A RESEARCH PAPER

ON
SOLAR BASED HYBRID ELECTRIC VECHILE
Shivam Singh1,singhshivam8821@gmail.com
Ozair Ahmad2,ozairahmadd1670@gmail.com
Pramod Gadre3 ankitgadre269@gmail.com
Shivam kumar Patel4 ,patelshivam82693@gmail.com
Shahid Ali Raza5 shahidkhan42842@gmail.com
Prof. Pooja Singh6 poojasingh.sirts@gmail.com
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Sagar Institute of Research and
Technology, Bhopal M.P – India

Abstract: The project is about to power up
the electric cars and achieve the maximum
distance of running. The electric car most
commonly seen in the roads but the main
problem of electric vehicle are there is no
continues recharging sources, so we
implementing a new project on electric
vehicle by using solar power and dynamo.
The solar power can be produced from the
sun light by using the solar panel and the
dynamo will convert the mechanical energy
to electrical energy from wheels of the
vehicle. It can be used to avoid the plug in
charge. We design the solar power hybrid
electric vehicle model by two software. The
chassis and frame work analysis are done by
using the ANSYS work bench and the energy
calculations which are done by using 2016A
mat lab. This type of technique is to reduce
the running cost and increasing the running
efficiency of the vehicle. The performance of
the vehicle was found to be satisfactory for
the load of four people with the average
speed of 60km/hr. By using this we can be
able to reduce the all kind pollutions and the
fuel economy. The main systems that we are
using are PMDC motor, solar module,
Charge Controller, Batteries, Boost
Converter, Step-down Transformer; Diode
Rectifier Experimental results are presented
to confirm the theoretical analysis.
KEYWORDS: PMDC motor, solar module,
Charge Controller, Batteries, Boost
Converter, Step-down Transformer; Diode
Rectifier.
1.INTRODUCTION
Solar cars depend on PV cells to convert
sunlight into electricity to drive electric
motors. Unlike solar thermal energy which
converts solar energy to heat, PV cells
directly convert sunlight into electricity.
The design of a solar car is severely limited
by the amount of energy input into the car.
Solar cars are built for solar car races and
also for public use List of prototype solar-
powered cars. Even the best solar cells can
only collect limited power and energy over
the area of a car's surface. This limits solar
cars to ultra-light composite bodies to save
weight. Solar cars lack the safety and
convenience features of conventional
vehicles. The first solar family car was built
in 2013 by students in the Netherlands. This
vehicle is capable of 550 miles on one
charge during sunlight. It weighs 850
pounds and has a 1.5kw solar array. Solar
vehicles must be light and efficient. 3,000
pound or even 2,000 pound vehicles are less
practical. Stella Lux is a family hybrid car
with solar energy having higher efficiency.
The predecessor to Stella broke a record
with a 932 mile single charge range. The
Dutch are trying to commercialize this
technology. During racing Stella Lux is
capable of 700 miles during daylight. At 45
mph Stella Lux has infinite range. The
average family who never drive more than
200 miles a day would never need to charge
from the mains. They would only plug in if
they wanted to return energy to the grid..
The Solar Electric Vehicle system was
designed and engineered as an easy to
install (2 to 3 hours) integrated accessory
system with a custom molded low profile
solar module, supplemental battery pack
and a proven charge controlling system. As
an alternative, a battery-powered electric
vehicle mayuse a solar array to recharge;
the array may be connected to the general
electrical distribution grid. The difficulty
occurred in the continues recharging is
avoided by the system used. The dynamo
used for the continues recharging in the
hybrid vehicle and also the solar panel
absorbs the sunlight and produces electrical
energy using photo voltaic cells. It
transmits to the battery and the vehicle runs
by using the battery charge.
2.LITERARURE SURVEY
Basically our vehicle consist of five main
parts i.e. battery, motor, solar, comparator
circuit and controller with display. Suppose
there are two batteries, initially one is
charged another is discharged. The charged
battery connected to the motor through
switch and discharge battery is connected
to the solar and generator. When the switch
is on then the charged battery delivered the
power to the motor and according to
principle of motor. “When a current
carrying conduc tor is placed in a magnetic
field, the conductor experience a
mechanical force” motor is start to rotate
and convert rotational motion into linear
motion. It means that the electrical energy
converted into mechanical energy. The
vehicle will start running.The back pair of
wheel connected through generator. A
generator is connected to the shaft with the
help of built in gear. The rotation of shaft
gear will be rotate and hence the generator
shaft also rotates. The generator is device
which is convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy. According to Faraday’s
Law of electromagnetic induction the EMF
is induced in a generator. The generator is
produced some energy and fed to the
discharge battery for charging but this
power is not enough to charging the battery.
So, another supplementary source is use for
charging of battery i.e. solar energy.Solar
cell is convert light energy into the
electrical energy. Hence, by using two
source battery is charge in a sufficient
value. Whenever, some distance covered
by car, that time the charged battery is
discharge. At same time the discharge
battery now charged with the help of solar
and generator. This way the vehicle is
continuously running without any
disturbance.
This total operation is possible for using a
comparator circuit. This circuit is specially
design for voltage comparison. It is
compare the voltage with the help of op-
amp LM358 and fed to microcontroller
unit, microcontroller then display .
 to be stored since sun is not always
available. Silicon-based photovoltaic cells
3.PROBLEM STATEMENT
are still most common solar collector and
The electric vehicles are mainly used for storage space where, due to electron
reduce the use of fuel and avoid pollution. movements and interactions, accumulated
There is no continues charging medium sunlight moves electrons around. These
provided for the electric vehicles. The movements and interactions of electrons
limited distance can be only travelled by trigger electrical current or energy that
one time charging. The dynamo can be eventually runs the car through DC motors.
introduced into the system for continues
charging Flow chart for Solar electric hybrid
vehicle:
Due To Above Conditions Following
Problem Occurs:
 After the limited distance the car doesn’t
run.
 If it is dark out for many days the car
battery will not charge.
 There is limitation for running speed.
 Investment cost is higher.
 Works based on whether condition.
 Cannot run in the hill areas and high
range. Figure1:Flow chart for Solar electric hybrid
 Limitation for the carrying luggage’ vehicle

4. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 6.BLOCK DIAGRAM

 The solar panel can be fixed for producing
electric power from sun light.
 The dynamo can be introduced into the
system for continues charging.

5. EXISTING METHOD
Solar cars use energy that produced by the
sun. Direct exposure to sunlight doesn’t
move cars or other devices that can use this
energy, so the converter of sun rays into
usable power is needed. When it comes to
solar cars, specially designed batteries
Figure2: Block Diagram
serve as converters. Solar energy also needs
 a safety risk. It may also prevent completely
draining (“deep discharging”) a battery or
7.COMPONENTSUSED
perform controlled discharges, depending on
 Solar Panel the battery technology, to protect battery life.
 Solar controller circuit The terms charge controller or charge regulator
may refer to either a stand-alone device, or to
 Batteries
control circuitry integrated within battery pack,
 Bms Moddule battery powered device.
 PMDC Motor
 Ardunio Uno
 LCD display

7.1 SOLAR PANEL:

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a wide
area electronic device that converts solar
energy into electricity by the photovoltaic
effect. Photovoltaic is the field of
technology and research related to the
application of solar cells as solar energy. Figure3: Solar Controller Circuit
Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved
for devices intended specifically to capture
energy from sunlight, while the term 7.3 BATTERY:
photovoltaic cell is used when the source is
The lead acid battery are despite having a
unspecified. Assemblies of cells are used to
very low energy-to-weight ratio, and a low
make solar modules, or photovoltaic arrays.
energy- to-weight volume ratio, it’s ability
to supply high surge currents means that the
cell have relatively large power- to- weight
ratio these features, along their low cost,
makes it attractive for use in motor vehicles
to provide the high current require by
automobile starter motor.

Figure 3:
solar panel

7.2 SOLAR CONTROLLER CIRCUIT:

A Solar charge controller, charge regulator or
battery regulator limits the rate at which electric
current is added to or drawn from electric
batteries. It prevents overcharging and may
protect against overvoltage, which can reduce
battery performance or life span and may pose Figure4: Battery
7.4 BMS MODULE:
This is 3S 12V 25A 18650 Lithium Battery
Protection Board 11.1V 12.6V High
Current With Balanced Circuit Over
Charge Over-Discharge Over Current And
Short Circuit Protection Function. Board
charging and discharging are the same port,
the board includes the balanced circuit.
Figure5: Bms Module
7.5 PMDC MOTOR:
The stator is the fixed part of the motor, in
which the rotor rotates. The stator consists
of a pair of permanent magnets aligned so
that poles of opposite polarities forces each
other. Thus one magnet has its North (N)
pole close to the armature, while the other
magnet has its South(S) pole close to the
armature. Therefore, lines of magnetic field
pass from one permanent magnet to other
through the metallic armature.
Figure 6:PMDC Motor
7.6 ARDUINO UNO:
UNO R3 SMD is the open source
Embedded Development board based on
Atmega328 SMD Package
Microcontroller. Because Atmel is moving
more and more of their production capacity
to surface mount ICs, the DIP packaged
ATmega is becoming more and more
difficult to get. To keep up with demand, we
now offer the Uno R3 with an SMD
ATmega.The board is identical to the PTH
version of the Uno, but you won't be able to
remove the ATmega without some hot-air.
This change shouldn't affect most users
Figure 7: Arduino Uno
8.ADVANTAGE &
DISADVANTAGS
Advantages
1. Operating costs are low
2. Saving costs (Purchasing electricity and
fuel)
3. It is pollution free and completely clean
4. Wind and solar are freely available
5. It generates electricity without polluting
the environment
6. It does not require more skilled operator
Disadvantages
1. It is purely dependent on weather
conditions
2. Space required for installation
3. Initial cost is high
4. It must be maintained carefully
5. Solar PV modules require more care
 10.MODELING

9.CONCLUSION

Renewable energy is an indigenous

resource available in considerable
quantities to India. It is having a significant
local, regional or national economic impact.
The use of renewable energy could help to
conserve foreign exchange and generate
local employment if this technology are
designed, manufactured, assembled and
installed locally. Nowadays the costs of
Figure7: Modeling
transmitting electrical power of
transporting conventional fuels are high.
Renewable energy is cheap and best and
can be produced as per our needs.

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