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•
e l e ve nth e dition
volu m e 2
AMERICA
A Narrative History
David Emory Shi
n
W. W. NORTON & COMPANY, INC.
New York • London
usahistoryfull11_ch00_fmvol2_i-xxv.indd 1 17/10/18 12:40 PM

W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923,
when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published
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The Library of Congress has cataloged the Full, One-Volume, Edition as

follows:
Names: Shi, David Emory, author.

Title: America : a narrative history / David Emory Shi.
Description: Eleventh edition. | New York : W. W. Norton & Company, 2019. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018046039 | ISBN 9780393689693 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: United States—History—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC E178.1 .T55 2019 | DDC 973—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2018046039
ISBN this edition: 978-0393-66894-0
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017
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W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

FOR
GEORGE B. TINDALL (1921–2006)
HISTORIAN, COLLEAGUE, FRIEND

DAVID EMORY SHI is a professor of history and the
president emeritus of Furman University. He also
taught for seventeen years at Davidson College,
where he chaired the history department, served as
the Frontis Johnson Professor of History, and won the
Distinguished Teaching Award. He is the author of
several books on American cultural history, including
the award-winning The Simple Life: Plain Living and
High Thinking in American Culture, Facing Facts:
Realism in American Thought and Culture, 1850–1920,
and The Bell Tower and Beyond: Reflections on Learning
and Living.

CONTENTS
List of Maps • ix
Preface • xi
Acknowledgments • xxi
16
T he Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877 728
The War’s Aftermath in the South 730 • Debates over Political
Reconstruction 732 • Black Society under Reconstruction 747 • The Grant
Administration 757 • Reconstruction’s Significance 773
PART FIVE GROWING PAINS 777
17
Business and Labor in the Industrial Era,
1860–1900 780
Industrial and Agricultural Growth 782 • The Rise of Big Business 794 •
The Alliance of Business and Politics 802 • An Industrial Society 805
18
T he New South and the New West,
1865–1900 832
The Myth of the New South 834 • The Failings of the New South 837 • Race
Relations during the 1890s 840 • The Settling of the New West 850 • Life in
the New West 857 • The Fate of Western Indians 864 • The End of the
Frontier 875

vi Contents
19 Political Stalemate and Rural Revolt,

1865–1900 880
Urban America 881 • The New Immigration 885 • Cultural Life 890 •
Gilded Age Politics 897 • Hayes to Harrison 901 • Hayes and Civil Service
Reform 901 • Farmers and the “Money Problem” 913
PART SIX MODERN AMERICA 931
20 Seizing an American Empire,

1865–1913 934
Toward the New Imperialism 936 • Expansion in the Pacific 938 •
The Spanish-American War (The War of 1898) 940 • Consequences of
Victory 949 • Roosevelt’s “Big-Stick” Diplomacy 958
21 The Progressive Era, 1890–1920 972

The Progressive Impulse 974 • The Sources of Progressivism 975 •
Progressives’ Aims and Achievements 983 • Progressivism under Roosevelt
and Taft 991 • Woodrow Wilson: A Progressive Southerner 1005
22 America and the Great War, 1914–1920 1020

An Uneasy Neutrality 1022 • Mobilizing a Nation 1037 • The American Role
in the War 1046 • The Politics of Peace 1055 • Stumbling from War to
Peace 1064
23 A Clash of Cultures, 1920–1929 1074

The Nation in 1920 1077 • The “Jazz Age” 1089 • The Modernist Revolt 1103
24 The Reactionary Twenties 1114

Reactionary Conservatism and Immigration Restriction 1116 • A Republican
Resurgence 1129 • 1929—A Turning Point 1149 • The Onset of the Great
Depression 1149 • The Human Toll of the Depression 1153 • From Hooverism
to the New Deal 1158

Contents vii
25 The New Deal, 1933–1939 1166

Roosevelt’s New Deal 1168 • The New Deal under Fire 1184 • The Second New
Deal 1196
26 The Second World War, 1933–1945 1208

The Rise of Fascism in Europe 1210 • From Isolationism to
Intervention 1213 • Arsenal of Democracy 1230 • The Allied Drive toward
Berlin 1242 • The Pacific War 1258 • A New Age Is Born 1265
PART SEVEN THE AMERICAN AGE 1271
27 The Cold War and the Fair Deal, 1945–1952 1274

Truman and the Cold War 1276 • The Containment Policy 1279 • Expanding
the New Deal 1287 • The Cold War Heats Up 1301 • Another Red Scare 1309
28 America in the Fifties 1318

Moderate Republicanism 1320 • A People of Plenty 1325 • Cracks in the
Picture Window 1336 • The Civil Rights Movement 1342 • Foreign Policy in
the Fifties 1351
29
A New Frontier and a Great Society,
1960–1968 1368
The New Frontier 1370 • Civil Rights Triumphant 1384 • The Great
Society 1400 • The Tragedy of Vietnam 1411 • The Turmoil of the Sixties 1417
30 Rebellion and Reaction, 1960s and 1970s 1424

“Forever Young”: The Youth Revolt 1426 • Social Activism Spreads 1437 •
Nixon and the Revival of Conservatism 1451 • “Peace with Honor”: Ending
the Vietnam War 1459 • The Nixon Doctrine and a Thawing Cold War 1467 •
Watergate 1470

viii Contents
31 Conservative Revival, 1977–1990 1482

The Carter Presidency 1484 • The Rise of Ronald Reagan 1492 • The Reagan
Revolution 1496 • An Anti-Soviet Foreign Policy 1502 • The Changing
Economic and Social Landscape 1509 • The Presidency of George H. W.
Bush 1514
32
Twenty-First-Century America,
1993–Present 1528
America’s Changing Population 1530 • The Clinton Presidency (1993–2001) 1531 •
A Chaotic Start to a New Century 1542 • Second-Term Blues 1553 •
A Historic New Presidency 1557 • The “Angry” 2016 Election 1578 •
A Populist President 1587 • The 100-Day Mark 1594
Glossary A1
Appendix A69
Further Readings A133
Credits A155
Index A161

MAPS
Reconstruction, 1865–1877 755

The Election of 1876 770
Transcontinental Railroad Lines, 1880s 793
Sharecropping and Tenancy, 1880–1900 839
The New West 852–853
Indian Wars 874
The Emergence of Large Cities, 1880 883
The Emergence of Large Cities, 1920 887
The Spanish-American War in the Pacific (The War of 1898) 944
The Spanish-American War in the Caribbean (The War of 1898) 948
U.S. Interests in the Pacific 954
U.S. Interests in the Caribbean 963
Women’s Suffrage, 1869–1914 982
The Great War in Europe, 1914 1024
The Great War, the Western Front, 1918 1054
Europe after the Treaty of Versailles, 1918 1061
The Tennessee Valley Authority 1180
Aggression in Europe, 1935–1939 1219
World War II Military Alliances, 1942 1226
Japanese Expansion before the Attack on Pearl Harbor 1228
World War II in Europe and Africa, 1942–1945 1250
World War II in the Pacific, 1942–1945 1261
The Occupation of Germany and Austria 1285
The Korean War, 1950 and 1950–1953 1306
ix

x Maps
Postwar Alliances: The Far East 1357

Postwar Alliances: Europe, North Africa, the Middle East 1361
Vietnam, 1966 1413

PREFACE
T
his Eleventh Edition of America: A Narrative History improves upon
a textbook celebrated for its compelling narrative history of the
American experience. Over the past thirty years, I have sought to
write an engaging book centered on political and economic devel-
opments animated by colorful characters, informed by balanced analysis and
social texture, and guided by the unfolding of key events. Those classic prin-
ciples, combined with a handy size and low price, have helped make America:
A Narrative History one of the most popular and well-respected textbooks in
the field.
This Eleventh Edition of America features important changes designed to
make the text more teachable and classroom friendly. The overarching theme
of the new edition is the importance of immigration to the American
experience. Since 1776, the United States has taken in more people from
more nations than any other country in the world. By welcoming newcomers,
America has enriched its economy, diversified its people and culture, and
testified to the appeal of a democracy committed to equal opportunity and
equal treatment. Writer Vivian Gornick, the daughter of Russian Jewish
immigrants, cherished the ethnic mosaic of her childhood New York City
neighborhood: “The ‘otherness’ of the Italians or the Irish or the Jews among
us lent spice and interest, a sense of definition, an exciting edge to things that
was openly feared but secretly welcomed.” At times, however, the nation’s
Open Door policy has also generated tension, criticism, prejudice, and even
violence. Those concerned about immigration, past and present, have
complained about open borders and called into question the nation’s ability
to serve as the world’s “melting pot.” The shifting attitudes and policies
regarding immigration have testified to the continuing debate over the merits
of newcomers. Immigration remains one of the nation’s most cherished yet
contested values, and as such it deserves fresh emphasis in textbooks and
classrooms.
While an introductory textbook must necessarily focus on major political,
constitutional, diplomatic, economic, and social changes, it is also essential that
xi

xii Preface
it convey how ordinary people managed everyday concerns—housing, jobs,

food, recreation, religion, and entertainment—and surmounted exceptional
challenges—depressions, wars, and racial injustice.
I have continued to enrich the political narrative by incorporating more
social and cultural history into this new edition. The text has been updated to
include the following key new discussions:
• Chapter 1 “The Collision of Cultures” highlights President John F.

Kennedy’s emphasis on the United States as “a nation of immigrants,” and
revised assessments of Christopher Columbus’s roles as colonial governor,
ship captain, and slave trader.
• Chapter 2 “England’s Colonies” includes expanded coverage of the
various factors that led Europeans to relocate to the American colonies,
new discussion of the varied fates of British convicts and others who were
sent involuntarily to America, the experience of indentured servants, and
expanded focus on Chief Powhatan and his response to English colonists
who were determined to “invade my people.”
• Chapter 3 “Colonial Ways of Life” features fresh insights into nativism
and xenophobic sentiment toward German immigrants in the American
colonies, including anti-immigrant comments from Benjamin Franklin in
Pennsylvania; and discussion of the plight of immigrant women who
worked in Virginia’s textile factories.
• Chapter 4 “From Colonies to States” includes new assessment of the
small, but distinctive French immigration to North America before 1750;
new focus on the massive surge in immigration and slave imports after
the French and Indian War; and, new treatments of the first
Revolutionary battles.
• Chapter 5 “The American Revolution” features new discussion of the
system of enslaved labor during the War of Independence, the
discriminatory legal status of African Americans, and British
characterizations of American colonies as the “land of the free and the
land of the slave.” There is also a profile of Thomas Jeremiah, a South
Carolina “boatman” whom colonial authorities executed after he alerted
enslaved blacks that British soldiers were coming to “help the poor
Negroes.” The chapter also includes a new photo depicting free black
soldiers fighting in the Revolution.
• Chapter 6 “Strengthening the New Nation” expands discussion of the
delegates to the Constitutional Convention and their involvement with
slavery; features debates over immigration in the new nation, offers new
perspective on Alexander Hamilton’s development as an immigrant to the

Preface xiii
United States. It includes new photos of the uniform Rule of

Naturalization in 1790, southern writer Eliza Yonge Wilkinson, and
women’s activist Judith Sargent Murray.
• Chapter 7 “The Early Republic” includes expanded treatment of the Lewis
and Clark expedition, of the strategic significance of the Louisiana
Purchase, and the legacy of the War of 1812. It also features new coverage
of Thomas Jefferson’s writings on race and frank discussion of his sexual
relationship with slave Sally Hemings; includes new photos of a Sacagawea
dollar and an anti-Jefferson cartoon.
• Chapter 8 “The Emergence of a Market Economy” includes new
discussions on anti-Catholic and anti-Irish sentiments during the first
half of the nineteenth century, the changing dynamics among immigrants
of different nationalities, and the challenges immigrant workers faced in
forming unions. New photos that depict symbols of organized labor and
of Irish immigration have been added.
• Chapter 9 “Nationalism and Sectionalism” features a revised profile of
John Quincy Adams and fresh coverage of Henry Clay.
• Chapter 10 “The Jacksonian Era” includes expanded coverage of Andrew
Jackson’s Indian Removal policy, the Deposit and Distribution Act, the
Specie Circular, and the Eaton Affair—including a new image of Peggy
Eaton.
• Chapter 11 “The South, Slavery, and King Cotton” highlights the
changing dynamics between slave labor and immigrant labor in the Old
South, new coverage of sexual violence upon female slaves in the New
Orleans slave trade and other regions, and a new photo depicting the
vitality of African American religion.
• Chapter 12 “Religion, Romanticism, and Reform” includes revised
discussions of religious awakenings, Mormonism, and transcendentalism,
with expanded focus on transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau and
Christian revivalist Peter Cartwright. The chapter also features social
developments in women’s rights and the transition from gradualism to
abolitionism among those opposed to slavery.
• Chapter 13 “Western Expansion” includes a new biographical sketch of
John A. Sutter, the Swiss settler who founded a colony of European
emigrants in California and created a wilderness empire centered on the
gold rush. It also contains expanded content on Irish and German
immigrants in the Saint Patrick’s Battalion in the Mexican army. The
chapter also reveals the development of John C. Calhoun’s race-based
ideology following the Texas Revolution and includes a new photograph
of the Donner party.

xiv Preface
• Chapter 14 “The Gathering Storm” features new discussion of the

California gold rush’s impact on the Native American population,
new biographical material on Presidents James Buchanan and
Abraham Lincoln, and expanded coverage of the Lincoln-Douglas
debates.
• Chapter 15 “The War of the Union” discusses the substantial immigrant
participation in the Civil War, features a new biographical sketch and
photo of Private Lyons Wakeman—a young woman who disguised herself
as a man in order to fight in the Union army. Also added is new
discussion of African American rebellions in the South.
• Chapter 16 “The Era of Reconstruction” explains changing immigration
policy in the context of the Naturalization Act of 1870; offers new
treatments of Indian policies, Congressional Reconstruction, and the
legacies of Reconstruction.
• Chapter 17 “Business and Labor in the Industrial Era” includes broader
discussion of immigrant women, the contributions of inventors like
Croatian immigrant Nikola Tesla, and examines the relationship between
immigration—especially Chinese immigration—and the railroad boom
beginning in the 1860s. Increased discussion of immigrants and the
settlement house movement, union organizers such as Eugene Debs, and
textile mill and factory strikers.
• Chapter 18 “The New South and the New West” expands explanation of
the spread of institutional racial segregation and of the emergence of the
southern tobacco industry after the Civil War.
• Chapter 19 “Political Stalemate and Rural Revolt” includes new photos of
Charles Guiteau, who assassinated President James Garfield, and of the
unemployed protesters who marched in Coxey’s Army protesting the
recession of the late nineteenth century.
• Chapter 20 “Seizing an American Empire” includes expanded content and
a new photo regarding Japanese immigration to the United States.
• Chapter 21 “The Progressive Era” features increased discussion of the
social gospel movement and the women’s suffrage movement, new
biographical material on Presidents Taft, Roosevelt, and Wilson, and
expanded focus on the racial biases of the Wilson administration.
• Chapter 22 “America and the Great War” includes expanded coverage of
immigrants, including Italian American Tony Monanco, who fought in
World War I; new coverage of Woodrow Wilson’s prosecution of
immigrants who spread the poison of disloyalty during the war;
nativism’s ties to racism and eugenics; and increased discussion about
the Palmer raids.

Preface xv
• Chapter 23 “A Clash of Cultures” includes new discussion of flappers, the

sexual revolution, and the new woman; revised treatments of Albert
Einstein, scientific developments, and the impact of the radio; and, fresh
insights into Ernest Hemingway and the “Lost Generation.”
• Chapter 24 “The Reactionary Twenties” expands discussion of
reactionary conservatism and restrictive immigration policies; extends
content on the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, prohibition, racial
progressivism, and President Herbert Hoover’s financial and social
policies. There are new photos depicting the Johnson-Reed Act, Hoover’s
“Keep Smiling” slogan, and the Bonus Army.
• Chapter 25 “The New Deal” features expanded coverage of the New Deal’s
impact on women and Native Americans; there is new material on President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s relationship with his wife Eleanor Roosevelt.
• Chapter 26 “The Second World War” includes expanded coverage of
social and racial prejudice against African Americans and Japanese
Americans; features a new discussion of army enlistment after the attack
on Pearl Harbor; and new photos depicting the Battle of the Bulge and
A. Philip Randolph.
• Chapter 27 “The Cold War and the Fair Deal” includes discussion of the
Immigration and Nationality (McCarran-Walter) Act of 1952 within
the contexts of the Red Scare and McCarthyism.
• Chapter 28 “America in the Fifties” highlights the emergence of a “car
culture,” expanded discussion of the communist politics of Cuba, and
bolstered coverage regarding Elizabeth Eckford, the student who
attempted to enter Little Rock High School in Arkansas after the
desegregation of public schools.
• Chapter 29 “A New Frontier and a Great Society” includes fresh coverage
of the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, of the Logan Act
regarding communication with foreign governments, and of U.S.
Attorney General Robert Kennedy. It also features new set pieces
highlighting the work of organizers Audre Lorde and Angela Davis, both
of whom were involved with the Black Panther party.
• Chapter 30 “Rebellion and Reaction” features new discussions on the
founding of the United Farm Workers and the organizing efforts of
Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez, including Chavez’s twenty-five-day
hunger strike in 1968 and the pathbreaking worker’s rights negotiations
with grape growers in the 1970s. It also includes a new set piece
spotlighting feminist pioneer and Ms. magazine founder Gloria Steinem,
and another covering clinical psychology professor Timothy Leary’s
crusade on behalf of psychedelic drugs.

xvi Preface
• Chapter 31 “Conservative Revival” includes expanded discussion of the

Carter administration, new coverage of the Immigration Act of 1990,
and revised treatment of George H. W. Bush’s presidency.
• Chapter 32 “Twenty-First-Century America” includes new coverage and
photos of the Black Lives Matter movement, the 2016 election, and the
Me Too movement. New Trump administration coverage includes the
efforts to restrict immigration and movement (travel ban, family
separation, and increased border security); the proposed ban of
transgender service members; and Supreme Court appointments.
In addition, I have incorporated throughout this edition fresh insights from

important new books and articles covering many significant topics. Whether
you consider yourself a political, social, cultural, or economic historian,
you’ll find new material to consider and share with your students.
As part of making the new editions even more teachable and classroom
friendly, the new Eleventh Edition of America: A Narrative History also
makes history an immersive experience through its innovative pedagogy and
digital resources. Norton InQuizitive for History—W. W. Norton’s
groundbreaking, formative, and adaptive new learning program—enables
both students and instructors to assess learning progress at the individual
and classroom level. The Norton Coursepack provides an array of support
materials—free to instructors—who adopt the text for integration into their
local learning-management system. The Norton Coursepack includes
valuable assessment and skill-building activities like new primary source
exercises, review quizzes, and interactive map resources. In addition, we’ve
created new Chapter Overview videos that give students a visual introduction
to the key themes and historical developments they will encounter in each
chapter (see pages xvi–xx for information about student and instructor
resources).
Media Resources for Instructors

and Students
America’s new student resources are designed to develop more-discriminating
readers, guiding students through the narrative while simultaneously
developing their critical thinking and history skills.
The comprehensive ancillary package features a groundbreaking new
formative and adaptive learning system, as well as innovative interactive

Preface xvii
resources, including maps and primary sources, all designed to help students
master the Focus Questions in each chapter and continue to nurture their
work as historians. W. W. Norton is unique in partnering to develop these
resources exclusively with subject-matter experts who teach the course. As a
result, instructors have all the course materials needed to manage their U.S.
history survey class, whether they are teaching face-to-face, online, or in a
hybrid setting.
New! History Skills Tutorials

With the Eleventh Edition we’ve expanded our digital resources to include a
new series of tutorials to build students’ critical analysis skills. The History
Skills Tutorials combine video and interactive assessments to teach students
how to analyze documents, images, and maps. By utilizing a three-step
process, students learn a framework for analysis through videos featuring
David Shi; then are challenged to apply what they have learned through a
series of interactive assessments. The History Skills Tutorials can be assigned
at the beginning of the semester to prepare students for analysis of the sources
in the textbook and beyond, or they can be integrated as remediation tools
throughout the semester.
New! Chapter Overview Videos

New Chapter Overview Videos, featuring author David Shi, combine images
and primary sources to provide visual introduction to the key themes and
historical developments students will encounter in each chapter. These are in
addition to the Author Videos in which David Shi explains essential
developments and difficult concepts, with available closed captioning.
Norton InQuizitive for History

This groundbreaking formative, adaptive learning tool improves student
understanding of the Focus Questions in each chapter. Students receive
personalized quiz questions on the topics with which they need the most
help. Questions range from vocabulary and concepts to interactive maps and
primary sources that challenge students to begin developing the skills
necessary to do the work of a historian. Engaging game-like elements
motivate students as they learn. As a result, students come to class better
prepared to participate in discussions and activities.

xviii Preface
Student Site
Free and open to all students, the Student Site includes additional resources
and tools.
• Author Videos: These segments include the NEW! Chapter Overview
Videos and feature David Shi discussing essential developments and
difficult concepts from the book.
• Online Reader: This resource offers a collection of primary source
documents and images for use in assignments and activities.
• iMaps: Interactive maps allow students to view layers of information on
each map with accompanying printable Map Worksheets for offline
labeling.
Norton Ebooks
Norton Ebooks give students and instructors an enhanced reading experience
at a fraction of the cost of a print textbook. Students are able to have an active
reading experience and can take notes, bookmark, search, highlight, and
even read offline. As an instructor, you can add your own notes for students
to see as they read the text. Norton Ebooks can be viewed on—and synced
between—all computers and mobile devices. The ebook for the Eleventh
Edition includes imbedded Author Videos, including the new Chapter
Overview Videos; pop-up key term definitions; and enlargeable images and
maps.
Norton LMS Resources

Easily add high quality Norton digital media to your online, hybrid, or lecture
course—all at no cost. Norton Coursepacks work within your existing
learning-management system; there’s no new system to learn, and access is
free and easy. Content is customizable and includes:
• Author Videos: These segments include the NEW! Chapter Overview
Videos and illuminate key events, developments, and concepts in each
chapter by bringing the narrative to life with additional context and
anecdotes.
• Primary Source Exercises: These activities feature primary sources with
multiple-choice and short-response questions to encourage close reading
and analysis.

Preface xix
• iMaps: These interactive tools challenge students to better understand

the nature of change over time by allowing them to explore the
different layers of maps from the book. Follow-up map worksheets help
build geography skills by allowing students to test their knowledge by
labeling.
• Review Quizzes: Multiple-choice and true/false questions allow
students to test their knowledge of the chapter content and then identify
where they need to focus their attention to better understand difficult
concepts.
• Online Reader: This resource includes about 1,000 additional
primary sources (textual and visual). These are also available
grouped by Research Topic for further investigation and writing
assignments.
• Flashcards: This tool aligns key terms and events with brief descriptions
and definitions.
• Forum Prompts: Three to five suggested topics per chapter offer
additional opportunities for class discussion.
Instructor’s Manual
The Instructor’s Manual for America: A Narrative History, Eleventh Edition, is
designed to help instructors prepare lectures. It contains chapter summaries;
chapter outlines; lecture ideas; in-class activities; discussion questions; and a
NEW! Quality Matters correlation guide.
Test Bank
The Test Bank contains over 2,000 multiple-choice, true/false, and essay
questions. The questions are aligned with the chapter’s Focus Questions and
classified according to level of difficulty, and Bloom’s Taxonomy, offering
multiple avenues for content and skill assessment. All Norton Test Banks are
available with ExamView Test Generator software, allowing instructors to
easily create, administer, and manage assessments.
Classroom Presentation Tools

• Lecture PowerPoint Slides: These ready-made presentations feature
images and maps from the book as well as bullet points to encourage
student comprehension and engagement.

xx Preface
• Image Files: All images and maps from the book are available separately
in JPEG and PowerPoint format for instructor use.
• Norton American History Digital Archive: The archive includes over
1,700 images, audio and video files that are arranged chronologically and
by theme.
Primary Source Readers to Accompany

America: A Narrative History
• NEW! Seventh Edition of For the Record: A Documentary History of
America, by David E. Shi and Holly A. Mayer (Duquesne University), is
the perfect companion reader for America: A Narrative History. For the
Record now features 268 primary-source readings from diaries, journals,
newspaper articles, speeches, government documents, and novels,
including several readings that highlight the substantially updated theme
of immigration history in this new edition of America. If you haven’t
scanned For the Record in a while, now would be a good time to take
a look.
• Norton Mix: American History enables instructors to build their own
custom reader from a database of nearly 300 primary- and
secondary-source selections. The custom readings can be packaged as a
standalone reader or integrated with chapters from America into a custom
textbook.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
T
his Eleventh Edition of America: A Narrative History has been a team
effort. Several professors who have become specialists in teaching
the introductory survey course helped create the Test Bank, instruc-
tor resources, and interactive media:
David Cameron, Lone Star College– Maryellen Harman, North Central

University Park Missouri College
Brian Cervantez, Tarrant County David Marsich, Germanna
College–Northwest Campus Community College
Manar Elkhaldi, University of Lise Namikas, Baton Rouge
Central Florida Community College
Christina Gold, El Camino Matthew Zembo, Hudson Valley
College Community College
The quality and range of the professorial reviews on this project were truly
exceptional. The book and its accompanying media components were greatly
influenced by the suggestions provided by the following instructors:
Milan Andrejevich, Ivy Tech Sharon J. Burnham, John Tyler

College–South Bend Community College
Carol A. Bielke, San Antonio Michael Collins, Texas State
Independent School District University
April Birchfield, Asheville- Scott Cook, Motlow State
Buncombe Technical Community College
Community College Carrie Coston, Blinn College
Howard Bodner, Houston Nicholas P. Cox, Houston
Community College Community College
Matt Brent, Rappahannock Tyler Craddock, J. Sargeant
Community College Reynolds Community College
xxi

xxii Acknowledgments
Carl E. Creasman Jr., Valencia Jennifer Lang, Delgado Community

College College
Stephen K. Davis, Texas State Nina McCune, Baton Rouge
University Community College
Frank De La O, Midland College Richard Randall Moore,
Jim Dudlo, Brookhaven College Metropolitan Community
Robert Glen Findley, Odessa College College–Longview
Brandon Franke, Blinn College Ken S. Mueller, Ivy Tech College–
Chad Garick, Jones County Junior Lafayette
College Lise Namikas, Colorado State
Christopher Gerdes, Lone Star University–Global
College–Kingwood and CyFair Brice E. Olivier, Temple College
Mark S. Goldman, Tallahassee Candice Pulkowski, The Art
Community College Institutes
Abbie Grubb, San Jacinto College— Shane Puryear, Lone Star College–
South Campus Greenspoint and Victory Centers
Devethia Guillory, Lone Star Carey Roberts, Liberty University
College–North Harris John Schmitz, Northern Virginia
Jennifer Heth, Tarrant County Community College–Annandale
College–South Campus Greg Shealy, University of
Justin Hoggard, Three Rivers Wisconsin–Madison
College Thomas Summerhill, Michigan
Andrew G. Hollinger, Tarrant State University
County College Scott M. Williams, Weatherford
David P. Hopkins Jr., Midland College
College Christopher Thomas, J. Sargeant
Justin Horton, Thomas Nelson Reynolds Community College
Community College Laura Matysek Wood, Tarrant
Theresa R. Jach, Houston County College–Northwest
Community College Crystal R. M. Wright, North
Robert Jason Kelly, Holmes Central Texas College
Community College
As always, my colleagues at W. W. Norton shared with me their dedicated

expertise and their poise amid tight deadlines, especially Jon Durbin, Melissa
Atkin, Lily Gellman, Carson Russell, Sarah Rose Aquilina, Ben Reynolds,
Sarah England Bartley, Hope Goodell Miller, Travis Carr, and Marne Evans.
In addition, Jim Stewart, a patient friend and consummate editor, helped
winnow my wordiness.

Acknowledgments xxiii
Finally, I have dedicated this Eleventh Edition of America to George

B. Tindall, my friend and co-author, who until his death in 2006, shared his
wisdom, knowledge, wit, and humor with me. Although few of his words
remain in this book, his spirit continues to animate its pages.

AMERICA

16 The Era of
Reconstruction
1865–1877
A Visit from the Old Mistress (1876) This powerful painting by Winslow Homer
depicts a plantation mistress visiting her former slaves in the postwar South. Although
their living conditions are humble, these freedwomen stand firmly and eye-to-eye with
the woman who had kept them in bondage.
usahistoryfull11_ch16_728-776.indd 728 08/10/18 10:25 PM

I
n the spring of 1865, the terrible conflict was finally over. The war to
restore the Union transformed American life. The United States was a
“new nation,” said an Illinois congressman, because it was now “wholly
free.” At a cost of some 750,000 lives and the destruction of the southern
economy, the Union had won the war, and almost 4 million enslaved Ameri-
cans had seized their freedom. But the end of slavery did not bring the end of
racism, nor did it bring equality to people of color.
The defeated Confederates had seen their world turned upside down. The
abolition of slavery, the disruptions to the southern economy, and the horri-
fying human losses had destroyed the plantation system and upended racial
relations in the South. “Change, change, indelibly stamped upon everything I
meet, even upon the faces of the people!” marveled Alexander Stephens, vice
president of the Confederacy. His native region now had to come to terms
with a new era and a new order as the U.S. government set about “reconstruct-
ing” the South and policing defiant ex-Confederates. Diarist Mary Chesnut
expressed the angry frustration felt by the southern white elite when she
wished that “they were all dead—all Yankees!”
Freed slaves felt just the opposite. Yankees were their saviors. The ratifica-
tion of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in December 1865
ended all doubt about the status of former slaves by abolishing slavery every-
where. No longer would enslaved workers be sold and separated from their
families or prevented from learning to read and write or attending church.
“I felt like a bird out of a cage,” said former slave Houston Holloway of Geor-
gia, who had been sold to three different owners during his first twenty years.
“Amen. Amen. Amen. I could hardly ask to feel any better than I did that day.”
Few owners, however, willingly freed their slaves until forced to by the
arrival of Union soldiers. A North Carolina planter pledged that he and other
focus questions
1. What major challenges did the federal government face in
reconstructing the South?
2. How and why did Reconstruction policies change over time?
3. In what ways did white and black Southerners react to Reconstruction?
4. What were the political and economic factors that helped end
Reconstruction in 1877?
5. What was the significance of Reconstruction on the nation’s future?
729

730 CHAPTER 16 The Era of Reconstruction 1865–1877
whites “will never get along with the free negroes” because they were an “infe-
rior race.” Similarly, a Mississippi planter predicted that “these niggers will all
be slaves again in twelve months.” When a South Carolina white man caught
an enslaved mother and her children running toward freedom, he “drew his
bowie-knife and cut her throat; also the throat of her boy, nine years old; also
the throat of her girl, seven years of age; threw their bodies into the river, and
the live baby after them.”
Such brutal incidents illuminate the extraordinary challenges the nation
faced in “reconstructing” and reuniting a ravaged and resentful South while
helping to transform ex-slaves into free workers and equal citizens. It would
not be easy. Rebels had been conquered, but they were far from being loyal
Unionists.
Although the Reconstruction era lasted only twelve years, from 1865 to
1877, it was one of the most challenging and significant periods in U.S. history.
At the center of the debate over how best to restore the Union were questions
of continuing significance: Who is deserving of citizenship and what does it
entail? What rights should all Americans enjoy? What role should the federal
government play in ensuring freedom and equality? Those questions are still
shaping American life nearly 150 years later.
The War’s Aftermath in the South

In the spring of 1865, Southerners were emotionally exhausted; a fifth of
southern white males had died in the war; many others had been maimed
for life. In 1866, Mississippi spent 20 percent of the state’s budget on artificial
limbs for Confederate veterans.
Property values had collapsed. In the year after the war ended, e ighty-one
plantations in Mississippi were sold for less than a tenth of what they had been
worth in 1860. Confederate money was worthless; personal savings had van-
ished; tens of thousands of horses and mules had been killed in the fighting;
and countless farm buildings and agricultural equipment had been destroyed.
Many of the largest southern cities—Richmond, Atlanta, Columbia—were
devastated. Most railroads and many bridges were damaged or destroyed, and
Southerners, white and black, were homeless and hungry. Along the path that
General William Tecumseh Sherman’s Union army had blazed across Georgia
and the Carolinas, one observer reported in 1866, the countryside “looked
for many miles like a broad black streak of ruin and desolation.” Burned-out
Columbia, South Carolina, said another witness, was “a wilderness of ruins”;
Charleston, the birthplace of secession, had become a place of “vacant houses,

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the most deeply are often the least capable of expressing their
feelings, and a speechless tongue is with them the result of a full
heart. Besides, you are sure to be repaid for a good action at some
time or another. Like seed sown in the Nile, “the bread cast upon the
waters,” it may not come back to you for many days, but come back
at last it most certainly will. Would you like your change in silver or in
gold? Will you have it in a few graceful, well-chosen expressions, or
in the sterling coin of silent love with its daily thoughts and nightly
prayers; or, better still even than these, will you waive your claim to it
down here, and have it carried to your account above? I am
supposing yours is not one of those natures which have arrived at
the highest, the noblest type of benevolence, and give their gold
neither for silver nor for copper, but freely without return at all. To
these I can offer no encouragement, no advice. Their grapes are
ripened, their harvest is yellow, the light is already shining on them
from the golden hills of heaven.
CHAPTER VI
A DAY THAT IS DEAD
I have been burning old letters to-night; their ashes are fluttering in
the chimney even now; and, alas! while they consume, fleeting and
perishable like the moments they record, “each dying ember” seems
to have “wrought its ghost” upon my heart. Oh! that we could either
completely remember or completely forget. Oh! that the image of
Mnemosyne would remain close enough for us to detect the flaws in
her imperishable marble, or that she would remove herself so far as
to be altogether out of sight. It is the golden haze of “middle
distance” that sheds on her this warm and tender light. She is all the
more attractive that we see her through a double veil of retrospection
and regret, none the less lovely because her beauty is dimmed and
softened in a mist of tears.
Letter after letter they have flared, and blackened, and shrivelled
up. There is an end of them—they are gone. Not a line of those
different handwritings shall I ever see again. The bold, familiar
scrawl of the tried friend and more than brother; why does he come
back to me so vividly to-night? The stout heart, the strong arm, the
brave, kind face, the frank and manly voice. We shall never tread the
stubble nor the heather side by side again; never more pull her up
against the stream, nor float idly down in the hot summer noons to
catch the light air off the water on our heated faces; to discourse, like
David and Jonathan, of all and everything nearest our hearts. Old
friend! old friend! wherever you are, if you have consciousness you
must surely sometimes think of me; I have not forgotten you. I
cannot believe you have forgotten me even there.
And the pains-taking, up-and-down-hill characters of the little child
—the little child for whom the angels came so soon, yet found it
ready to depart, whose fever-wasted lips formed none but words of
confidence and affection, whose blue eyes turned their last dim,
dying looks so fondly on the face it loved.
And there were letters harder to part with than these. Never mind,
they are burnt and done with; letters of which even the superscription
once made a kind heart leap with pleasure so intense it was almost
pain; letters crossed and re-crossed in delicate, orderly lines, bearing
the well-known cipher, breathing the well-known perfume, telling the
old, false tale in the old, false phrases, so trite and worn-out, yet
seeming always so fresh and new.
The hand that formed them has other tasks to occupy it now; the
heart from which they came is mute and cold. Hope withers, love
dies—times are altered. What would you have? It is a world of
change. Nevertheless this has been a disheartening job; it has put
me in low spirits; I must call “Bones” out of his cupboard to come and
sit with me.
“What is this charm,” I ask him, “that seems to belong so
exclusively to the past?—this ‘tender grace of a day that is dead’?
and must I look after it down the gulf into which it has dropped with
such irrepressible longing only because it will never come back to
me? Is a man the greater or wiser that he lived a hundred years ago
or a thousand? Are reputations, like wine, the mellower and the more
precious for mere age, even though they have been hid away in a
cellar all the time? Is a thing actually fairer and better because I have
almost forgotten how it looked when present, and shall never set
eyes on it again? I entertain the greatest aversion to Horace’s
laudator temporis acti, shall always set my face against the
superstition that ‘there were giants in those days’; and yet wherever I
went in the world previous to my retirement here that I might live with
you, I found the strange maxim predominate, that everything was
very much better before it had been improved!
“If I entered a club and expressed my intention of going to the
Opera, for instance, whatever small spark of enthusiasm I could
kindle was submitted to a wet blanket on the spot. ‘Good heavens!’
would exclaim some venerable philosopher of the Cynic and
Epicurean schools, ‘there is no opera now, nor ballet neither. My
good sir, the thing is done; it’s over. We haven’t an artist left. Ah! you
should have seen Taglioni dance; you should have heard Grisi sing;
you should have lived when Plancus was consul. In short, you
should be as old as I am, and as disgusted, and as gouty, and as
disagreeable!’
“Or I walked into the smoking-room of that same resort, full of
some athletic gathering at Holland Park, some ’Varsity hurdle-race,
some trial of strength or skill amongst those lively boys, the
subalterns of the Household Brigade; and ere I could articulate
‘brandy and soda’ I had Captain Barclay thrown body and bones in
my face. ‘Walk, sir! You talk of walking?’ (I didn’t, for there had been
barely time to get a word in edgeways, or my parable would have
exhausted itself concerning a running high leap.) ‘But there is
nothing like a real pedestrian left; they don’t breed ’em, sir, in these
days: can’t grow them, and don’t know how to train them if they
could! Show me a fellow who would make a match with Barclay to-
day. Barclay, sir, if he were alive, would walk all your best men down
after he came in from shooting. Ask your young friends which of ’em
would like to drive the mail from London to Edinburgh without a
greatcoat! I don’t know what’s come to the present generation. It
must be the smoking, or the light claret, perhaps. They’re done,
they’re used up, they’re washed out. Why, they go to covert by
railway, and have their grouse driven to them on a hill! What would
old Sir Tatton or Osbaldeston say to such doings as these? I was at
Newmarket, I tell you, when the Squire rode his famous match—two
hundred miles in less than nine hours! I saw him get off old Tranby,
and I give you my honour the man looked fresher than the horse!
Don’t tell me. He was rubbed down by a couple of prize-fighters
(there were real bruisers in those days, and the best man used to
win), dressed, and came to dinner just as you would after a five-mile
walk. Pocket Hercules, you call him—one in a thousand? There were
hundreds of such men in my day. Why, I recollect in Tom Smith’s
time that I myself——’
“But at this point I used to make my escape, because there are
two subjects on which nobody is so brilliant as not to be prolix, so
dull as not to be enthusiastic—his doings in the saddle and his
adventures with the fair. To honour either of these triumphs he blows
a trumpet-note loud and long in proportion to the antiquity of the
annals it records. Why must you never again become possessed of
such a hunter as Tally-Ho? Did that abnormal animal really carry you
as well as you think, neither failing when the ground was deep nor
wavering when the fences were strong? Is it strictly true that no day
was ever too long for him? that he was always in the same field with
the hounds? And have not the rails he rose at, the ditches he
covered so gallantly, increased annually in height and depth and
general impossibility ever since that fatal morning when he broke his
back, under the Coplow in a two-foot drain?
“You can’t find such horses now? Perhaps you do not give them
so liberal a chance of proving their courage, speed, and endurance.
“On the other topic it is natural enough, I dare say, for you to ‘yarn’
with all the more freedom that there is no one left to contradict.
People used enormous coloured silk handkerchiefs in that remote
period, when you threw yours with such Oriental complacency, and
the odalisques who picked it up are probably to-day so old and stiff
they could not bend their backs to save their lives. But were they
really as fond, and fair, and faithful as they seem to you now? Had
they no caprices to chill, no whims to worry, no rivals on hand, to
drive you mad? Like the sea, those eyes that look so deep and blue
at a distance, are green and turbid and full of specks when you come
quite close. Was it all sunshine with Mary, all roses with Margaret, all
summer with Jane? What figures the modern women make of
themselves, you say. How they offend your eye, those bare cheek-
bones, those clinging skirts, those hateful chignons! Ah! the cheeks
no longer hang out a danger-signal when you approach; the skirts
are no more lifted, ever such a little, to make room for you in the
corner of the sofa next the fire; and though you might have had locks
of hair enough once to have woven a parti-coloured chignon of your
own, it would be hopeless now to beg as much as would make a
finger-ring for Queen Mab. What is it, I say, that causes us to look
with such deluded eyes on the past? Is it sorrow or malice,
disappointment or regret? Are our teeth still on edge with the sour
grapes we have eaten or forborne? Do we glower through the
jaundiced eyes of malevolence, or is our sight failing with the shades
of a coming night?”
Bones seldom delivers himself of his opinion in a hurry. “I think,”
he says very deliberately, “that this, like many other absurdities of
human nature, originates in that desire for the unattainable which is,
after all, the mainspring of effort, improvement, and approach
towards perfection. Man longs for the impossible, and what is so
impossible as the past? That which hath vanished becomes
therefore valuable, that which is hidden attractive, that which is
distant desirable. There is a strange lay still existing by an old
Provençal troubadour, no small favourite with iron-handed, lion-
hearted King Richard, of which the refrain, ‘so far away,’ expresses
very touchingly the longing for the absent, perhaps only because
absent, that is so painful, so human, and so unwise. The whole story
is wild and absurd to a degree, yet not without a saddened interest,
owing to the mournful refrain quoted above. It is thus told in the
notes to Warton’s History of English Poetry:—
“‘Jeffrey Rudell, a famous troubadour of Provence, who is also
celebrated by Petrarch, had heard from the adventurers in the
Crusades the beauty of a Countess of Tripoli highly extolled. He
became enamoured from imagination, embarked for Tripoli, fell sick
on the voyage through the fever of expectation, and was brought on
shore at Tripoli, half-expiring. The countess, having received the
news of the arrival of this gallant stranger, hastened to the shore and
took him by the hand. He opened his eyes, and at once overpowered
by his disease and her kindness, had just time to say inarticulately
that having seen her he died satisfied. The countess made him a
most splendid funeral, and erected to his memory a tomb of porphyry
inscribed with an epitaph in Arabian verse. She commanded his
sonnets to be richly copied and illuminated with letters of gold, was
seized with a profound melancholy, and turned nun. I will endeavour
to translate one of the sonnets he made on his voyage, “Yret et
dolent m’en partray,” etc. It has some pathos and sentiment. “I
should depart pensive but for this love of mine so far away, for I
know not what difficulties I may have to encounter, my native land
being so far away. Thou who hast made all things and who formed
this love of mine so far away, give me strength of body, and then I
may hope to see this love of mine so far away. Surely my love must
be founded on true merit, as I love one so far away. If I am easy for a
moment, yet I feel a thousand pains for her who is so far away. No
other love ever touched my heart than this for her so far away. A
fairer than she never touched any heart, either so near or so far
away.’”
“It is utter nonsense, I grant you, and the doings of this love-sick
idiot seem to have been in character with his stanzas, yet is there a
mournful pathos about that wailing so far away which, well-worded,
well-set, and well-performed, would make the success of a drawing-
room song.
“If the Countess of Tripoli, who seems also to have owned a
susceptible temperament, had been his cousin and lived next door,
he would probably not have admired her the least, would certainly
never have wooed her in such wild and pathetic verse; but he gave
her credit for all the charms that constituted his own ideal of
perfection, and sickened even to death for the possession of his
distant treasure, simply and solely because it was so far away!
“What people all really love is a dream. The stronger the
imagination the more vivid the phantom that fills it; but on the other
hand, the waking is more sudden and more complete. If I were a
woman instead of a—a—specimen, I should beware how I set my
heart upon a man of imagination, a quality which the world is apt to
call genius, with as much good sense as there would be in
confounding the sparks from a blacksmith’s anvil with the blacksmith
himself. Such a man takes the first doll that flatters him, dresses her
out in the fabrications of his own fancy, falls down and worships, gets
bored, and gets up, pulls the tinsel off as quick as he put it on; being
his own he thinks he may do what he likes with it, and finds any
other doll looks just as well in the same light and decked with the
same trappings. Narcissus is not the only person who has fallen in
love with the reflection, or what he believed to be the reflection, of
himself. Some get off with a ducking, some are drowned in sad
earnest for their pains.
“Nevertheless, as the French philosopher says, ‘There is nothing
so real as illusion.’ The day that is dead has for men a more actual, a
more tangible, a more vivid identity than the day that exists, nay,
than the day as yet unborn. One of the most characteristic and
inconvenient delusions of humanity is its incapacity for enjoyment of
the present. Life is a journey in which people are either looking
forward or looking back. Nobody has the wisdom to sit down for half-
an-hour in the shade listening to the birds overhead, examining the
flowers underfoot. It is always ‘How pleasant it was yesterday! What
fun we shall have to-morrow!’ Never ‘How happy we are to-day!’ And
yet what is the past, when we think of it, but a dream vanished into
darkness—the future but an uncertain glimmer that may never
brighten into dawn?
“It is strange how much stronger in old age than in youth is the
tendency to live in the hereafter. Not the real hereafter of another
world, but the delusive hereafter of this. Tell a lad of eighteen that he
must wait a year or two for anything he desires very eagerly, and he
becomes utterly despondent of attaining his wish; but an old man of
seventy is perfectly ready to make arrangements or submit to
sacrifices for his personal benefit to be rewarded in ten years’ time or
so, when he persuades himself he will still be quite capable of
enjoying life. The people who purchase annuities, who plant trees,
who breed horses for their own riding are all past middle age.
Perhaps they have seen so many things brought about by waiting,
more particularly when the deferred hope had caused the sick
heart’s desire to pass away, that they have resolved for them also
must be ‘a good time coming,’ if only they will have patience and
‘wait a little longer.’ Perhaps they look forward because they cannot
bear to look back. Perhaps in such vague anticipations they try to
delude their own consciousness, and fancy that by ignoring and
refusing to see it they can escape the inevitable change. After all,
this is the healthiest and most invigorating practice of the two.
Something of courage seems wanting in man or beast when either is
continually looking back. To the philosopher ‘a day that is dead’ has
no value but for the lesson it affords; to the rest of mankind it is
inestimably precious for the unaccountable reason that it can never
come again.”
“Be it so,” I answered; “let me vote in the majority. I think with the
fools, I honestly confess, but I have also a theory of my own on this
subject, which I am quite prepared to hear ridiculed and despised.
My supposition is that ideas, feelings, delusions, name them how
you will, recur in cycles, although events and tangible bodies, such
as we term realities, must pass away. I cannot remember in my life
any experience that could properly be called a new sensation. When
in a position of which I had certainly no former knowledge I have
always felt a vague, dreamy consciousness that something of the
same kind must have happened to me before. Can it be that my soul
has existed previously, long ere it came to tenant this body that it is
so soon about to quit? Can it be that its immortality stretches both
ways, as into the future so into the past? May I not hope that in the
infinity so fitly represented by a circle, the past may become the
future as the future most certainly must become the past, and the
day that is dead, to which I now look back so mournfully, may rise
again newer, fresher, brighter than ever in the land of the morning
beyond that narrow paltry gutter which we call the grave?” I waited
anxiously for his answer. There are some things we would give
anything to know, things on which certainty would so completely alter
all our ideas, our arrangements, our hopes, and our regrets. Ignorant
of the coast to which we are bound, its distance, its climate, and its
necessities, how can we tell what to pack up and what to leave
behind? To be sure, regarding things material, we are spared all
trouble of selection; but there is yet room for much anxiety
concerning the outfit of the soul. For the space of a minute he
seemed to ponder, and when he did speak, all he said was this—
“I know, but I must not tell,” preserving thereafter an inflexible
silence till it was time to go to bed.
CHAPTER VII
THE FOUR-LEAVED SHAMROCK
We are all looking for it; shall we ever find it? Can it be cultivated in
hothouses by Scotch head-gardeners with high wages and Doric
accent? or shall we come upon it accidentally, peeping through
green bulrushes, lurking in tangled woodlands, or perched high on
the mountain’s crest, far above the region of grouse and heather,
where the ptarmigan folds her wings amongst the silt and shingle in
the clefts of the bare grey rock? We climb for it, we dive for it, we
creep for it on our belly, like the serpent, eating dust to any amount
in the process; but do we ever succeed in plucking such a specimen
as, according to our natures, we can joyfully place in our hats for
ostentation or hide under our waistcoats for true love?
Do you remember Sir Walter Scott’s humorous poem called the
“Search after Happiness”? Do you remember how that Eastern
monarch who strove to appropriate the shirt of a contented man
visited every nation in turn till he came to Ireland, the native soil
indeed of all the shamrock tribe; how his myrmidons incontinently
assaulted one of the “bhoys” whose mirthful demeanour raised their
highest hopes, and how
“Shelelagh, their plans was well-nigh after baulking,

Much less provocation will set it a-walking;
But the odds that foiled Hercules foiled Paddywhack.
They floored him, they seized him, they stripped him, alack!
Up, bubboo! He hadn’t a shirt to his back!”
Mankind has been hunting the four-leaved shamrock from the very
earliest times on record. I believe half the legends of mythology, half
the exploits of history, half the discoveries of science, originate in the
universal search. Jason was looking for it with his Argonauts when
he stumbled on the Golden Fleece; Columbus sailed after it in the
track of the setting sun, scanning that bare horizon of an endless
ocean, day after day, with sinking heart yet never-failing courage, till
the land-weeds drifting round his prow, the land-birds perching on his
spars, brought him their joyous welcome from the undiscovered
shore; Alexander traversed Asia in his desire for it; Cæsar dashed
through the Rubicon in its pursuit; Napoleon well-nigh grasped it
after Austerlitz, but the frosts and fires of Moscow shrivelled it into
nothing ere his hand could close upon the prize. To find it, sages
have ransacked their libraries, adepts exhausted their alembics,
misers hoarded up their gold. It is not twined with the poet’s bay-
leaves, nor is it concealed in the madman’s hellebore. People have
been for it to the Great Desert, the Blue Mountains, the Chinese
capital, the interior of Africa, and returned empty-handed as they
went. It abhors courts, camps, and cities; it strikes no root in palace
nor in castle; and if more likely to turn up in a cottage-garden, who
has yet discovered the humble plot of ground on which it grows?
Nevertheless, undeterred by warning, example, and the
experience of repeated failures, human nature relaxes nothing of its
persevering quest. I have seen a dog persist in chasing swallows as
they skimmed along the lawn; but then the dog had once caught a
wounded bird, and was therefore acting on an assured and tried
experience of its own. If you or I had ever found one four-leaved
shamrock, we should be justified in cherishing a vague hope that we
might some day light upon another.
The Knights of the Round Table beheld with their own eyes that
vision of the Holy Vessel, descending in their midst, which scattered
those steel-clad heroes in all directions on the adventure of the
Sangreal; but perhaps the very vows of chivalry they had registered,
the very exploits they performed, originated with that restless longing
they could not but acknowledge in common with all mankind for
possession of the four-leaved shamrock.
“And better he loved, that monarch bold,

On venturous quest to ride
In mail and plate, by wood and wold,
Than with ermine trapped and cloth of gold
In princely bower to bide.
The bursting crash of a foeman’s spear
As it shivered against his mail,
Was merrier music to his ear
Than courtier’s whispered tale.
And the clash of Caliburn more dear,
When on hostile casque it rung,
Than all the lays to their monarch’s praise
The harpers of Reged sung.
He loved better to bide by wood and river,
Than in bower of his dame Queen Guenevere;
For he left that lady, so lovely of cheer,
To follow adventures of danger and fear,
And little the frank-hearted monarch did wot
That she smiled in his absence on brave Launcelot.”
Oh! those lilting stanzas of Sir Walter’s, how merrily they ring on
one’s ear, like the clash of steel, the jingling of bridles, or the
measured cadence of a good steed’s stride! We can fancy ourselves
spurring through the mêlée after the “selfless stainless” king, or
galloping with him down the grassy glades of Lyonesse on one of his
adventurous quests for danger, honour, renown—and—the four-
leaved shamrock.
Obviously it did not grow in the tilt-yards at Caerleon or the palace
gardens of Camelot; nay, he had failed to find it in the posy lovely
Guenevere wore on her bosom. Alas! that even Launcelot, the flower
of chivalry, the brave, the courteous, the gentle, the sorrowing and
the sinful, must have sought for it there in vain.
Everybody begins life with a four-leaved shamrock in view, an
ideal of his own, that he follows up with considerable wrong-
headedness to the end. Such fiction has a great deal to answer for in
the way of disappointment, dissatisfaction, and disgust. Many
natures find themselves completely soured and deteriorated before
middle age, and why? Because, forsooth, they have been through
the garden with no better luck than their neighbours. I started in
business, we will say, with good connections, sufficient capital, and
an ardent desire to make a fortune. Must I be a saddened, morose,
world-wearied man because, missing that unaccountable rise in
muletwist, and taking the subsequent fall in grey shirtings too late, I
have only realised a competency, while Bullion, who didn’t want it,
made at least twenty thou.? Or I wooed Fortune as a soldier, fond of
the profession, careless of climate, prodigal of my person, ramming
my head wherever there was a chance of having it knocked off,
“sticking to it like a leech, sir; never missing a day’s duty, by Jove!
while other fellows were getting on the staff, shooting up the country,
or going home on sick leave.” So I remain nothing but an overworked
field-officer, grim and grey, with an enlarged liver, and more red in my
nose than my cheeks, while Dawdle is a major-general commanding
in a healthy district, followed about by two aides-de-camp, enjoying a
lucrative appointment with a fair chance of military distinction. Shall I
therefore devote to the lowest pit of Acheron the Horse Guards, the
War Office, H.R.H. the Commander-in-Chief, and the service of Her
Majesty the Queen? How many briefless barristers must you multiply
to obtain a Lord Chancellor, or even a Chief Baron? How many
curates go to a bishop? How many village practitioners to a
fashionable doctor in a London-built brougham? Success in every
line, while it waits, to a certain extent, on perseverance and capacity,
partakes thus much in the nature of a lottery, that for one prize there
must be an incalculable number of blanks.
I will not go so far as to say that you should abstain from the liberal
professions of arts or arms, that you should refrain from taking your
ticket in the lottery, or in any way rest idly in mid-stream, glad to
“Loose the sail, shift the oar, let her float down,
Fleeting and gliding by tower and town;”
but I ask you to remember that the marshal’s baton can only be in
one conscript’s knapsack out of half a million; that wigs and mitres,
and fees every five minutes, fall only to one in ten thousand; that
although everybody has an equal chance in the lottery, that chance
may be described as but half a degree better than the cipher which
represents zero.
There is an aphorism in everybody’s mouth about the man who
goes to look for a straight stick in the wood. Hollies, elms, oaks,
ashes, and alders he inspects, sapling after sapling, in vain. This one
has a twist at the handle, that bends a little towards the point; some
are too thick for pliancy, some too thin for strength. Several would do
very well but for the abundant variety that affords a chance of finding
something better. Presently he emerges at the farther fence, having
traversed the covert from end to end, but his hands are still empty,
and he shakes his head, thinking he may have been over-fastidious
in his choice. A straight stick is no easier to find than would be a
four-leaved shamrock.
The man who goes to buy a town house or rent a place in the
country experiences the same difficulty. Up-stairs and down-stairs he
travels, inspecting kitchen-ranges, sinks and sculleries, attics,
bedrooms, boudoirs, and housemaids’ closets, till his legs ache, his
brain swims, and his temper entirely gives way. In London, if the
situation is perfect, there is sure to be no servants’ hall, or the
accommodation below-stairs leaves nothing to be desired, but he
cannot undertake to reside so far from his club. These difficulties
overcome, he discovers the butler’s pantry is so dark no servant of
that fastidious order will consent to stay with him a week. In the
country, if the place is pretty the neighbourhood may be
objectionable: the rent is perhaps delightfully moderate, but he must
keep up the grounds and pay the wages of four gardeners. Suitable
in every other respect, he cannot get the shooting; or if no such
drawbacks are to be alleged, there is surely a railway through the
park, and no station within five miles. Plenty of shamrocks grow, you
see, of the trefoil order, green, graceful, and perfectly symmetrical. It
is that fourth leaf he looks for, which creates all his difficulties.
The same with the gentleman in search of a horse, the same with
Cœlebs in search of a wife. If the former cannot be persuaded to put
up with some little drawback of action, beauty, or temper, he will
never know that most delightful of all partnerships, the sympathy
existing between a good horseman and his steed. If the latter
expects to find a perfection really exist, which he thinks he has
discovered while dazzled by the glamour surrounding a man in love,
he deserves to be disappointed, and he generally is. Rare, rare
indeed are the four-leaved shamrocks in either sex; thrice happy
those whom Fate permits to win and wear them even for a day!
What is it we expect to find? In this matter of marriage more than
in any other our anticipations are so exorbitant that we cannot be
surprised if our “come-down” is disheartening in proportion.
“Where is the maiden of mortal strain

That may match with the Baron of Triermain?
She must be lovely, constant, and kind,
Holy and pure, and humble of mind,” etc.
(How Sir Walter runs in my head to-night.) Yes, she must be all this,
and possess a thousand other good qualities, many more than are
enumerated by Iago, so as never to descend for a moment from the
pedestal on which her baron has set her up. Is this indulgent? is it
even reasonable? Can he expect any human creature to be always
dancing on the tight-rope? Why is Lady Triermain not to have her
whims, her temper, her fits of ill-humour, like her lord? She must not
indeed follow his example and relieve her mind by swearing “a good,
round, mouth-filling oath,” therefore she has the more excuse for
feeling at times a little captious, a little irritable, what she herself calls
a little cross. Did he expect she was an angel? Well, he often called
her one, nay, she looks like it even now in that pretty dress, says my
lord, and she smiles through her tears, putting her white arms round
his neck so fondly that he really believes he has found what he
wanted till they fall out again next time.
Men are very hard in the way of exaction on those they love. All
“take” seems their motto, and as little “give” as possible. If they
would but remember the golden rule and expect no more than
should be expected from themselves, it might be a better world for
everybody. I have sometimes wondered in my own mind whether
women do not rather enjoy being coerced and kept down. I have
seen them so false to a kind heart, and so fond of a cruel one. Are
they slaves by nature, do you conceive, or only hypocrites by
education? I suppose no wise man puzzles his head much on that
subject. They are all incomprehensible and all alike!
“How unjust!” exclaims Bones, interrupting me with more vivacity
than usual. “How unsupported an assertion, how sweeping an
accusation, how unfair, how unreasonable, and how like a man! Yes,
that is the way with every one of you; disappointed in a single
instance, you take refuge from your own want of judgment, your own
mismanagement, your own headlong stupidity, in the condemnation
of half the world! You open a dozen oysters, and turn away
disgusted because you have not found a pearl. You fall an easy prey
to the first woman who flatters you, and plume yourself on having
gained a victory without fighting a battle. The fortress so easily won
is probably but weakly garrisoned, and capitulates ere long to a fresh
assailant. When this has happened two or three times, you veil your
discomfiture under an affectation of philosophy and vow that women
are all alike, quoting perhaps a consolatory scrap from Catullus—
‘Quid levius plumâ? pulvis. Quid pulvere? ventus.

Quid vento? mulier. Quid muliëre? nihil?’
But Roman proverbs and Roman philosophy are unworthy and

delusive. There is a straight stick in the wood if you will be satisfied
with it when found; there is a four-leaved shamrock amongst the
herbage if you will only seek for it honestly on your knees. Should
there be but one in a hundred women, nay, one in a thousand, on
whom an honest heart is not thrown away, it is worth while to try and
find her. At worst, better be deceived over and over again than sink
into that deepest slough of depravity in which those struggle who,
because their own trust has been outraged, declare there is no faith
to be kept with others; because their own day has been darkened,
deny the existence of light.
“You speak feelingly,” I observe, conscious that such unusual
earnestness denotes a conviction he will get the worst of the debate.
“You have perhaps been more fortunate than the rest. Have you
found her, then, this hundredth woman, this prize, this pearl, this
black swan, glorious as the phœnix and rare as the dodo? Forgive
my argumentum ad hominem, if I may use the expression, and
forgive my urging that such good fortune only furnishes one of those
exceptions which, illogical people assert, prove the rule.” There is a
vibration of his teeth wanting only lips to become a sneer, while he
replies—
“In my own case I was not so lucky, but I kept my heart up and
went on with my search to the end.”
“Exactly,” I retort in triumph; “you, too, spent a lifetime looking for
the four-leaved shamrock, and never found it after all. But I think
women are far more unreasonable than ourselves in this desire for
the unattainable, this disappointment when illusion fades into reality.
Not only in their husbands do they expect perfection, and that, too, in
defiance of daily experience, of obvious incompetency, but in their
servants, their tradespeople, their carriages, their horses, their
rooms, their houses, the dinners they eat, and the dresses they
wear. With them an avowal of incapacity to reconcile impossibilities
stands for wilful obstinacy, or sheer stupidity at best. They believe
themselves the victims of peculiar ill-fortune if their coachman gets
drunk, or their horses go lame; if milliners are careless or ribbons
unbecoming; if chimneys smoke, parties fall through, or it rains when
they want to put on a new bonnet. They never seem to understand
that every ‘if’ has its ‘but,’ every pro its con. My old friend, Mr.
Bishop, of Bond Street, the Democritus of his day (and may he live
as long!), observed to me many years ago, when young people went
mad about the polka, that the new measure was a type of everything
else in life, ‘What you gain in dancing you lose in turning round.’ Is it
not so with all our efforts, all our undertakings, all our noblest
endeavours after triumph and success? In dynamics we must be
content to resign the maximum of one property that we may preserve
the indispensable minimum of another, must allow for friction in
velocity, must calculate the windage of a shot. In ethics we must
accept fanaticism with sincerity, exaggeration with enthusiasm, over-
caution with unusual foresight, and a giddy brain with a warm,
impulsive heart. What we take here we must give yonder; what we
gain in dancing we must lose in turning round!
“But no woman can be brought to see this obvious necessity. For
the feminine mind nothing is impracticable. Not a young lady eating
bread and butter in the school-room but cherishes her own vision of
the prince already riding through enchanted forests in her pursuit.
The prince may turn out to be a curate, a cornet, or a count, a duke
or a dairy-farmer, a baronet or a blacking-maker, that has nothing to
do with it. Relying on her limitless heritage of the possible, she feels
she has a prescriptive right to the title, the ten thousand a year, the
matrimonial prize, the four-leaved shamrock. Whatever else turns
up, she considers herself an ill-used woman for life, unless all the
qualities desirable in man are found united in the person and
fortunes of her husband; nay, he must even possess virtues that can
scarce possibly co-exist. He must be handsome and impenetrable,
generous and economical, gay and domestic, manly but never from
her side, wise yet deferring to her opinion in all things, quick-sighted,
though blind to any drawbacks or shortcomings in herself. Above all,
must he be superlatively content with his lot, and unable to discover
that by any means in his matrimonial venture, ‘what he gained in
dancing he has lost in turning round.’
“I declare to you I think if Ursidius[2] insists on marrying at all, that
he had better select a widow; at least he runs at even weights
against his predecessor, who, being a man, must needs have
suffered from human weakness and human infirmities. The chances
are that the dear departed went to sleep after dinner, hated an open
carriage, made night hideous with his snores under the connubial
counterpane, and all the rest of it. A successor can be no worse,
may possibly appear better; but if he weds a maiden, he has to
contend with the female ideal of what a man should be! and from
such a contest what can accrue but unmitigated discomfiture and
disgrace?
“Moreover, should he prove pre-eminent in those manly qualities
women most appreciate, he will find that even in those they prefer to
accept the shadow for the substance, consistently mistaking
assertion for argument, volubility for eloquence, obstinacy for
resolution, bluster for courage, fuss for energy, and haste for speed.
“On one of our greatest generals, remarkable for his gentle,
winning manner in the drawing-room as for his cool daring in the
field, before he had earned his well-merited honours, I myself heard
this verdict pronounced by a jury of maids and matrons: ‘Dear! he’s
such a quiet creature, I’m sure he wouldn’t be much use in a battle!’
No; give them Parolles going to recover his drum, and they have a
champion and a hero exactly to their minds, but they would scarcely
believe in Richard of the Lion-Heart if he held his peace and only set
his teeth hard when he laid lance in rest.
“Therefore it is they tug so unmercifully at the slender thread that
holds a captive, imagining it is by sheer strength the quiet creature
must be coerced. Some day the pull is harder than usual, the thread
breaks, and the wild bird soars away, free as the wind down which it
sails, heedless of lure and whistle, never to return to bondage any
more. Then who so aghast as the pretty, thoughtless fowler, longing
and remorseful, with the broken string in her hand?
“She fancied, no doubt, her prisoner was an abnormal creature,
rejoicing in ill-usage; that because it was docile and generous it must
therefore be poor in spirit, slavish in obedience, and possessing no
will of its own. She thought she had found a four-leaved shamrock,
and this is the result!
“But I may talk for ever and end where I began. Men you may
convince by force of argument, if your logic is very clear and your
examples or illustrations brought fairly under their noses; but with the
other sex, born to be admired and not instructed, you might as well
pour water into a sieve. Can you remember a single instance in
which with these, while a word of entreaty gained your point
forthwith, you might not have exhausted a folio of argument in vain?”
He thinks for a minute, and then answers deliberately, as if he had
made up his mind—
“I never knew but one woman who could understand reason, and
she wouldn’t listen to it!”
CHAPTER VIII
RUS IN URBE
Romæ Tibur Amem, ventosus. Tibure Romam! quoth the Latin

satirist, ridiculing his own foibles, like his neighbour’s, with the
laughing, half-indulgent banter that makes him the pleasantest, the
chattiest, and the most companionable of classic writers. How he
loved the cool retirement of his Sabine home, its grassy glades, its
hanging woodlands, its fragrant breezes wandering and whispering
through those summer slopes, rich in the countless allurements of a
landscape that—
“Like Albunea’s echoing fountain,

All my inmost heart hath ta’en;
Give me Anio’s headlong torrent,
And Tiburnus’ grove and hills,
And its orchards sparkling dewy,
With a thousand wimpling rills,”
as Theodore Martin translates his Horace, or thus, according to Lord

Ravensworth—
“Like fair Albunea’s sybil-haunted hall,

By rocky Anio’s echoing waterfall,
And Tibur’s orchards and high-hanging wood,
Reflected graceful in the whirling flood.”
His lordship, you observe, who can himself write Latin lyrics as
though he had drunk with Augustus, and capped verses with Ovid,
makes the second syllable of Albunea long, and a very diffuse
argument might be held on this disputed quantity. Compare these
with the original, and say which you like best—
“Quam domus Albuneæ resonantis,

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Statistics for Management and Economics 11th Edition G

David Emory Shi

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Editor: Jon Durbin

Cover design: Tiani Kennedy

Permission to use copyrighted material is included on page A157.

The Library of Congress has cataloged the Full, One-Volume, Edition as

Names: Shi, David Emory, author.

ISBN this edition: 978-0393-66894-0

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PART FIVE GROWING PAINS 777

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19 Political Stalemate and Rural Revolt,

PART SIX MODERN AMERICA 931

20 Seizing an American Empire,

21 The Progressive Era, 1890–1920 972

22 America and the Great War, 1914–1920 1020

23 A Clash of Cultures, 1920–1929 1074

24 The Reactionary Twenties 1114

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25 The New Deal, 1933–1939 1166

26 The Second World War, 1933–1945 1208

PART SEVEN THE AMERICAN AGE 1271

27 The Cold War and the Fair Deal, 1945–1952 1274

28 America in the Fifties 1318

30 Rebellion and Reaction, 1960s and 1970s 1424

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31 Conservative Revival, 1977–1990 1482

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Reconstruction, 1865–1877 755

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Postwar Alliances: The Far East 1357

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it convey how ordinary people managed everyday concerns—housing, jobs,

• Chapter 1 “The Collision of Cultures” highlights President John F.

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United States. It includes new photos of the uniform Rule of

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• Chapter 14 “The Gathering Storm” features new discussion of the

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• Chapter 23 “A Clash of Cultures” includes new discussion of flappers, the

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• Chapter 31 “Conservative Revival” includes expanded discussion of the

In addition, I have incorporated throughout this edition fresh insights from

Media Resources for Instructors

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New! History Skills Tutorials

New! Chapter Overview Videos

Norton InQuizitive for History

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19 Political Stalemate and Rural Revolt,

20 Seizing an American Empire,