Geometrical Optics

Image from a
LECTURE 2 Plane Mirror
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Laws of Reflection

Normal O : Point of incidence

Incident Ray Reflected Ray
N AO : Incident ray
A B
ON : Normal
i r i : Angle of Incidence
r : Angle of Reflection

O
Plane Mirror 1. Angle of Incidence is equal
to Angle of Reflection
∠i=∠r

2. Incident ray, Normal to the mirror

and Reflected ray,
all lie in the same plane.
Tracing the Image

1. Consider any two light rays emanating (starting) from object.

2. Apply law of Reflection on each of them.

3. Find the meeting point / intersection of those reflected rays.

Image formation from Plane Mirror
Mirror

Object

B C
Image formation from Plane Mirror
mirror

A E
● I is virtual image,
h0 hi
● at same distance from mirror
θ θ
Object B θ C D Image
as object.
● Same size as object
● Upright
● Left-Right reversal (lateral inversion)
Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors

Mirrors perpendicular to each other

Case I
Object kept on angle bisector of Mirrors. (placed symmetrically)

M1

M2
Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors

Mirrors perpendicular to each other

Case I
Object kept on angle bisector of Mirrors. (placed symmetrically)

M1

O
I1

M2

I3 I2
Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors
Mirrors perpendicular to each other
Case II Object not kept on angle bisector of Mirrors (placed asymmetrically)
M1

M2
Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors
Mirrors perpendicular to each other
Case II Object not kept on angle bisector of Mirrors (placed asymmetrically)
M1

I1 O

M2

I2
I3
Image formation from Plane Mirror

➔ Image formed at equal distance from mirror as object

O
I1 = ?

I2 = ?
Image formation from Plane Mirror

➔ Image formed at equal distance from mirror as object

➔ Image formed along the line which is perpendicular to the Mirror

and passing through object

O
I1 = ?

I2 = ?
Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors
Mirrors at 120o to each other
Case III Object kept on angle bisector of Mirrors (placed symmetrically)
Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors

Case III Mirrors at 120o to each other

Object kept on angle bisector of Mirrors (placed symmetrically)
Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors

Mirrors at 120o to each other

Case IV
Object not kept on angle bisector of Mirrors (placed asymmetrically)
Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors

Mirrors at 120o to each other

Case IV
Object not kept on angle bisector of Mirrors (placed asymmetrically)
Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors

Mirrors at 60o to each other

Case V
Object kept on angle bisector of Mirrors (placed symmetrically)
Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors

Mirrors at 60o to each other

Case V
Object kept on angle bisector of Mirrors (placed symmetrically)
Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors

All images formed by two plane mirrors lie on a Circle

Number of Images by Two Plane Mirrors

Mirrors at 60o to each other

Case VI
Object not kept on angle bisector of Mirrors (placed asymmetrically)
Formula for Number of images

Θ angle between Number of Images Placement

Mirrors

3600/θ = even placed

anywhere

3600/θ = odd if placed on

angle bisector

3600/θ = odd if not placed on

angle bisector
Formula for Number of images

3600/θ = Even

Ө = 60o Ө = 90o
Formula for Number of images

3600/θ = Odd

Ө = 120o Ө = 72o
Formula for Number of images

Ө = 90o Ө = 60o

Ө = 45o
Formula for Number of images

Θ angle between Number of Images Placement

Mirrors

3600/θ = even (3600/θ) - 1 placed

anywhere

3600/θ = odd (3600/θ) - 1 if placed on

angle bisector

3600/θ = odd (3600/θ) if not placed on

angle bisector

3600/θ ≠ integer Integral part of 3600/θ

Velocity of Image Plane Mirror

Perpendicular to Mirror

O I
Example Determine velocity of image (with respect to ground)
in each case:

1.
+ve

O
A. + 2 m/s B. - 2 m/s
2m/
s

Rest
Velocity of Image Plane Mirror

Perpendicular to Mirror
➝
VM

O I O I

➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
VI = - VO VIM = - VOM
Example Determine velocity of image (with respect to ground) in
each case:

2. +ve A. - 2 m/s B. - 3 m/s

C. - 4 m/s D. 0 m/s
Rest

2m/
s
Example Determine velocity of image (with respect to ground) in
each case:

3. +ve
A. - 2 m/s B. - 3 m/s

O C. - 4 m/s D. 0 m/s
2m/
s

1 m/s
Velocity of Image Plane Mirror

Parallel to Mirror

➝ ➝
O I VI = VO

Stationary
or Moving
Example Determine velocity of image (with respect to ground)
in each case:
2m/
4. s A. - 2 m/s B. - 3 m/s

O
C. - 4 m/s D. 0 m/s

Rest
Example Determine velocity of image (with respect to ground) in
each case:

5. A. 2 m/s B. 3 m/s
2m/s

O C. 4 m/s D. 0 m/s

Rest

1m/s
Example Determine velocity of image (with respect to ground) in
each case:
y
10 m/s
6.

370
O x

Rest

A. 8î + 6ĵ B. - 8î - 6ĵ C. - 8î + 6ĵ D. None

Ans: C
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