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Full Chapter Advances in Core Computer Science Based Technologies Papers in Honor of Professor Nikolaos Alexandris George A Tsihrintzis PDF
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Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems 14
George A. Tsihrintzis
Maria Virvou Editors
Advances in
Core Computer
Science-Based
Technologies
Papers in Honor of Professor Nikolaos
Alexandris
Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems
Volume 14
Series Editors
George A. Tsihrintzis, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece
Maria Virvou, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece
Lakhmi C. Jain, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
Centre for Artificial Intelligence, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW,
Australia;
KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK;
Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
The main aim of the series is to make available a publication of books in hard copy
form and soft copy form on all aspects of learning, analytics and advanced
intelligent systems and related technologies. The mentioned disciplines are strongly
related and complement one another significantly. Thus, the series encourages
cross-fertilization highlighting research and knowledge of common interest. The
series allows a unified/integrated approach to themes and topics in these scientific
disciplines which will result in significant cross-fertilization and research dissem-
ination. To maximize dissemination of research results and knowledge in these
disciplines, the series publishes edited books, monographs, handbooks, textbooks
and conference proceedings.
Editors
123
Editors
George A. Tsihrintzis Maria Virvou
Department of Informatics Department of Informatics
University of Piraeus University of Piraeus
Piraeus, Greece Piraeus, Greece
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
The Assembly of the Department of
Informatics of the University of Piraeus, with
its unanimous decision of December 16,
2019, wholeheartedly dedicates this volume
in honor of Prof. Nikolaos Alexandris.
Foreword—The Knot: A Tool for Craft
and Science
The knot, just like the wheel, is one of the fundamental tools humans created, which
effectively promoted the development of civilization. The first knot in everyone’s
life is the umbilical cord, which is severed when the new-born leaves the mother’s
womb (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Knot
A knot (the Ancient Greek komvos, meaning not only the actual knot, but also a
nod and a nodal point, and when turned into a verb meaning ‘boast’—as in the first
sentence of this text—which means ‘creating my own public image’, similar to
‘blowing my own trumpet’) can be used to restrict or connect. In other words, it is
directly related to a bond, bonding or commitment, and the activities of knitting,
weaving and needlework. To cover their nakedness human invented weaving.
Knitting produces braids and rope, two prevalent tools for daily life. Many objects
are joined/linked with the help of knots. The loom operates using knots and is
directly reflected in the computer. Needlework highlights the aesthetic aspect of
Fig. 2 Macramé
vii
viii Foreword—The Knot: A Tool for Craft and Science
knots both in the craftsmanship and the mechanics of making them. This is also true
in jewellery-making and the decorative arts (see Figs. 2 and 3).
A French knot, braids, bows, neckties and the way they are tied are all important
for both men’s and women’s appearance. Swaddling and girdles also use knots.
Buttons (komvion or koumbi, in Ancient and Modern Greek, respectively) and the
button-hole (Ancient Greek komviodochi = button receptacle) replaced knots in
garments.
Knots led to webs, and the intersection points are called nodal (komvika in
Ancient Greek).
In ancient Egypt, ‘rope stretchers’ often used ropes with knots to form right
angles to mark field borders following the River Nile floods.
The knot is also a kind of ‘Swiss knife’ for sailors (ropes/nets), while naval knots
are particularly important in the training of Sea Cadets. A fisherman is considered
ready to join the trade when they can tie the hook and disentangle the numerous
vertical lines dropped with ‘katheti’ angling or with net fishing. A ship is tied to the
dock with an ordinary knot. Knots were also used to define the unit to measure the
speed of marine vessels.
There is a list classifying all knots, from the simplest to most complex one [8].
When referring to weaving, Plato underlined: Of course, no man of sense would
wish to pursue the discussion of weaving for its own sake, but most people, it seems
to me, fail to notice that some things have sensible resemblances which are easily
perceived’ (Statesman/Politicus 285d), concluding that a politician’s art resembles
the craft of weaving wool.
A knot may be necessary, inevitable or undesirable. It may be born of need,
carelessness, rush, intention or just by coincidence, while its purpose determines the
material used to make it (yarn, rope, fishing line, etc.). The knot holds together,
protects, stops, blocks or prevents a hazard.
Experience teaches that it is difficult to unravel a knot if one does not know the
way it was created. The time and cost spent to create a knot and the techniques used
are the basic parameters that will help unravel it.
Playing with knots can be an interesting leisure activity or used as a juggling
trick.
Undoing a knot is necessary when its existence makes it difficult for the system
containing it to operate. However, the security certain systems require makes it
imperative to use knots that cannot be easily undone.
Foreword—The Knot: A Tool for Craft and Science ix
A knot is associated with the loss of life or with a person’s rescue. Execution by
hanging or rescuing a mountaineer or a speleologist, both rely on the help of knots
and loops.
In Medicine, a knot is a basic tool for therapeutic interventions and operations
(surgery, trauma care, physiotherapy, etc.). In the paper ‘Iatrikai Synagogai’
(Medical Collections) by Oreibasius of Pergamum (Pergamenus), an eminent
physician and philosopher of the fourth century AD, includes the orthopaedic knots
and slings Heraclas, a physician used in the first century AD (see Figs. 4 and 5)
Finally, the pharyngeal knot (globus pharyngeus/lump in the throat) is a known
annoying symptom.
Daily expressions like ‘the knot hit the comb’ [that’s the last straw] or ‘this is the
knot (crux) of the matter’ indicate life problems and difficulties, while if you are
‘buttoned up’ (Koumbomenos), you are cagey. Finally, ‘I turned my sorrows into
knots’ implies a stoic approach to misfortunes, while ‘I got mixed up’ implies being
entangled in a ball of yarn (Fig. 6).
‘Kombodema’ (money tied in a kerchief knot) describes the arduous way of
saving pennies to achieve a specific goal. The term ‘kombogiannitis’ (charlatan—a
person trying to restore health by tying knots, like a sorcerer) refers to anyone who
lacks the qualifications to undertake the tasks of their trade, while ‘tying a knot in
one’s kerchief’ is a reminder for something one should not forget.
In Fine arts, knots appear in various forms, as in Escher’s works. In cinematic
art, there is a well-known film by the Russian director Aleksandr Sokurov called
‘The Knot’ [Uzel or Dialogues with Solzhenitsyn].
In music, knots are used for tuning string instruments.
Aeschylus, in ‘Prometheus Bound’, presents the titan’s divine punishment using
the chains made by Hephaestus to tie the tragic hero to the rock.
For psychiatrist R. D. Laing, ‘Knots’, his famous work [5], refers to the inter-
twining of patient’s words to express their condition (Fig. 7).
The power and craftsmanship required to make or unravel a knot often need
coordinated movements and a fair amount of patience. Of course, the way the
Gordian knot was undone by Alexander the Great presents a violent solution.
Foreword—The Knot: A Tool for Craft and Science xi
Based on the definition of Zeno from Citium (the Stoic), ‘Art is a skill that opens
roads, that is, gradually and methodically creates something’, easily explains why
the craft of a knot is algorithmic, i.e., it requires a mathematical process following
methodically predetermined steps. In fact, this is how the Knot Theory was
established in Mathematics [1, 4]. The solution to any problem, mathematical or
not, is comparable to that of undoing one or more knots.
A basic problem of systemic analysis is to determine the ‘erroneous moves’ that
result in the formation of ‘knots’ in the corresponding systems.
A simple knot leads to the concept of a mathematical knot, which is defined as a
closed, one-dimensional and continuous single curve in a three-D/R3 space. This is
how from the simple knot of Fig. 8 the closed knot of Fig. 9 emerges, which leads to
the mathematical one, the diagram of which on a single level is presented in Fig. 10.
In the diagram of the mathematical knot, solid curved lines correspond to pre-
ceding sections and dashed curved lines to ensuing ones. A similar picture is used
to depict the multi-level junctions on major highways. A typical page is the one
below from Gauss’s notes (1794), where he uses knots in electrodynamics (Fig. 11).
Before Gauss, Leibniz (1679) had worked with knots in what is today known as
Combinatorial Topology and Vandermonde (1771) with situational problems [10].
Lord Kelvin (1876) and Lord Maxwell (1873), with their papers on Chemistry
and Electromagnetism, respectively, were influential in the development of the
Knot Theory (Figs. 12 and 13).
Tait (1898), in his three-volume work ‘On Knots’ was the first to present the
foundation of the Theory of Knots [9]. In the beginning of the twentieth century,
Dehn (1910) with his work, followed by Alexander & Briggs (1927) [2] and
Reidermeister’s independent work [7], laid the foundations of the Combined
Theory of Knots.
Mathematical knots are classified based on certain of their characteristic features.
So, in the following table from Wikipedia, the classification is based on the number
of crossings a knot has.
Foreword—The Knot: A Tool for Craft and Science xiii
The first knot, i.e., the simple circle, is called unknot, given that there is no
physical knot (Fig. 14).
There are various codifications for the diagrams of mathematical knots. So,
according to Gauss’ code, the mathematical knot below is fully described by the
following sequence:
1, -2, 3, -4, 5, 6, -7, -8, 4, -9, 2, -10, 8, 11, -6, -1, 10, -3, 9, -5, -11, 7
Fig. 20 Braids
Fig. 21 Protein
Fig. 22 RNA
xvi Foreword—The Knot: A Tool for Craft and Science
Finally, knots are directly related to meandric colliers, wherever these are needed
in applications [6].
Folk wisdom and the mathematical Theory of Knots coexist in the classic saying
that ‘a knot cannot be solved or be unravelled by stretching it’.
Antonios Panayotopoulos
Emeritus Professor
Department of Informatics
University of Piraeus
Piraeus, Greece
References
1. C.C. Adams, The Knot Book. An Elementary Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of
Knots (W.H. Freeman, New York, 1994)
2. J.W. Alexander, C.B. Briggs, On the types of knotted curves. Ann. Math. 28 (1927)
3. L.H. Kauffman, Knots and Physics (World Scientific Publishers, 1991), 3rd edn. (2002)
4. A. Kawauchi, A Survey of Knot Theory (Birkhäuser, Basel, 1996)
5. R.D. Laing, Knots (Penguin Books, 1969)
6. A. Panayotopoulos, On meandric colliers. Math. Comput. Sci. (2018)
7. K. Reidmeister, Knotentheorie (Springer, 1932)
8. P. Suber, Knots on the web, http://www.earlham.edu/*peters/knotlink.htm
9. R.G. Tait, On Knots I, II, III, Scientific papers (1898)
10. J.C. Turner, P. Van De Griend (eds.), History and Science of Knots.
11. A.T. Vandermonde, Remarques sur les problèmes de situation. Mémoires de l’ Académie
Royale des Sciences (Paris) (1771)
12. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Dessin-original-de-Kelvin-Zapato-2009-b-Exemples-
danneaux-tourbillonnaires_fig2_278676613
13. http://katlas.org/wiki/Knot_Atlas:About
Preface
What is the best way to honour an academician who withdraws from his teaching
duties, (without, however, retiring from his research activities) after having devoted
almost five decades serving as advisor to generations of undergraduate, graduate
and doctoral students? Such a task is certainly difficult to fulfil! When, additionally,
this same academician has served his University and his profession as a top-level
administrator and mentor to faculty and colleagues, the task of appropriately
honouring him becomes even harder! In our opinion, the best way to honour this
person is to ask his former doctoral students, colleagues and also fellow
researchers from around the world sharing similar research interests with
him, to include some of their recent research results in a high-quality volume
edited in his honour, indicating that they are pursuing and extending further
what they have learned from him or from research areas where he made his
contributions.
Professor Nikolaos Alexandris has been serving computer science from various
posts for almost 50 years now. He holds a B.Sc. in Mathematics from the National
and Kapodistrian University of Athens, a M.Sc. from the Department of
Computation of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) and a
Ph.D. from the Department of Control Center of UMIST. He is a Professor (now
Emeritus) in the Department of Informatics of the University of Piraeus. He has
served as Head of the same Department and Vice Rector of the same University for
several terms. He has also served as Head of the Hellenic Mathematical Society for
six terms, President of the Monitoring Committee of the Integrated Mediterranean
Programmes for Information Technology in Greece, Head of the Research,
Documentation, and Education Technology Department of the Hellenic
Pedagogical Institute and as a Member of the Board of Governors of the Ionian
University. In his long academic career, he has supervised the research of over 15
doctoral students and tens of undergraduate and graduate students. Many of his
ex-students currently hold academic positions.
We have been former colleagues and mentees of Prof. Nikolaos Alexandris. We
have also served for several terms as Heads of the Department of Informatics
of the University of Piraeus (home Department of Professor Nikolaos Alexandris).
xvii
xviii Preface
Thus, we have proposed and undertaken with pleasure the task of editing a book to
honour him. The response from former colleagues and mentees of his has been
great! Unfortunately, page limitations have forced us to limit the works to be
included in the book. We apologise to those authors whose works are not included
in the current book.
While honouring Prof. Nikolaos Alexandris, this book also serves the purpose of
exposing its reader to some of the most significant advances in core computer
science-based technologies. As such, the book is directed towards professors,
researchers, scientists, engineers and students in computer science-related disci-
plines. It is also directed towards readers who come from other disciplines and are
interested in becoming versed in some of the most recent computer science-based
technologies. We hope that all of them will find it useful and inspiring in their
works and researches.
We are grateful to the authors and reviewers for their excellent contributions and
visionary ideas. We are also thankful to Springer for agreeing to publish this book
in its Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems series. Last, but not least, we
are grateful to the Springer staff for their excellent work in producing this book.
xix
xx Contents
Abstract At the dawn of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the field of computer science-
based technologies is growing continuously and rapidly, developing in both itself and
towards applications of many other disciplines. The book at hand aims at exposing
its reader to some of the most significant advances in core computer science-based
technologies. As such, the book is directed towards professors, researchers, scientists,
engineers and students in computer science-related disciplines. It is also directed
towards readers who come from other disciplines and are interested in becoming
versed in some of the most recent computer science-based technologies. An extensive
list of bibliographic references at the end of each chapter guides the reader to probe
further into the application areas of interest to him/her.
At the dawn of the 4th Industrial Revolution [1, 2], the field of core computer science-
based technologies is growing continuously and rapidly, developing in both itself and
towards applications of many other disciplines. The advances of computer science
already affect many aspects of everyday life, the workplace and people’s homes as
well as human relationships both on professional and social interactions levels and
are expected to affect yet more aspects in the foreseeable future. In this respect,
researchers need to respond quickly, creatively and as accurately as possible to new
challenges that arise perpetually in many areas of computer science which are often
interrelated and, sometimes, involved in disciplines other than computer science, in
which machine learning and artificial intelligence are expected to play an important
role [3, 4].
For example, the Internet, which is an achievement of the area of networks and
telecommunications, has provided the means for the growth of e-services and m-
services in disciplines such as education [5–7], health [8, 9], entertainment [10] or
commerce [11, 12]. Similarly, the development of user interfaces within software
engineering has expanded enormously in a way that the area of human-computer
interaction requires a major part of the whole software product development effort
in all kinds of computers, including handheld devices [7]. Additionally, the Internet
of Things (IOT), an active stage of the 4th Industrial Revolution, is expected to
“invade” everyday life with new technologies, such as smart homes [13], smart
cities [14, 15], smart industries [16] or smart health [17]. At the same time, the
more the computers expand in everyday life of people, the greater the need becomes
for protecting all kinds of data from malicious abuse [18–21], a task that is now
strongly required under the recently-established European General Data Protection
Regulation (GDPR) [22–26].
Thus, one can identify many current core computer science-based technologies
which form the foundation for many areas of modern and future everyday life,
including:
1. Computer Science-based Technologies in Education.
2. Computer Science-based Technologies in Risk Assessment and Readiness.
3. Computer Science-based Technologies in IoT, Blockchains and Electronic Money.
4. Computer Science-based Technologies in Mobile Computing.
5. Computer Science-based Technologies in Scheduling and Transportation.
6. Computer Science-based Technologies in Medicine and Biology.
7. Theoretical Advances in Computer Science with Significant Potential Applica-
tions in Technology.
The book at hand aims at exposing its reader to some of the most signifi-
cant advances in core computer science-based technologies. As such, the book is
directed towards professors, researchers, scientists, engineers and students in com-
puter science-related disciplines. It is also directed towards readers who come from
other disciplines and are interested in becoming versed in some of the most recent
computer science-based technologies.
More specifically, the book at hand consists of an editorial chapter (this chapter)
and an additional seventeen (17) chapters. All chapters in the book were invited
from authors who work in the corresponding chapter theme and are recognized for
their significant research contributions. In more detail, the chapters in the book are
organized into seven parts, as follows.
The first part of the book consists of four chapters devoted to Advances in
Computer Science-Based Technologies in Education.
Specifically, Chap. 2, by Andreas Triantafyllou, George A. Tsihrintzis, Maria
Virvou and Efthimios Alepis is on “A Bimodal System for Emotion Recognition via
Computer of Known or Unknown Persons in Normal or Fatigue Situations.” The
authors summarize and present research on the detection via computer of emotions
and/or the mood of a single person or groups of people by using a visual-facial and
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— Sinä kaltoin kasvatettu sikiö, — huusi Syvähenki
vimmastuneena, — opetanpa sinua nyt kerrankin, jotta vastedes
minut muistaisit.
Lo Syvähenki oli sillä välin, hän oli näet varhain aamulla lähtenyt
leiristä, kulkenut päivälliseen saakka noin viisitoista, ehkä
parikymmentäkin Kiinan penikulmaa ja alkoi nyt vähitellen tuntea
nälkää. Mutta kun hän ei nähnyt ainoatakaan ihmisasuntoa, hän
astui kiireesti eteenpäin katsellen etsivästi joka suuntaan. Vihdoin
hän kuuli helähtävän äänen, ikäänkuin olisi tuulen hengähdys tuonut
luostarin kellon soiton hänen kuuluviinsa, ja hän ajatteli itsekseen.
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tilukset ja se saattoi tarjota monen monelle munkille mitä
mukavimman olon. Mutta luostarin munkkeja, joista näette vielä
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ylellisesti ja pitivät naisia luonaan eikä voinut johtajakaan pitää heitä
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laittaakseni sen taas kuntoon. Me olemme tässä juuri olleet
hommassa korjata vanha ulkoportti ja tehdä uudet katot muutamiin
rakennuksiin.
— Vai ovat nuo vanhat munkit vetäneet minua nenästä? No, enpä
aio toista kertaa enää sellaista suvaita.
Kun hän astui sisään, tuli »rautainen Buddha» häntä vastaan suuri
miekka kädessä. Lo Syvähenki kohotti sauvansa ja ottelu alkoi. Kun
»rautainen Buddha» oli kaksitoista tai neljätoista kertaa iskenyt
miekallaan, hänen täytyi jo peräytyä jaksamatta tuskin enää välttää
Syvähengen lyöntejä. Silloin hiipi »lentävä noita» Lo Syvähengen taa
iskeäkseen väkipuukon hänen selkäänsä.
Syvähenki ajatteli:
— Kyllä minä sen kohta sinulle sanon ja niin, että sinun pitää se
muistaman, — vastasi Syvähenki.