Parth Momaya

(Question bank solution)

Q. 2 A) Give scientific reasons.
1) Some of the characters of parents are seen in their offspring.
Ans : i) Living organisms can produce new individuals like themselves due to genes.
ii) Some of those genes are transmitted to the next generation without any changes.
iii) Due to this, some of the characters of parents are transmitted to their offsprings.
2) Peripatus is said to be the connecting link between annelida and arthropoda.
Ans : i) Peripatus shows characters like segmented body, thin cuticle, and parapodia-
like organs which are similar to annelids.
ii) Similarly, these animals show tracheal respiration and open circulatory system
similar to arthropods.

iii) This indicates that Peripatus is connecting link between annelida and arthropoda.
3) Vertebrates have slowly originated from invertebrates.
Ans : i) When the carbon dating method was used to estimate the age of fossils, it was
found that invertebrates were present on the earth much before the vertebrates.
ii) The fossils of invertebrates are present in lower layers of earth’s crust.
iii) The fossils of vertebrates are seen in the upper layers of the earth's crust.
iv) All these facts indicate that vertebrates have been slowly originated from
invertebrates.
4) Duckbill platypus shows relationship with mammals.
Ans : i) The duck billed platypus lays eggs like reptiles.
ii) However it shows relationship with mammals too due to presence of mammary
glands and hairs.
iii) Due to these characters, duck billed platypus is a connecting link between reptiles
and mammals.

Q.2.B) Solve the following sub questions

1) Write a short note : Embryological evidences
Ans : i) Comparative study of embryonic developmental stages of various
vertebrates shows that all embryos show extreme similarities during initial stages
and those similarities decrease gradually.
ii) Similarities in initial stages indicate the common origin of all these animals.
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2) Complete the flowchart.

Ans :
Vestigial organs

Connecting links

3) Write advantages of Heredity.

Ans : i) Heredity is important to all living organisms as it determines which traits are
passed from parent to child.
ii) Successful traits are more frequently passed along and over time they can change a
species.
iii) Changes in traits can allow organisms to adapt to specific environments for better
rates of survival.
4) Enlist the evidences of evolution.
Ans : The evidence of evolution are as follows :
i) Morphological evidence
ii) Anatomical evidences
iii) Vestigial organs
iv) Palaeontological evidence
v) Connecting links
vi) Embryological evidence
5) What is inheritance of acquired characters?
Ans : i) Lamarck said that the morphological changes occur gradually either due to
specific activities or laziness of a particular organism.
ii) These changes are called acquired characters and they are passed from one
generation to another generation.
iii) This is called as theory of inheritance of acquired characters or Lamarckism.
6) What is species & speciation?

Ans : i) Species is the group of organisms that can produce fertile individuals through
natural reproduction.
ii) Formation of new species of plants and animals through the effect of evolution is
called as speciation.
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7) Which genetic disorders are caused by mutation?

Ans : i) Genetic disorders is a problem caused genetically due to mutations in
the gene.
ii) Diabetes, obesity, infertility, cleft palate, heart disease, hemophilia , sickle
cell anaemia are some of the genetic disorders.
8) Define the evidence of evolution shown in the figure.
Ans : i) The evidence of evolution shown in the figure is vestigial
organs.
ii) Degenerated or underdeveloped useless organs of organisms
are called as vestigial organs.

Q. 2 B) III. Distinguish between following.

1) Transcription Translation

i) Process of mRNA synthesis is i) As per the message on mRNA,

called as 'Transcription'. amino acids are supplied by the
tRNA. This is called ‘Translation.’

ii) Transcription occurs in ii) Translation occurs in

nucleus of the cell. cytoplasm of the cell.

Q.3 Answer the following questions.

1) What is heredity ? explain the mechanism of hereditary changes.
Ans : (i) Heredity is the transfer of biological characters from one generation to
another via genes.
(ii) Living organisms can produce new individuals like themselves due to genes and
some of those genes are transmitted to the next generation without any changes.
(iii) Due to this, some of the characters of parents are transmitted to their offsprings.
(iv) However, sometimes sudden changes occur in those genes.
(v) Sometimes any nucleotide of the gene changes its position and that causes a
minor change which is called as mutation.
(vi) Some mutations may be minor but some may be considerable.
E.g. Mutation may cause the genetic disorder like sickle cell anaemia.
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2) What is carbon dating? Where is it used?

Ans : (i) Study of fossils is an important aspect of study of evolution.
(ii) Carbon consumption of animals and plants stops after death and since then, only
the decaying process of C-14 occurs continuously.
(iii) In case of dead bodies of plants and animals, instead of remaining constant, the
ratio between C-14 and C-12 changes continuously as C-12 is non-radioactive.
(iv) The time passed since the death of a plant or animal can be calculated by
measuring the radioactivity of C-14 and the ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in their
body.
(v) This is carbon dating method. It is used in determining the age of human fossils
and manuscripts. It is used in palaeontology and anthropology.
3) What are objections raised against Darwin's theory?
Ans : Following are some of the main objections raised against Darwin’s theory of
natural selection:
(i) Natural selection is not the only factor responsible for evolution.
(ii) Darwin did not mention any explanation about useful and useless modifications.
(iii) There is no explanation about slow changes and abrupt changes.
4) Observe the given images and answer the following questions.

a) Which evolutionary evidence does it indicate?

Ans : Morphological evidence
b) What does it prove?
Ans : Various similarities seen in the features of animals and plants proves that
their origin must be same and must have common ancestors.
c) State another example of evolutionary evidence.
Ans : Vestigial organs
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5) Define vestigial organs. Write names of some vestigial organs in the human
body and write the names of those animals in whom the same organs are
functioning.
Ans : i) Degenerated or underdeveloped organs of organisms are called as vestigial
organs.
(ii) Appendix is a vestigial organ in humans, but is fully functional in ruminants.
(iii) Muscles of ear pinna are vestigial in humans but are useful in monkey for
movement of ear pinna.
6) Define fossils. Explain the importance of fossils as a proof of evolution with
an example.
Ans : (i) Remnants and impressions of organisms which get buried remain preserved
underground. These are called as fossils.
(ii) Carbon consumption of animals and plants stops after death and since then, only
the decaying process of C-14 occurs continuously.
(iii) In case of dead bodies of plants and animals, instead of remaining constant, the
ratio between C-14 and C-12 changes continuously as C-12 is non-radioactive.
(iv) The time passed since the death of a plant or animal can be calculated by
measuring the radioactivity of C-14 and the ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in their
body.
(v) This is carbon dating method. It is used in determining the age of human fossils
and manuscripts.
(vi) Once the age of fossil has been determined, it becomes easy to deduce
information about other previous organisms. It seem that vertebrates have been
slowly originated from invertebrates.
7) Explain Lamarck’s Principle.
Ans : (i) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that morphological changes occurring in
living organisms are responsible for evolution and the reason behind those
morphological changes is activities or laziness of that organism.
(ii) He called this concept as principle of ‘use or disuse of organs’.
(iii) These morphological changes are called acquired characters and are transferred
from one generation to another. This is called as theory of inheritance of acquired
characters or Lamarckism.
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(iv) Development of organs due to specific activities or their degeneration due to

no use at all was widely accepted but transfer of those characters from generation
to generation was rejected. Because it had been verified many times that
modifications brought in us are not transferred to next generation and thereby,
Lamarck's theory was disproved.
8) Which evidence of evolution is shown in the given picture? Explain the
importance of this evidence.
Ans : (i) The evidence show in the given picture is of
Anatomical evidence of evolution.
(ii) If we carefully observe the pictures, there doesn’t seem
any similarity between human hand, foreleg of cat, flipper of whale and
patagium of bat.
(iii) Similarly, use of each of those structures is different in respective animals.
However, there is similarity in structure of bones and bony joints in organs of
each of those animals.
(iv) This similarity indicates that those animals may have common ancestor.
9) Explain in brief Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
Ans : (i) Charles Darwin, an English biologist published the theory of natural
selection, which preaches the survival of the fittest.
(ii) According to him, all organisms reproduce prolifically.
(iii) These organisms compete with each other and only those organisms who
show modification, sustain long.
(iv) Natural selection also plays important role because nature selects only those
organisms which are fit to live and the rest perish.
(v) These sustained and selected organisms reproduce and give rise to new
species with own specific characteristics.
(vi) This theory was widely accepted for long duration, however it had some
objections to it.
(vii) Irrespective of all these objections, Darwin’s work on evolution has been a
milestone.
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10) Complete the following paragraph with the words given in brackets.
( Cro-Magnon, brain, fire, agriculture, Cultural , homo-sapien, wise man )
Evolution of upright man continued in the direction of developing its
brain for the period of about 1 lakh years and meanwhile it discovered the
______
______.
fire Brain of a 50 thousand year old man had been sufficiently evolved to the
Homo-sapien
extent that it could be considered as a member of the class _______.
Wise man .The
Neanderthal man can be considered as the first example of ______
________
Cro magnon man evolved about 50 thousand years ago and afterwards, this

evolution had been faster than the earlier. About 10 thousand years ago,
agriculture It started to rear the cattle-herds
wise-man started to practice the ________.
cultural development took place.
and established the cities. _______

11) Observe the following images and answer the questions.

a) Which evolutionary evidences are indicated in the given picture?

Ans : Palaeontological evidences (fossils)
b) How are they formed?
Ans : Large number of organisms get buried due to disasters like flood,
earthquake, volcano, etc. Remnants and impressions of such organisms remain
preserved underground. These are called as fossils.
c) Which method is used to measure their age or their time?
Ans : Carbon dating
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12) Observe the picture and answer the following questions.

a) The given picture indicates which principle?

Ans : The picture indicates principle of use or disuse of organs
b) Explain that principle in your language.
Ans : Morphological changes occur gradually either due to specific activities or
laziness of a particular organism e.g. Giraffe’s neck is long due to eating leaves of
tall plants by extending its neck.
c) What is the meaning of acquired characteristics?
Ans : A modification or change in an organ or tissue that is due to use, disuse, or
environmental effects during an organism's lifetime.

Question 4. Solve the following questions.

1) Explain any five types of evidence that support the theory of evolution.
Ans :
To support the theory of evolution, various types of evidences are available.
(i) Morphological evidences support the theory. It is seen that all plants have
stem, root, leaf and are green in colour and those having green colour carry out
photosynthesis. Similarly, it is seen that animals have appendages, eyes, nose,
ears, etc.
(ii) Anatomical evidences like the bone structure of a human arm, a bulls leg, a
bat’s wing and a whale fin have similar structures attributing that they have
developed from common ancestors.
(iii) Vestigial organs like tail bone or coccyx present in humans indicate the link
between humans who have lost a tail and monkeys who have a tail.
(iv) At embryological level, similarities are observed during initial stage which
indicates common origin.
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(v) Paleontological evidences: Remnants and impressions of organisms remain

preserved underground. These are called as fossils. The time passed since the death
of a plant or animal can be calculated by measuring the radioactivity of C-14 and
ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in their body. This is called ' carbon dating'. It is used
in paleontology and anthropology for determining the age of human fossils and
manuscripts.
(vi) Thus, there are a few evidences which support the fact that evolution is
sequential.

2) Explain in short- transcription and mutation.

Ans : Transcription :
(i) Information about protein synthesis is stored in the DNA. Synthesis of
appropriate proteins as per requirement is necessary for the body.
(ii) These proteins are synthesized by DNA through the RNA. This is called as The
Central Dogma of life.
(iii) mRNA is produced as per the sequence of nucleotides on DNA. Only one of
the two strands of DNA are used in this process.
(iv) The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA being produced is always
complementary to the DNA strand used for synthesis. This process of RNA
synthesis is called transcription.

Mutation :
(i) Any sudden change that occurs in the nucleotide sequence of a gene, causing a
minor or considerable change in the characters of an individual is called mutation.
(ii) Some mutations may be minor but some may be considerable. Ex. Mutation
may cause the genetic disorders like sickle cell anaemia.
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3) Write the answers to the questions by observing the figure below.

(a) (b) (c)

a) Write the name of the animal ‘A’ in the figure.

Ans : Duck billed platypus
b) Write the name of the animal ‘B’ in the figure.
Ans : Lung fish
c) Write the name of the animal ‘C’ in the figure.
Ans : Peripatus
s) Which evolutionary evidence is illustrated by this figure?
Ans : Connecting links
E) Write the definition of that evidence for evolution.

Ans : Some plants and animals show some morphological characters by which
they can be related to two different groups; they are called connecting links.
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(Question bank solution)

Q. 2 A) Give scientific reasons.
1) Oxygen is necessary for complete oxidation of glucose.
Ans : (i) Aerobic cellular respiration is the process by which cells use oxygen to help
them convert glucose into energy.
(ii) Without oxygen, glucose will be incompletely oxidized and very less energy
(2ATP) is produced.
(iii) In the presence of oxygen glucose is completely oxidized to produce more energy
(38 ATP).
(iv) Therefore, oxygen is necessary for complete oxidation of glucose.
2) Fibers are one of the important nutrients.
Ans : (i) We cannot digest fiber but they help in the digestion of other substances and
egestion (removal) of undigested substances.
(ii) Hence, fibers are one of the important nutrients.
(iii) We obtain the fibers from leafy vegetables, fruits, cereals, etc.
3) Cell division is one of the very important properties of cells and living
organisms.
Ans : (i) Due to the property of cell division only, a new organism is formed from the
existing one, a multicellular organism grows up and emaciated body can be restored.
(ii) It is required for wound healing and formation of blood cells.

(iii) Hence, cell division is one of the important properties of cells and organisms.
4) Some higher plants, animals and aerobic microorganisms also sometimes
perform anaerobic respiration.
Ans : (i) The process of respiration yields energy which occurs by the oxidation of
foodstuffs.
(ii) To produce energy, higher plants and animals perform aerobic respiration.
(iii) However when oxygen gets depleted these organisms respire anaerobically to
obtain energy.
(iv) Ex. Seeds perform anaerobic respiration if the soil is submerged under water
during germination. Similarly, our muscle cells also perform anaerobic respiration
while performing the exercise.
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5) Kreb’s cycle is also called a citric acid cycle.

Ans : (i) Kreb’s cycle is called tricarboxylic acid cycle because the first stable
product formed in the cycle has three carboxylic acid groups.
(ii) The first stable product with three carboxylic acid groups is citric acid.
(iii) Thus Kreb’s cycle is also called as Citric acid cycle.

Q.2.B) Solve the following sub questions

1) What are the main energy sources of living organisms?
Ans : (i) Carbohydrates, fats and lipids are the main sources of energy for living
organisms.
(ii) Only foodstuffs are not sufficient for energy production but oxygen is also

necessary.
(iii) Human and other animals consume the fruits and vegetables. Plants are
autotrophs. They prepare their own food
2) What is cellular respiration? State names of its two methods.
Ans : (i) For energy production, glucose, a type of carbohydrates is oxidized step by
step in the cells. This is called as cellular respiration.
(ii) Cellular respiration occurs among the living organisms by two methods. Those
two methods are aerobic respiration (oxygen is involved) and anaerobic respiration
(oxygen is not involved).
3) Which molecules are formed during the glycolysis process?
Ans : (i) A molecule of glucose is oxidized step by step in glycolysis process and
two molecules of each i.e. pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH2 and water are formed.
(ii) Molecules of pyruvic acid formed in this process are converted into molecules
of Acetyl-Coenzyme-A. Two molecules of NADH2 and two molecules of CO2 are
released during this process.
4) Which molecules are formed after whole oxidation of Acetyl co-enzyme A?
Ans : (i) Two molecules of acetyl-CoA enter the mitochondria. Cyclic chain of
reactions called as tricarboxylic acid cycle is operated on it in the mitochondria.
(ii) Acetyl part of acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized through this cyclical process
and molecules CO2, H2O, NADH2, FADH2 are derived.
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5) Which amino acids are obtained after digestion of proteins?

Ans :
6) Explain the use of fatty acids.
Ans : Using fatty acids, different cells produce various substances necessary to
themselves.
(i) Ex. the molecules called as phospholipids which are essential for producing
plasma membrane are formed from fatty acids.
(ii) Fatty acids are used for producing hormones like progesterone, estrogen,
testosterone, aldosterone, etc. and the covering around the axons of nerve cells.
(iii) We get 9 KCal of energy per gram of lipids.
(iv) Excess of lipids are stored in adipose connective tissue in the body.
7) What are vitamins? State it’s two groups & six types.
Ans : (i) Vitamins are a group of heterogeneous compounds of which, each is
essential for proper operation of various processes in the body.
(ii) Vitamins are divided into two groups viz, fat- soluble and water- soluble.
(iii) There are main six types of vitamins, e.g. A, B, C, D, E and K. Out of these, A,
D, E and K are fat-soluble whereas B and C are water-soluble.
8) Explain the advantages of cell division to your friend.
Ans : The advantages of cell division are as follows :
(i) Due to the property of cell division only, a new organism is formed from the
existing one, a multicellular organism grows up and emaciated body can be restored.
(ii) It is required for wound healing and formation of blood cells.
9) Explain the following figure.

Ans : (i)The figure depicts cytokinesis.

(ii) The cytoplasm divides by cytokinesis and two new cells are formed which are
called as daughter cells.
(iii) In this process, a notch is formed at the equatorial plane of the cell which
deepens gradually and thereby two new cells are formed.
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10) State the characteristics of step of cell division shown in figure.

Ans : (i) The step shown in the figure is Anaphase I of Meiosis I.

(ii) In anaphase I, homologous chromosomes separate and they are pulled apart in
opposite directions with the help of spindle fibers.
(iii) The sister chromatids of each chromosome, however, remain attached to one
another and don't come apart.

Q. 2 B) III. Distinguish between following.

1) Aerobic & anaerobic respiration

2) Mitosis and Meiosis

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Q.3 Answer the following questions.

1) Identify the given reaction and explain it.

Ans : (i) The given reaction is called hydrolysis of ATP.

(i) ATP (Adenosine Tri-phosphate) is an energy rich molecule.
(ii) Energy is stored in the bonds by which phosphate groups are attached to each
other.
(iii) As per energy need, energy is derived by breaking the phosphate bond of ATP.

2) Explain the Steps of Glycolysis.

Ans :
Glucose→ Pyruvic acid→Acetyl‒CoA→CO2+H2O+ Energy
(glycolysis) (Kreb’s cycle)
(i) Process of glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm.
(ii) A molecule of glucose is oxidized step by step in the process and two molecules
of each i.e. pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH2 and water are formed.
(iii) Molecules of pyruvic acid formed in this process are converted into molecules of
Acetyl - Coenzyme A.
(iv) Two molecules of NADH2 and two molecules of CO2 are released during this
process.
3) What are the main steps of Anaerobic respiration.
Ans : (i) Some organisms cannot live in presence of oxygen. Ex. Many bacteria. Such
living organisms have to perform anaerobic respiration for energy production.
(ii) Glycolysis and fermentation are two steps of anaerobic respiration.
(iii) Glucose is incompletely oxidized and less amount of energy is obtained in this
type of respiration.
(iv) Pyruvic acid produced through glycolysis is converted into other organic acids or
alcohol with the help of some enzymes in this process. This is called as fermentation.
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4) Which substances are formed after the digestion of proteins and how are
they utilized ?
Ans : Amino acids are obtained after digestion of proteins. From these
amino acids, organs and cells produce various proteins necessary for themselves
and the whole body. Those examples are given in the following chart :

5) Which hormones are formed from the fatty acids?

Ans : Hormones like progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, etc . are

formed from fatty acids.
6) Why is water an essential nutrient?
Ans : (i) There is about 65 – 70% water in our body.
(ii) Each cell contains 70% water weight by weight.
(iii) Blood-plasma also contains 90% of water.
(iv) Functioning of cells and thereby whole body disturbs even if there is a little
loss of water from the body.
(v) Hence, water is an essential nutrient.
7) Write the importance of fibers in our diet.
Ans : (i) Fibres help in the digestion of other substances and egestion of
undigested substances.
(ii) We obtain the fibers from leafy vegetables, fruits, cereals, etc.
8) Complete the following concept map

Bones :
ossein

Muscles :
Actin and
myosin
flexible
proteins

Pancreas
: Insulin,
trypsin