Title: Vulnerability and Resilience: The Impacts of Climate Change on

Coastal Ecosystems

Abstract This paper examines the multifaceted impacts of climate change

on coastal ecosystems, focusing on the interrelated effects of rising sea
levels, increased storm frequency, and changes in salinity. Coastal
ecosystems, which include mangroves, coral reefs, and salt marshes, are
particularly sensitive to these changes. They play critical roles in carbon
sequestration, coastal protection, and biodiversity support. By reviewing
recent research and case studies, this paper aims to highlight the
vulnerability and adaptive capacities of these ecosystems under the stress
of climate change.

Introduction Coastal ecosystems are among the most productive yet

highly vulnerable environments on Earth. As climate change intensifies,
these areas face unprecedented threats from rising sea levels, changing
precipitation patterns, and increasing storm intensity. This paper reviews
current scientific understanding of how these changes affect coastal
ecosystems and explores potential adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Rising Sea Levels and Coastal Erosion Sea-level rise is a direct

consequence of climate change, primarily driven by the melting of ice caps
and thermal expansion of seawater. This phenomenon exacerbates coastal
erosion, leads to loss of habitat for plants and animals, and increases
saltwater intrusion into freshwater habitats (Doe et al., 2023). Coastal
wetlands, such as salt marshes, are particularly affected, which may lead to
changes in their ecological functions and services.

Increased Storm Frequency and Intensity Climate change contributes to

more frequent and intense storms, posing severe risks to coastal
biodiversity. These storms cause physical damage to ecosystems like coral
reefs and mangrove
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