook it. I don’t fancy Colonel Methvyn is what you call
a ‘stuck-up’ old man. He really suffers a great deal, Farmer tells me,
and bears it very well. He was a strong, active man not many years
ago, but he had a very bad fall in the hunting-field, and has never
recovered it, and never will. He doesn’t require much doctoring, but
Mrs. Methvyn gets nervous about him, and so on the whole it is
better that some one should see him regularly. Farmer says it seems
to cheer him too. He takes great interest in all that is going on. Till
this year he has been well enough to go to town for two or three
months with his wife and daughter; but he seems to have failed lately
—the little boy’s death affected him a good deal.”
“Was the little boy his son?” asked Bessie.
“Oh! no; his grandson. So you won’t mind my leaving you once a
week, Bessie, for an evening? Sometimes I may have to stay all
night if I go by the late train.”
“It won’t matter much to me, Edmond,” said Mrs. Crichton
regretfully. “I must really go home in a fortnight. I dare say it will be a
good thing for you to leave Sothernbay for a little, if it is only for a
few hours. You know I am always telling you, Edmond, that you will
grow into an old bachelor before you know what you are about. You
never see any one but your patients. I believe it is years since you
have gone out to dinner even. I shall be very glad for you to make
acquaintance with some people out of Sothernbay if they treat you
properly.”
“I shall not require and I don’t intend to ‘make acquaintance’ with
any of the family except my patient, Colonel Methvyn,” said Mr.
Guildford with slight haughtiness, half repenting his unusual
communicativeness to his sister. “I am the last man on earth to make
a social stepping-stone of my profession, or to wish to have any
relations except professional ones with people out of my own
sphere. You might know that, Bessie, I should think.”
Mrs. Crichton looked hurt. “You need not take me up so,
Edmond,” she said rather pettishly. “I don’t understand what you
mean about sociable stepping-stones; you use such odd
expressions. As for people being out of your own sphere, I know
what that means, but I think you are very foolish. You don’t mean to
say that you haven’t every right to call yourself a gentleman? You will
be saying next I am not a lady.”
“‘Gentleman and lady’ are wide words nowadays,” began Mr.
Guildford teasingly, but seeing that his sister looked really annoyed,
he changed his tone. “Don’t be vexed, Bessie,” he said coaxingly; “I
think I am pretty reasonable on these points really. I am afraid it is
true that I am growing rather bearish. I wish you would come and live
with me altogether and civilize me.”
“I can’t dear, you know I can’t,” replied Bessie, mollified instantly.
“You know I promised Mr. Crichton that I would live at Hazel Bank
most of the year and keep everything as he liked it, and it’s only
right, (when you remember how very handsomely he provided for
me), that his sisters should have the pleasure of coming there often.”
“Yes, I know. You’re quite right,” said Edmond. Then he fell into a
brown study for some minutes. He was lying on the sofa with his
hands clasped above his head. “How like he is just now to what he
was when he was a boy!” thought Bessie as she glanced at him.
Suddenly he spoke.
“I shall be driven to marry, I believe,” he said. “It’s so
uncomfortable when you go away, Bessie. I like the feeling of a
woman about the house, I think. I believe you come and go on
purpose to make me miss you. I can’t think why you want me to
marry. Most sisters would set themselves against it.”
“It’s very silly of them then,” said Bessie sagely. “If you marry
somebody nice, and I don’t think you would marry anybody not nice,
I should be far more comfortable about you.”
“Well, we’ll see,” said Mr. Guildford. And then he took up a book,
and Mrs. Crichton’s attention was again absorbed in her knitting.
A few days later Mr. Guildford paid his second visit to Greystone
Abbey. He had intended going there early in the day, but found it
impossible to do so. It was not till between five and six in the
afternoon that he found himself getting out of the train at Greybridge
station.
Colonel Methvyn’s carriage was to meet him by this train—had he
come by an earlier one, he intended to have walked to the Abbey—
but it had not yet made its appearance. Mr. Guildford set off along
the road to meet it.
It was spring now, late spring, all but May. After the severe winter,
spring had come with even more than its usual sweetness and
radiance. April seemed eager to welcome May; there was a glow
and promise everywhere; a sound of cheery bustle and preparation
among the leaves, a whisper of rejoicing in the “sweet breathing of
the fields,” in the “kisses of the daisies.” For once in a way Mr.
Guildford yielded to the soft sensuous enjoyment of the moment; he
strolled along the pretty country road where the dear primroses were
nestling in the hedges, and the coyer violets too, all but hidden in
their leaves; he listened, dreamily to the pretty country sounds, the
ever-distant plaintive “cuck-coo,” the near at-hand homely clucking of
a matronly hen and her brood, the barking of dogs, the creaking of a
mill-wheel, the voices of little children at play, all mingled into a
pleasant whole of living, peaceful happiness. For once in a way, the
young man yielded to the impression that sometimes in the pauses
of a busy life, we are tempted to accept as the interpretation of the
dream, that after all the world is a happy place, that life is a good and
pleasant thing, that to enjoy and not to suffer is the rule! And a new
sort of hopefulness and expectation seemed to thrill through his
whole being. Ever afterwards that evening stroll—that bit of
commonplace country road—seemed to him to have been an actual
realisation of the spirit of the spring; to have contained a breath of
the very essence of youth and hope and promise. He did not ask
himself why these feelings seemed so suddenly strong within him;
he fancied it only the influence of the fresh, pure air, and pleasant
sights and sounds. He would not have owned to himself, he did not
even suspect the curious eagerness, the more than interest with
which he had for some days looked forward to his visit to Greystone
Abbey. He did not know till the light of the future shone back upon
the past how already a sweet, grave woman’s face had begun to
change the world to him, to infuse fresh meaning into the flowers and
the sunshine, to set to new music the songs of the birds.
Before he had reached the bend where the road, hitherto little
more than lane, grew into wider, unshaded highway, Colonel
Methvyn’s carriage met him. It was a phaeton this time, and the
driver was not Mr. Guildford’s old acquaintance.
The drive in the pleasant evening air along the smooth, well-kept
high-road, was very different from his last approach to Greystone,
and when they reached the Abbey, by a different entrance from the
gate on the Haverstock Road, Mr. Guildford hardly recognised the
place as the same. It was picturesque certainly, as he had expected,
but more homely, less imposing, and venerable than his imagination,
from the little he had seen of it, had unconsciously pictured it. The
hall, which was as lofty as the two stories of the rest of the house,
and the wide porch with its quaint stone seats, were the only remains
of the original building; the rest had been added at various later
dates, some half-ruined walls and outbuildings having been restored
and taken into the plan of the house. The walls, both new and old
however, were well grown over with ivy, so that no incongruity was
visible at first sight, and the effect of the whole was harmonious and
pleasing.
Inside, the hall looked scarcely less attractive in the softly fading
light of the April evening, than when Mr. Guildford had last seen it in
the ruddy blaze of the great log fire. But the servant who had opened
the door led him quickly across the long passage he remembered,
into a smaller hall with a wide low window at one end, and doors at
two sides, one of which he opened and ushered the new-comer into
a sort of half-library, half-morning room. It was a pretty room, long
and low, with windows down to the ground, opening into a little
flower-garden, gay already with crocuses and tulips. Mr. Guildford,
seeing no one, crossed the room and stood looking out at the flower-
beds. But in a moment a faint rustle at the other end of the library
told him that he had been mistaken in imagining it unoccupied; in the
furthest off corner a lady was sitting at a little table writing.
Apparently she had not heard him come in, but now she looked up
suddenly and saw him. For a quarter of an instant, before he was
conscious of anything but a slight figure in a grey dress, Mr.
Guildford imagined the face, when it looked up, would be Miss
Methvyn’s. But he was quickly undeceived. Half mechanically he had
made a step or two forward, and seeing this the lady rose from her
seat and did the same; then stood before him with a pretty sort of
bewilderment.
“I beg your pardon,” he began, resorting to the Englishman’s
invariable relief in awkward positions. “I quite thought you were Miss
Methvyn. I did not see any one in the room when I came in.”
Long before he had finished the sentence, he had acknowledged
to himself that the person before him was the loveliest girl he had
ever seen. She was not tall; perhaps her extreme gracefulness made
her appear smaller than she really was, or rather made one forget to
think about her height at all. She was very simply dressed; but it was
a simplicity productive of great results. No dress could have shown
her figure to more advantage than the soft slate coloured stuff on the
plain make of which apparently no thought had been bestowed; no
colour could have better contrasted with the clear, marble-like
complexion, rich dark hair and softly brilliant eyes, than this
unobtrusive neutral tint; and when, looking up in response to Mr.
Guildford’s slightly clumsy apology, the bright colour rose in her
cheeks, the effect was complete.
“I am so sorry,” she said very timidly. “I did not know that any one
would be coming. I fear I am in the way. Miss Methvyn perhaps does
not know that Monsieur is—that you are here. Can I tell her?”
She spoke with a sort of appealing childishness, and her foreign
accent was quite perceptible. “Who can she be?” was Mr. Guildford’s
first thought. And “She evidently does not know who I am,” was his
second.
“Oh! no, thank you. I should apologise for disturbing you,” he
began. “It is not Miss Methvyn I have come to see,” he went on,
feeling himself somehow stiff and awkward. “I am waiting to see
Colonel Methvyn. I have come from Sothernbay,—instead of Dr.
Farmer,” he added, seeing she still looked perplexed.
“Doctore Farmère,” she repeated. Then a light seemed to break
upon her. “Ah! but I am stupid;” she exclaimed, a merry smile
dimpling over her face. “You are then Monsieur the doctor! I did not
know. All is still strange to me. There are so few days since I left the
house—the home! And here in England all is so different. No longer
the dear mamma to direct me. I fear monsieur will have thought me
strange, unpolite—to have interrupted him.”
Again the vivid red dyed her cheeks, and at the mention of “the
dear mamma,” tears, real tears stood in her eyes.
“Poor little thing; what a mere child she is!” thought Mr. Guildford.
But aloud he only said kindly, “I think, mademoiselle,” (the word
came instinctively) “it was I, not you, that was guilty of interrupting.
Pray do not—”
But at that moment the door, near to which they were standing,
opened, and Cicely came in. They both turned. When she saw them,
a slight, the very slightest expression of surprise crossed Miss
Methvyn’s face, but she came forward quickly, and shook hands with
Mr. Guildford without a moment’s hesitation.
“I fear I have kept you waiting,” she said simply; “my father wished
me to take you to see him, as—as I have seen you before—a new
face makes him a little nervous sometimes—and I had one or two
letters to finish for the post.”
Mr. Guildford looked at her as she spoke. Yes, there was the
same fair, grave face, looking fairer and graver even from the effect
of the heavy black mourning dress, the same quiet eyes looking
straight up into his as she spoke, the same thick coils of hair with
golden lights upon it now, as she stood with the evening sun full
upon her. The same, yet different. She seemed older than when he
had seen her before; he could almost have fancied his former
impression of her girlishness of face and manner to have been
mistaken. There was perfect self possession now in every tone and
look. Mr. Guildford felt it to be in a sense infectious. He answered in
the same matter-of-fact, business-like way.
“Thank you. I am quite ready to see Colonel Methvyn whenever it
suits you. At the same time it is not of the least consequence to me if
I wait a little. I arranged to return by a late train, as I was not able to
come early.”
“I am glad of that. It was very considerate of you to arrange that
your first visit should not be a hurried one,” said Miss Methvyn with
the slightly formal courtesy of manner that Mr. Guildford began to
understand as being habitual with her. Then turning to the young
lady in the grey dress, who still stood with an air of half hesitation
beside them, “Geneviève, are your letters ready? It is very nearly
post time, dear.”
She spoke kindly, but with the tone of an older person to one
many years younger. And there was a pretty air of half apology in the
French girl’s reply.
“Oh! thank you. I go to finish them at once. It was only that I was
not quite sure if monsieur,” with a glance in Mr. Guildford’s direction,
“if this gentleman had been announced. I was going to seek you, my
cousin.”
Cicely smiled. She fancied Geneviève had started up in affright, at
finding herself tête-à-tête with the stranger. She knew that her cousin
had been brought up very secludedly; perhaps, too, she
unconsciously associated the idea of almost conventual restraint
with every French girl’s education, and she was prepared to make
full allowance for Geneviève’s inexperience, and timidity.
“You must let me introduce you to each other, I think,” said Miss
Methvyn. “Geneviève, this is Mr. Guildford, who has kindly agreed to
come all the way from Sothernbay to see my father in Dr. Farmer’s
absence. My cousin, Miss Casalis,” she continued, turning to Mr.
Guildford, “has come a very long way to see all of us. We intend to
make her very fond of England to turn her into an Englishwoman,
don’t we, Geneviève?”
Geneviève smiled sweetly, but rather sadly.
“You are very good for me, my cousin,” she said, “but one must
love one’s country, one’s home—le foyer paternel,—above all when
one has quitted them for the first time,” and she sighed gently.
It was curious how very French she had become since finding
herself in England.
Cicely looked at her kindly. “Of course,” she said cheerfully, “of
course, you must feel a little home-sick at first.”
Mr. Guildford said nothing, but he fancied Miss Methvyn treated
the matter rather cavalierly. An English girl’s sentimentality would
have annoyed him, but this poor little thing!—He really pitied her.
“I think my father is expecting us,” said Miss Methvyn, turning to
Mr. Guildford. Then she led the way out of the room, across the hall,
down the long passage, and up one flight of stairs, the young man
following her.
“Is Colonel Methvyn pretty well today?” he inquired, as they went
along. “I mean, is this what you consider one of his good days?”
“Yes, I think so,” said Cicely consideringly, stopping for a moment
as she spoke. “He has been better this last week or two on the
whole. Last month,” her voice faltered a very little, and for an instant
she hesitated; “last month he was very far from well. My little
nephew’s death was a great shock to him. He will probably speak
about it to you. I wanted to tell you so. It was a comfort to him—to us
all—that you saw Charlie. I gathered from what Dr. Farmer told me
that you thought him constitutionally a very delicate child.”
She looked up with a wistful inquiry in her eyes, somewhat at
variance with her perfectly calm tone of voice. Mr. Guildford
understood her.
“I did think so,” he said without hesitation. “I believe him to have
been an exceedingly fragile child. I have no hesitation in saying that
his living to grow up would have been little short of a miracle. And I
am equally sure that the greatest care must have been taken of him
to rear him even so far.”
Miss Methvyn was silent for a moment.
“Thank you for telling me this,” she said at last quietly. “I am sure
it is true. You will say so to my father, if he comes upon the subject?
Invalids, you know,” she went on hurriedly, “are apt to become
morbid about anything they think too much about. My father could
not for long feel satisfied that everything had been done. It was
natural; but,” she paused for a little, “but one must try not to judge by
results,” she said at last, as she opened the door of her father’s
sitting-room.
Colonel Methvyn half lay, half sat on a sort of couch so
constructed as to afford him the greatest possible ease and variety
of posture. On a low chair beside him sat his wife, a fair, somewhat
careworn, but still handsome woman, who must, once upon a time,
have been beautiful. More beautiful, strictly speaking than her
daughter, thought Mr. Guildford, as he glanced at them for a moment
as they stood together, Mrs. Methvyn having risen as Cicely and the
stranger entered. For the resemblance was strong enough to admit
of, if not to provoke, comparison. There was more colour and
contrast about the mother; her hair and eyes were some shades
darker, her complexion had evidently been more brilliant, her
expression was more changeful. She looked many years younger
than her husband, though in reality he was only ten years her senior;
her manner to him was full of anxious devotion, he was evidently her
first thought.
Colonel Methvyn greeted Mr. Guildford cordially but nervously;
Mrs. Methvyn made some commonplace remark about the weather
with the evident object of setting the stranger at his ease, her kindly
intention being, however, to some extent defeated by the scarcely
veiled anxiety with which she watched to see if the impression made
by the stranger upon her husband was to be a favourable one. It was
altogether a little stiff and uncomfortable. Miss Methvyn came to the
rescue.
“Mother,” she said gently, “Geneviève is just finishing her letter,
and you said you had a little bit to put in. There is not much time.”
Mrs. Methvyn looked at her husband irresolutely; a quick glance
passed between her daughter and Mr. Guildford. “You don’t mind
mother leaving you, do you, papa?” said Cicely.
“Not for a few minutes. You will come back in a few minutes,
Helen?” said the invalid.
Cicely was on the alert to take advantage of the permission, and
passing her arm through her mother’s, they left the room together.
“He seems a sensible sort of young man,” said Mrs. Methvyn to
her daughter, when they were out of hearing. “I do hope your father
will take to him.”
“The only way is to leave them alone,” said Cicely. “I do hope
papa will like him for more reasons than one. It will be a relief to you,
poor mother, if he takes a fancy to Mr. Guildford—even two or three
hours change will do you good.”
“Don’t say that, dear,” said Mrs. Methvyn hastily. “I am not happy
away from him. I always fancy he must be wanting me. And the most
I can do seems nothing, as I have often told you, when I look back
upon the past and think of all his goodness. And he is so patient! But
do you know, Cicely, I don’t think your father’s spirits are as good as
they were, though I can’t see that his health is worse.”
“Do you mean since Charlie’s death?” said Cicely quietly.
“No, not only that. It almost seems to me as if some new anxiety
were on his mind,” answered Mrs. Methvyn. “He talks so much about
you and your future.”
“But there is nothing to be anxious about in that?” exclaimed
Cicely in surprise. “It is all settled as he wished.”
“Yes, but he has begun lately to say he wishes he could see you
settled—he seems to dread anything coming in the way. When
Trevor comes home again, I half expect something more definite
may be proposed.”
“Do you mean that papa would prefer our engagement being
more generally known?” inquired Cicely. “I don’t mind. It was papa’s
own wish, you know, that it should not be formally announced,
because it was likely to be a long one. But I am sure neither Trevor
nor I would object to its being known if it would please papa. Of
course that would make no difference about its length. It must be a
long one.”
“I don’t know, dear. Sometimes I think it would be better not to
delay it so long,” said Mrs. Methvyn with some hesitation.
They were in the large hall by now. Mrs. Methvyn had sat down
on one of the sofas, Cicely standing near. As her mother spoke, she
knelt down on the floor beside her, and looked up earnestly in her
face.
“Mamma, that could not be. Oh! don’t let it be proposed,” she
said. “I could not marry Trevor if it were to take me away from you
and papa while I know you want me? What would you do without
me? Oh! no, no; you must not talk of sending me away from you for
a long time. Not at least till Amiel comes home again.”
“But, dear, we must consider the Fawcetts’ wishes—Trevor’s own
wishes—as well as ours,” said Mrs. Methvyn.
“Trevor doesn’t mind waiting,” said Cicely naïvely. “I don’t think he
is in any hurry to be married. We understand each other perfectly.
But I don’t quite understand you, mamma. I don’t believe you have
told me all that is in your mind. You first said it was my father who
wanted to see me married, and then you jumped off to the other side
and said it was Trevor. I believe the truth is, you want to get rid of
me.”
She spoke playfully, but with a slight plaintiveness.
“My darling, what nonsense!” exclaimed her mother. “What we
should do without you I cannot even think. But I am not inconsistent.
What I mean is that I can see your father sometimes of late has
begun to fear the Fawcetts may not like the long delay. Frederica
said something of the kind before him one day.”
“She didn’t mean it. She often speaks at random. In reality, she is
very well pleased to defer the day when her son shall be hers no
longer,” said Cicely lightly.
Just then the hall clock struck.
“Geneviève’s letter, mamma,” exclaimed Miss Methvyn. “She is in
the library.”
“I will go at once,” said her mother, rising as she spoke. “Poor
Geneviève how she must feel leaving her home. I hope she will be
happy with us, Cicely. She seems so sweet and gentle, and is so
very pretty.”
“Yes, she is lovely, very lovely,” said Cicely thoughtfully, “and I
hope she will be happy here. Mamma,” with a change of tone, “you
will have to ask Mr. Guildford to stay to dinner.”
Mrs. Methvyn hurried away to write the letter she wished
Geneviève to enclose. But it was too late. She was obliged to defer it
till the next day, and there was only time for Geneviève to add a
word to this effect before the post-bag had to be closed.
CHAPTER V.
“COME INTO THE GARDEN, MAUD.”
“Where lies the land to which the ship would go?

Far, far ahead, is all her seamen know;
And where the land she travels from?
Away, Far, far behind, is all that they can say,”
A. H. Clough.
ALONE with Mr. Guildford, Colonel Methvyn soon lost the

nervousness and hesitation of manner, which were evidently the
result of his invalidism and secluded life, but the gentleness of tone
and bearing, natural to him, remained. He was a very attractive man,
intelligent, accomplished and thoughtful, but hardly of the stuff to do
battle with the world or to breast unmoved the storms of life.
“You must be patient with me,” he said to Mr. Guildford. “Since my
health has broken down, troubles of all kinds have accumulated, and
I fear I have grown fanciful and selfish. Constant suffering tries one’s
philosophy sadly.”
“It needs not even to be constant to do that,” said Mr. Guildford.
“A very little physical pain goes a long way in its mental effect.”
“I feel the want of a son sorely,” continued Colonel Methvyn. “Till
my accident I looked after everything myself. This place is not very
large, you know; not large enough to require a regular agent, and I
can’t make up my mind to give it all up to hirelings. As far as is
possible for a woman, my daughter does her best; she writes my
letters, looks over the bailiff’s accounts, and so on, in a very
creditable fashion, but I have no great faith in taking women out of
their own sphere. For her, of course, it was to some extent
necessary, as she stands in the place of a son, and must come after
me here.”
He talked with some amount of egotism, and an almost amusing
taking for granted that the family arrangements of the Methvyns must
be subjects of public interest. But Mr. Guildford did not feel repelled,
as he usually did, by the inference of superior importance in his
patient’s tone. It was too unconscious to offend, even had it not been
softened to the stranger by the natural gratification a young man
cannot but experience at quickly winning the confidence of one many
years his elder. After a while the conversation fell upon Mr.
Guildford’s first visit to Greystone; he repeated in other words the
opinion he had expressed to Miss Methvyn.
“I am glad to hear what you tell me,” said Colonel Methvyn. “I felt
the little boy’s death very much—very much indeed.”
“Naturally,” said Mr. Guildford sympathisingly, “and you would feel
it doubly on your daughter’s account.”
“Yes; she felt it a good deal, poor girl!” said Colonel Methvyn; “but
young people, my dear sir, can throw off trouble—ah! yes, they can
throw it off. It sinks deeper when one is no longer young.”
“But a mother,” said Mr. Guildford, a little surprised, “young or old,
a mother’s feelings must be the same.”
“A mother?” repeated Colonel Methvyn. “Ah! I see. I forgot you did
not understand the relationship. No, the little fellow’s mother is not
my daughter. Lady Forrester is Mrs. Methvyn’s daughter by a former
marriage. By the by,” he went on rather hastily, “what arrangements
have you made for this evening? You will give us the pleasure of
your company at dinner, of course, but will it suit you best to return to
Sothernbay to-night, or to-morrow morning.”
“To-night, thank you,” said Mr. Guildford. “I made no definite
arrangements. It is such a lovely evening I should enjoy the walk to
the station.”
But he did not decline the invitation to dinner, recalling one of Dr.
Farmer’s injunctions. “Don’t be in a hurry when you come over to
Greystone,” the old family doctor had said; “half the good you can do
the colonel will be lost if you fidget him by running away when he
wants you to stay. Come over when you feel you have an evening to
spare.”
And though this was the sort of thing that Mr. Guildford had often
protested he would have nothing to do with—an objectionable mixing
up of the professional and social relations, “dancing attendance on
people who looked upon you as belonging to another world,” etc.
etc.,—somehow when it came in his way he found it nowise
disagreeable. He excused his inconsistency by saying to himself that
the circumstances were exceptional, the Methvyn family really to be
felt for, and so on, and ended before long in forgetting that he was
inconsistent, or that any excuses were necessary.
So he stayed to dinner. Colonel Methvyn felt well enough to be
wheeled into the dining-room, and to eat his dinner on a little table
drawn to the side of his couch, and to take his share in the
conversation that went on, which Cicely did her utmost to make
cheerful and interesting. Geneviève did not talk much, but what she
did say always sounded soft and pretty from the charm of her grace
and beauty and winning, appealing manner. And altogether it was
very pleasant. Colonel Methvyn had plenty to say, and could talk well
too when he was in sufficiently good spirits to make the effort, and
his wife looked happy because he seemed to be so.
After dinner they all went into the library, and Cicely played to her
father till it was quite dark.
It was evidently her custom to do so, and it was easy to see that
the invalid enjoyed it. Mr. Guildford knew too little of music to judge
of or criticise her performance, nor was it of a nature to invite
criticism. She played quietly and simply, with no thought, it was plain
to see, besides that of her father’s gratification, but the music and all
seemed in harmony with the peacefulness and refinement, the
gentleness and homelike feeling of the evening. Then Colonel
Methvyn rang for his servant to wheel him back to his own quarters
and Mr. Guildford began to speak of setting off on his walk to the
station,
“The carriage is ordered,” said Miss Methvyn, looking up quickly,
“you need not leave this till half-past nine, and it is only eight now.
You forget how early we dine here.”
“But I think I should like the walk, thank you,” said Mr. Guildford.
“I could not consent to your walking, my dear sir,” said Colonel
Methvyn. “I could not, really. I feel already sorry that you should have
to come so far out of your way for me, and I assure you I appreciate
your kindness. But your walking to the station is not to be thought of
for an instant.”
Mr. Guildford judged it wiser, for this time at least, to give in. So
Colonel Methvyn, to make the matter all the surer, repeated the
order for the carriage, and, having thus satisfied his notions of
hospitality, was wheeled away.
Mrs. Methvyn asked Geneviève to play. The girl did so without
hesitation, and it seemed to Mr. Guildford that she played well, better
than her cousin.
“Do you not sing too?” he inquired, when she stopped. He was
standing by the piano, attracted by the music and amused by the
pretty way in which her slender fingers ran lightly up and down the
keys.
“A little, not much—not well,” she answered. “But to-night, please
not. At home we sing all together; maman, the brothers, all.” And
again she sighed gently and the lustrous eyes grew dewy.
“You must forgive me. I should not have asked you,” he said
kindly, and then he turned away, and Geneviève went on playing.
The blinds were not yet drawn down; glancing round, Mr.
Guildford saw Miss Methvyn standing by the window nearest to the
piano, looking out into the garden. It was bright moonlight.
“What a lovely evening it is!” said Cicely. “Mr. Guildford, I don’t
wonder at your wanting to walk to Greybridge.”
“I really should have enjoyed it,” he answered, “but—”
“But what?” asked Miss Methvyn, looking up inquiringly.
“I fancied my persistence might have annoyed Colonel Methvyn,
that was all,” he said lightly.
“That was very good of you,” she said cordially, but some
indefinite feeling prompted him to resent her appreciation of his
thoughtfulness.
“You forget,” he said coldly, “that thinking of such things is a part
of my business.”
Cicely’s face grew graver. When she spoke again, however, there
was no change in her tone.
“It looks so tempting out there,” she said, “I cannot stay in doors
any longer. Mr. Guildford, will you help me to open this?”
The knob of the glass door was stiff, but it soon yielded. Mrs.
Methvyn heard the sound, and looked up.
“What are you doing, Cicely?” she said. “Not going out, surely!”
“Only for a few minutes, mother,” pleaded the girl. “It is so mild,
and Geneviève’s music will sound so pretty outside. I have got a
shawl. Don’t leave off playing, Geneviève, please.”
Mrs. Methvyn made no further objection, and Cicely stepped out.
There was some little difficulty in closing the door again from the
outside, Mr. Guildford followed to help her—they stood together on
the smooth gravel walk. Before them lay the flower beds, a few
hours ago gay with the brightest colours; now, sleeping crocuses and
“tulips made grey by the moonlight”
were hardly to be distinguished from each other, or from the silvery

grass of the borders.
“What a strange thing light is,” said Miss Methvyn, as she looked
at the flowers. “Light and colour. Not that one should call them things
at all, I suppose. I wish I understood about it better. Why should the
moonlight actually change, change colour, for instance? It is only
faint sunlight really. I could understand its dimming colour, but not
altering it.”
Mr. Guildford smiled. “You had better study optics,” he said.
“I wish I could,” she replied, quite simply, “but there are difficulties
in the way of studying many things I should like to know about. I get
all the books I can, but most scientific books take for granted a
certain amount of preliminary, technical knowledge that I am
deficient in. I had rather an irregular education too, even for a girl.”
“You are just about the age when your education should be
beginning, according to some of the new lights on the subject,”
observed Mr. Guildford. “Would you not like to go to college, Miss
Methvyn?”
“I don’t know. Yes, perhaps I should if I were not needed at
home,” she replied, in the last few words a sadness becoming
perceptible in her tone. But looking up, she caught the expression on
her companion’s face. “Are you laughing at me?” she said. “I dare
say you are. I don’t mind. I am quite accustomed to it. My father
laughs at me sometimes, and so does—” she stopped suddenly.
“Indeed, I wasn’t laughing, Miss Methvyn,” said Mr. Guildford. “I
should be very sorry to be so impertinent.”
“It would not be impertinent,” said Cicely, seemingly rather
incredulous, and she said no more about wishing to understand
things.
“Are you not afraid of catching cold?” said Mr. Guildford presently.
They were still standing in the same place, the sound of Geneviève’s
music coming softly through the moonlight.

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Lumut, Malaysia Azman Ismail

Three Dimensional Simulation of Filling Process for Stacked-Chip

Design and Construction of a Micro-hydro Turbine for Additional

Large Eddy Simulation of Vehicle Aerodynamics Using Parallel

The Effect of Cutting Fluid Condition on Surface Roughness

Mior Firdaus Mior Abd Majid, Mohamad Sabri Mohamad Sidik,

Abstract Encapsulation is one of the key processes in electronic packaging in

M. F. Mior Abd Majid (&) M. S. Mohamad Sidik M. H. Abu Bakar

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1

Keywords Stacked-Chip Scale Package (S-CSP) Finite volume method (FVM)

Electronic packaging is deﬁned as a package to house a silicon chip in an electronic

The three-dimensional incompressible flow equation, namely the conservation of

(i) Continuity equation:

(ii) Navier-Stokes Equation:

(iii) Energy equation:

However, a modiﬁcation in the conservation of energy has been made by

(a) Actual model (b) Simplified model

Fig. 2 3D meshed model

Table 1 Material properties Parameter Value

(a) On the mould wall: u ¼ v ¼ w ¼ 0; T ¼ Tw ; @p @n ¼ 0

4 Results and Discussion

Free passage flow

Top die flow

Fig. 3 Schematic of flow in the cavity

Experiment Simulation Experiment Simulation

Fig. 5 Void formation at circled region

Fig. 6 Viscosity versus Shear rate

A three-dimensional non-isothermal incompressible analysis model based on the

1. Tummala, R.R.: Fundamentals of Microsystems Packaging, pp. 44–79. McGraw Hill,

23. Modeling multiphase flow, FLUENT Documentation, Chapter 23

Khairul Shahril bin Shaffee, Mohd Khairuddin Hj. Ali Musa,

Abstract The gradual phasing-out of asbestos in motorcycles brake friction

Keywords Different brake pads geometry surfaces New design

K. S. bin Shaffee (&) M. K. Hj.A. Musa M. S. Mohamad Sidik

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 13

Fig. 1 Brake pads

1.1 Problem Statement

1.3 Scope and Limitation

The scopes and limitation of this project are:

Fig. 2 Motorcycle brake

modeling techniques from three-dimensional to two-dimensionality associated with

3 Methodology/Experimental Set-Up/Model Set-Up

Fig. 3 Motorcycle brake pads geometry shape

3.1 Modeling Software

3.2 Solidworks (Part Modeling)

The SolidWorks is a Parasolid-based solid modeler, and utilizes a parametric

Fig. 4 Brake pads part design using solidworks

3.3 Material Properties