Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Indain Agriculture
Indain Agriculture
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The home garden is traditionally a very important piece of land for rural
households of Southeast Asia. Covering an area of about 500 to 1 500 m2, the
structure and function of home gardens are similar throughout the region. The
home garden can be defined as a farming system which combines different
physical, social and economic functions on the area of land around the family
home. Within the typical home garden are social areas for meetings, children's
play and gardens for display; economic areas for growing food, medicinal plants
and trees and for raising animals and fish; physical areas for storage, living,
washing and waste disposal. It is a place for people to live in but it also produces a
variety of foods and other things for both home use and income.
The major part of a home garden survey covers three important aspects - the
home garden as:
PERMACULTURE
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Its central theme is the creation of human systems which provide for
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human needs, but using many natural elements and drawing inspiration
from natural ecosystems. Its goals and priorities coincide with what
many people see as the core requirements for sustainability."
HYDROPONICS
Hydroponics is a method of growing plants, without soil, that has been utilized for
thousands of years. At first, it may seem contradictory to grow plants without any
soil, but hydroponics is an intricate system that works better than the traditional
method of growing plants in soil.
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Due to this, if the nutrients are provided within the water and delivered to
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the roots, there isn’t any need to have soil present in the growing system. In a
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through the root zone to provide the plants with the resources needed for
optimal growth.
There are many benefits to using hydroponic grow systems: fewer resources are
consumed, arable land isn’t needed, and the harvestable plants are of higher
quality than when grown using traditional methods. In the last 60 or 70 years,
these benefits have increased the popularity of hydroponics, and have expanded
the limited possibilities of indoor and urban gardening.
AQUAPONICS
In aquaponics, the microbes convert the ammonia from the fish waste into
nitrites and then into nitrates. Plants then take in the nitrates through their
roots using them as a source for plant essential nitrogen.
of each.
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AEROPONICS
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VERTICAL FARMING
Precision farming
information technology (IT) to ensure that crops and soil receive exactly what
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they need for optimum health and productivity. The goal of PA is to ensure
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(SSCM).
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services. The approach includes accessing real-time data about the conditions
of the crops, soil and ambient air, along with other relevant information such
as hyper-local weather predictions, labor costs and equipment
availability. Predictive analytics software uses the data to provide farmers with
guidance about crop rotation, optimal planting times, harvesting times and soil
management.
Sensors in fields measure the moisture content and temperature of the soil
and surrounding air. Satellites and robotic drones provide farmers with real-
time images of individual plants. Information from those images can be
processed and integrated with sensor and other data to yield guidance for
immediate and future decisions, such as precisely what fields to water and
when or where to plant a particular crop.
Agricultural control centers integrate sensor data and imaging input with other
data, providing farmers with the ability to identify fields that require treatment
and determine the optimum amount of water, fertilizers and pesticides to
apply. This helps the farmer avoid wasting resources and prevent run-off,
ensuring that the soil has just the right amount of additives for optimum
health, while also reducing costs and controlling the farm's environmental
impact.
In the past, precision agriculture was limited to larger operations which could
support the IT infrastructure and other technology resources required to fully
implement and benefit from the benefits of precision agriculture. Today,
however, Mobile apps, smart sensors, drones and cloud computing makes
precision agriculture possible for farming cooperatives and even small family
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farms.
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Introduction
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Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZNBF) means raising crops without using any
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fertilizers and pesticides or any other external materials. The word Zero Budget
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refers to the zero cost of production of all crops. ZBNF guides the farmers
towards sustainable farming practices thus helps in retaining soil fertility, to
ensure a chemical free agriculture and ensure low cost of production (zero
cost) and thereby enhancing the farmers income.
In short, ZBNF, is a farming method that believes in growing crops in tune with
nature.
The concept was promoted by agriculturist & Padma Shri awardee Subhash
Palekar, in the mid-1990s as an alternative to the Green Revolution’s methods
driven by chemical fertilizers and pesticides and intensive irrigation.
Government has been promoting organic farming under the dedicated scheme
of Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) which encourages all kinds of
chemical-free farming systems including Zero Budget Natural Farming.
During his address to the farmers at the National Conclave on Natural Farming
on December 16, 2021, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi remarked that “we
need not only to re-learn this ancient knowledge of agriculture but also to
sharpen it for modern times. In this direction, we have to do research afresh,
mould ancient knowledge into the modern scientific frame” The Prime
Minister said that those who will benefit the most from natural farming,
constitute about 80% of the farmers of the country. He urged every state,
every state government, to come forward to make natural farming a Jan
Andolan. In this AmritMahotsav, efforts should be made to associate at least
one village of every panchayat with natural farming, he insisted.
Principles of Zero Budget Natural Farming
No external inputs
Soil to be covered with crops 365 days (Living Root)
Minimal disturbance of Soil
Bio-stimulants as necessary catalysts
Use indigenous seed
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Mixed cropping
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Benefits
A study – “Life Cycle Assessment of ZBNF and Non-ZBNF in Andhra Pradesh” -
reports the following benefits:
ZBNF processes require 50–60 per cent less water and less electricity (than
non-ZBNF) for all the selected crops.
ZBNF reduces methane emissions significantly through multiple aeration. It
also has the potential to avoid residue burning by practicing mulching.
The cost of cultivation is lower in ZBNF.
The seeds are treated with formulations prepared using cow dung and
cow urine from native cow species.
Benefits: The seeds sown in the field may be affected by fungus and
other seed born/soil borne diseases. The seed treatment using
“Bijamrita” protects the seeds from diseases.
2. Jiwamrita/Jeevamrutha:
3. Acchadana/Mulching:
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Mulching is the process of covering the top soil with crop wastes/organic
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Good aeration is required in the soil for plant growth and development.
Benefits: Due to the application of Jiwamrita and mulching, the aeration
of the soil increases, thus improves humus content, water availability,
water holding capacity and soil structure which is most suitable for crop
growth especially during drought periods.
Zero Tillage Farming
Zero tillage farming, which is also known as no till farming, is becoming more
and more popular with farmers throughout the world because of its many
benefits.
What Is Zero Tillage Farming
After World War II, zero tillage farming started taking hold in the U.S. With
conventional tillage planting, you dig, stir up the soil, and turn it over to
prepare the ground for seeds. This often takes two or more passes over the
field. With zero tillage farming, you don’t till the soil. Instead, you use a no till
drill or no till planter to cut a seed furrow (which is a V-slot), place the seeds,
and close the furrow – all in one pass across the field. You do all of this by
cutting through the remains of previous crops.
Advantages of Zero Tillage Farming
There are many zero tillage advantages, including:
less soil erosion from wind and water (because the mulch cover of
previous crops covers the soil)
less soil compaction
more fertile and resilient soils
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lower fuel and labor costs (because there are less passes across the field)
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initial cost of zero tillage equipment (the upfront costs can be high, but
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they should be recouped through higher crop yields and fuel and labour
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savings)
gullies can form in the fields (low-pressure tires and changing traffic
patterns across the field can help prevent these)
increased use of herbicides
learning curve for zero tillage farming
REGENERATIVE FARMING
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A. Seed:
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Bio-fertilizers Pros:
fertilizers
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Bio-fertilizers Cons:
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• Much lower nutrient density – requires large amounts to get enough for
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most crops
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Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
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Most suitable for arid, semi – arid & rainfed regions where dry
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farming is practiced
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NABARD provides subsidized loans to farmers to buy sprinkler &
drip irrigation system
Conditions Required
Temperature: 10 – 15o C (winter) 21o - 26o C (Summer)
Rainfall: 75cm -100cm (moderate)
Soil: Well drained fertile, friable loams, and clay loams
Distribution (In order of Production)
1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Punjab
3. Haryana & 4. Madhya Pradesh
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BAJRA
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Condition Required
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Rainfall: 40 – 50cm
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1. Rajasthan
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2. Maharashtra
3. Gujarat
BARLEY
Condition Required
Temperature: 10 - 15o C
Rain fall: 75 cm to 100cm
Soil: Light clay and alluvial soil
Distribution(In order of production)
1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Rajasthan
3. Madhya Pradesh
CASH CROPS
COTTON
Conditions Required
Kharif crop of tropical and subtropical areas.
Temperature : 21o - 30o C but not below 21o C.
210 frost free days.
Rainfall: 50 – 100cm or irrigation facility.
Soil: Deep black soil (regur), even grows in alluvial soils and laterite soils.
Distribution ( In order of Production)
1. Punjab
2. Maharashtra
3. Gujarat
JUTE
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Condition Required
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Second important fibre crop of India, crop of hot and humid climate.
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humidity.
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SUGAR CANE
TOBACCO
Condition Required
Plant of tropical and subtropical climates and frost is harmful
Temperature: 16o - 35o C
Rainfall: 50 – 100 cm or irrigation facilities
Soil: Well- drained friable loam
Distribution (In order of Production)
1. Gujarat (90 percent of Tobacco from Vadodara and Kheda districts).
2. Andhra Pradesh (West and East Godavari, Prakasham, Kurnool and
Nellore are the main producing districts) Other areas of minor
production (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Karnataka (c) West Bengal.
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PLANTATION CROPS
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Condition Required:
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Tropical and subtropical plant, which thrives well in hot and humid
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climate.
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COFFEE
Condition Required
Crops of hot and humid climate
Temperature: 15o - 28o C but does not tolerate frost.
Rainfall: 150 – 250cm
Soil: well drained rich friable loams with rich in humus, iron and calcium.
Distribution (In order of Production)
1. Karnataka (80 percent of total coffee production)
2. Kerala (13 percent of total production)
3. Tamil Nadu
RUBBER
Condition Required
Temperature: 25o - 35o C
Rainfall: about 300 cm (well distributed throughout the year)
Soil: well drained loamy soil of hilly region.
Distribution ( In order of Production)
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OTHER CROPS
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MAIZE
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Condition Required
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JOWAR
Conditions Required
Both Kharif and Robi crops
Temperature: 26o - 33o C for kharif crops and not below 16oC for rabi
crops
Rainfall: >30 cm but <100 cm; rainfed crop in dry farming areas
Soil: Variety of soil including clayey, sandy
Distribution ( In order of Production)
1. Maharashtra
2. Karnataka
3. Madhya Pradesh
4. Andhra pradesh
RAGI
Conditions Required
Temperature: 20o - 30o C
Soil: red, light black and sandy loams
Distribution (In order of Production)
1. Karnataka
2. Tamil Nadu
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3. Maharashtra
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4. Uttar Pradesh
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5. Andhra Pradesh
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Conditions Required
Most important of all pulses
Temperature: 20o - 25o C
Rainfall: 40 – 45cm
Soil: Grows well in loamy soil
Distribution: Madhya Pradesh