Insertion, Merge, Radix, Quick and Bucket Sort

6/9/2023
Insertion Sort
Sorting Algorithms
2 Sorting Algorithms
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Insertion Sort Insertion Sort

Function : INSERTION-SORT (A)
 Example 1
12 11 13 5 6
 Example 2
4 3 2 10 12 1 5 6
3 Sorting Algorithms 4 Sorting Algorithms
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Insertion Sort Merge Sort

 This algorithm is one of the simplest algorithms with a  Divide the array into two halves
simple implementation  Sort each half
 Basically, Insertion sort is efficient for small data values  Merge the sorted halves back together.
 Insertion sort is adaptive in nature, i.e. it is appropriate  Repeat the process until the entire array is sorted.
for data sets that are already partially sorted.
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Merge Sort Merge Sort

Merge(low,mid,high){ If(h>mid)
MergeSort(low,high) { for k=j to high
h=low; i=low; j=mid+1;
{ { b[i]=a[k]
while ( (h<=mid) and (j<=high) )
i=i+1
if(low<high) { if(a[h]<=a[j]) }
{ b[i]=a[h] }
{ else
h=h+1
mid=(low+high)/2 }
{ for k=h to mid
{ b[i]=a[k]
MergeSort(low,mid) else i=i+1
MergeSort(mid+1,high) { b[i]=a[j] }
}
j=j+1
Merge(low,mid,high) for k=low to high
}
} i=i+1
a[k]=b[k]
} }//End of Merge
}//End of while
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Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14
98 23
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14
98 23 98 23
23
Merge Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14
98 23 98 23 45 14
23 98 23 98
Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14
23 98 23 98 14
Merge Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14
23 98 14 45 23 98 14 45
Merge
Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14
23 98 14 45 23 98 14 45
14 14 23
Merge Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14
23 98 14 45 23 98 14 45
14 23 45 14 23 45 98
Merge Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 98 23 45 14 6 67
23 98 14 45 23 98 14 45
14 23 45 98 14 23 45 98
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 98 23 45 14 6 67
23 98 14 45 23 98 14 45 6
14 23 45 98 14 23 45 98
Merge Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
23 98 14 45 6 67 23 98 14 45 6 67
14 23 45 98 14 23 45 98
Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
23 98 14 45 6 67 23 98 14 45 6 67 33
14 23 45 98 14 23 45 98
Merge Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42 23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42
14 23 45 98 14 23 45 98
Merge
Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42 23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42
14 23 45 98 6 14 23 45 98 6 33
Merge Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42 23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42
14 23 45 98 6 33 42 14 23 45 98 6 33 42 67
Merge Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42 23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42
14 23 45 98 6 33 42 67 14 23 45 98 6 33 42 67
39 Merge 40 Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42 23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42
14 23 45 98 6 33 42 67 14 23 45 98 6 33 42 67
6 14 6 14 23
41 Merge 42 Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42 23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42
14 23 45 98 6 33 42 67 14 23 45 98 6 33 42 67
6 14 23 33 6 14 23 33 42
43 Merge 44 Merge
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98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42 98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42 23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42
14 23 45 98 6 33 42 67 14 23 45 98 6 33 42 67
6 14 23 33 42 45 6 14 23 33 42 45 67
45 Merge 46 Merge
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Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort

98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42  Well-suited for sorting large datasets due to its
guaranteed worst-case time complexity of O(n log n).
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
 Well-suited where the data to be sorted is too large to
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42
fit into memory.
98 23 45 14 6 67 33 42  Can be adapted to handle different input distributions,
23 98 14 45 6 67 33 42 such as partially sorted, nearly sorted, or completely
unsorted data.
14 23 45 98 6 33 42 67
 Parrallelizable
6 14 23 33 42 45 67 98
 Space Complexity ?
47 Merge 48 Sorting Algorithms
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Radix sort Radix sort

 Radix sort is a non-comparative integer sorting algorithm
that sorts data with integer keys by grouping keys by the
individual digits which share the same significant position
and value.
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 Radix sort is a non-comparative integer sorting algorithm Least significant digit (LSD)
that sorts data with integer keys by grouping keys by the
individual digits which share the same significant position Definition: Each key is first figuratively dropped into one
and value. level of buckets corresponding to the value of the rightmost
 There are two classification of Radix sort digit. Each bucket preserves the original order of the keys as
1. Least significant digit (LSD) the keys are dropped into the bucket. There is a one-to-one
2. Most significant digit (MSD) correspondence between the buckets and the values that can
be represented by the rightmost digit. Then, the process
repeats with the next neighboring more significant digit until
there are no more digits to process.
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In other words Example
Original, unsorted list:
1. Take the least significant digit of each key 170, 45, 75, 90, 802, 2, 24, 66
2. Group the keys based on that digit, but otherwise keep the
original order of keys.
3. Repeat the grouping process with each more significant
digit.
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Example Example
Original, unsorted list: Original, unsorted list:
170, 45, 75, 90, 802, 2, 24, 66 170, 45, 75, 90, 802, 2, 24, 66
Sorting by least significant digit (1s place) gives: Sorting by least significant digit (1s place) gives:
170, 90, 802, 2, 24, 45, 75, 66 170, 90, 802, 2, 24, 45, 75, 66
Notice that we keep 802 before 2, because 802 occurred before 2 in the
original list, and similarly for pairs 170 & 90 and 45 & 75.
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Example Example
Original, unsorted list: Original, unsorted list:
170, 45, 75, 90, 802, 2, 24, 66 170, 45, 75, 90, 802, 2, 24, 66
Sorting by least significant digit (1s place) gives: Sorting by least significant digit (1s place) gives:
170, 90, 802, 2, 24, 45, 75, 66 170, 90, 802, 2, 24, 45, 75, 66
Sorting by next digit (10s place) gives: Sorting by next digit (10s place) gives:
802, 2, 24, 45, 66, 170, 75, 90 802, 2, 24, 45, 66, 170, 75, 90
Notice that 802 again comes before 2 as 802 comes before 2 in the
previous list.
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Example Iterative version using queues
Original, unsorted list: A simple version of an LSD radix sort can be achieved using queues as
170, 45, 75, 90, 802, 2, 24, 66 buckets.
Sorting by least significant digit (1s place) gives:

170, 90, 802, 2, 24, 45, 75, 66
Sorting by next digit (10s place) gives:

802, 2, 24, 45, 66, 170, 75, 90
Sorting by most significant digit (100s place) gives:

2, 24, 45, 66, 75, 90, 170, 802
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Iterative version using queues Iterative version using queues
1. The integers are enqueued into an array of ten separate queues 2. The queues are dequeued back into an array of integers, in increasing
based on their digits from right to left. Computers often represent order. Using the same numbers, the array will look like this after the
integers internally as fixed-length binary digits. Here, we will do first pass:
something analogous with fixed-length decimal digits. So, using the 170, 090, 802, 002, 024, 045, 075, 066
numbers from the previous example, the queues for the 1st pass
would be:
0: 170, 090
1: none
2: 802, 002
3: none
4: 024
5: 045, 075
6: 066
7–9: none
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Iterative version using queues Iterative version using queues
2. The queues are dequeued back into an array of integers, in increasing 4. For the third pass:
order. Using the same numbers, the array will look like this after the Queues:
first pass: 0: 002, 024, 045, 066, 075, 090
170, 090, 802, 002, 024, 045, 075, 066 1: 170
2–7: none
3. For the second pass: 8: 802
Queues: 9: none
0: 802, 002
1: none Array: Array:
2: 024 802, 002, 024, 045, 066, 170, 075, 090 002, 024, 045, 066, 075, 090, 170, 802 (sorted)
3: none (note that at this point only 802 and 170
4: 045 are out of order)
5: none
6: 066
7: 170, 075
63
8: none
Sorting Algorithms 64 Sorting Algorithms
9: 090
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Iterative version using queues General algorithm for Radix sort
4. For the third pass:
Queues:
1. Repeat thru step 6 for each digit in the key
0: 002, 024, 045, 066, 075, 090 2. Initialize the pockets
1: 170
2–7: none 3. Repeat thru step 5 until the end of the linked list
8: 802
9: none 4. Obtain the next digit of the key
5. Insert the record in the appropriate pocket
Array:
002, 024, 045, 066, 075, 090, 170, 802 (sorted) 6. Combine the pockets to form a new linked list
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Input : 42, 23, 74, 11, 65, 57, 94, 36, 99, 87, 70, 81, 61 Input : 42, 23, 74, 11, 65, 57, 94, 36, 99, 87, 70, 81, 61
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Quick Sort Example

Given an array of n elements (e.g., integers):
If array only contains one element, return We are given array of n integers to sort:
Else
pick one element to use as pivot. 40 20 10 80 60 50 7 30 100
Partition elements into two sub-arrays:

Elements less than or equal to pivot
Elements greater than pivot
Quicksort two sub-arrays
Return results
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Pick Pivot Element Partitioning Array
There are a number of ways to pick the pivot element. In this example, we will use the
first element in the array: Given a pivot, partition the elements of the array such that
the resulting array consists of:
40 20 10 80 60 50 7 30 100 1. One sub-array that contains elements >= pivot
2. Another sub-array that contains elements < pivot
The sub-arrays are stored in the original data array.
Partitioning loops through, swapping elements

below/above pivot.
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1. While data[low_index] <= data[pivot]

++low_index
pivot_index = 0 40 20 10 80 60 50 7 30 100
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] pivot_index = 0 40 20 10 80 60 50 7 30 100
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

low_index high_index
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1. While data[low_index] <= data[pivot] 1. While data[low_index] <= data[pivot]

++low_index ++low_index
pivot_index = 0 40 20 10 80 60 50 7 30 100
pivot_index = 0 40 20 10 80 60 50 7 30 100
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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2. While data[high_index] > data[pivot] 2. While data[high_index] > data[pivot]
--high_index --high_index
pivot_index = 0 40 20 10 80 60 50 7 30 100
pivot_index = 0 40 20 10 80 60 50 7 30 100
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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3. If low_index < high_index 3. If low_index < high_index
swap data[low_index] and data[high_index] swap data[low_index] and data[high_index]
pivot_index = 0 40 20 10 80 60 50 7 30 100 pivot_index = 0 40 20 10 30 60 50 7 80 100
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
low_index high_index low_index high_index
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4. While high_index > low_index, go to 1. 4. While high_index > low_index, go to 1.
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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5. Swap data[high_index] and data[pivot_index]
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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Partition Result
++low_index
2. While data[high_index] > data[pivot]
--high_index
3. If low_index < high_index
7 20 10 30 40 50 60 80 100
swap data[low_index] and data[high_index]
4. While high_index > low_index, go to 1. [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
7 20 10 30 40 50 60 80 100 <= data[pivot] > data[pivot]

pivot_index = 4
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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Recursion: Quicksort Sub-arrays Quicksort Analysis

Assume that keys are random, uniformly distributed.
What is best case running time?
7 20 10 30 40 50 60 80 100
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
<= data[pivot] > data[pivot]
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Quicksort Analysis Quicksort Analysis
Assume that keys are random, uniformly Assume that keys are random, uniformly
distributed. distributed.
What is best case running time? What is best case running time?
Recursion: Recursion:
1. Partition splits array in two sub-arrays of size n/2 1. Partition splits array in two sub-arrays of size n/2
2. Quicksort each sub-array 2. Quicksort each sub-array
Depth of recursion tree?
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What is best case running time? What is best case running time?
Recursion: Recursion:
1. Partition splits array in two sub-arrays of size n/2 1. Partition splits array in two sub-arrays of size n/2
2. Quicksort each sub-array 2. Quicksort each sub-array
Depth of recursion tree? O(log2n) Depth of recursion tree? O(log2n)
Number of accesses in partition?
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What is best case running time? Best case running time: O(n log2n)
Recursion:
1. Partition splits array in two sub-arrays of size n/2
2. Quicksort each sub-array
Depth of recursion tree? O(log2n)
Number of accesses in partition? O(n)
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Quicksort Analysis Quicksort: Worst Case

Assume first element is chosen as pivot.
Assume that keys are random, uniformly Assume we get array that is already in order:
distributed.
Best case running time: O(n log2n)
Worst case running time?
pivot_index = 0 2 4 10 12 13 50 57 63 100
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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5. Swap data[high_index] and data[pivot_index] 5. Swap data[high_index] and data[pivot_index]
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
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Quicksort Analysis
++low_index
2. While data[high_index] > data[pivot] Assume that keys are random, uniformly
--high_index
3. If low_index < high_index
distributed.
swap data[low_index] and data[high_index] Best case running time: O(n log2n)
4. While high_index > low_index, go to 1. Worst case running time?
Recursion:
1. Partition splits array in two sub-arrays:
pivot_index = 0 2 4 10 12 13 50 57 63 100 • one sub-array of size 0
• the other sub-array of size n-1
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Depth of recursion tree?
<= data[pivot] > data[pivot]
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Assume that keys are random, uniformly Best case running time: O(n log2n)
distributed. Worst case running time?
Recursion:
Best case running time: O(n log2n) 1. Partition splits array in two sub-arrays:
Worst case running time? • one sub-array of size 0
Recursion: • the other sub-array of size n-1
1. Partition splits array in two sub-arrays: 2. Quicksort each sub-array
• one sub-array of size 0 Depth of recursion tree? O(n)
• the other sub-array of size n-1 Number of accesses per partition?
Depth of recursion tree? O(n)
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Best case running time: O(n log2n) Assume that keys are random, uniformly
Worst case running time? distributed.
Recursion:
1. Partition splits array in two sub-arrays:
Best case running time: O(n log2n)
• one sub-array of size 0 Worst case running time: O(n2)!!!
• the other sub-array of size n-1
Depth of recursion tree? O(n)
Number of accesses per partition? O(n)
60

Insertion, Merge, Radix, Quick and Bucket Sort

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6/9/2023

Insertion Sort Insertion Sort

3 Sorting Algorithms 4 Sorting Algorithms

Insertion Sort Merge Sort

5 Sorting Algorithms 6 Sorting Algorithms

Merge Sort Merge Sort

7 Sorting Algorithms 8 Sorting Algorithms

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

9 Sorting Algorithms 10 Sorting Algorithms

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

11 Sorting Algorithms 12 Sorting Algorithms

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

13 Sorting Algorithms 14 Sorting Algorithms

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

15 Sorting Algorithms 16 Sorting Algorithms

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

17 Sorting Algorithms 18 Sorting Algorithms

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

25 Sorting Algorithms 26 Sorting Algorithms

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

27 Sorting Algorithms 28 Sorting Algorithms

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

29 Sorting Algorithms 30 Sorting Algorithms

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

31 Sorting Algorithms 32 Sorting Algorithms

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort (Example)

Merge Sort (Example) Merge Sort

Radix sort Radix sort

49 Sorting Algorithms 50 Sorting Algorithms

Radix sort Radix sort

51 Sorting Algorithms 52 Sorting Algorithms

Radix sort Radix sort

53 Sorting Algorithms 54 Sorting Algorithms

Radix sort Radix sort

55 Sorting Algorithms 56 Sorting Algorithms

Radix sort Radix sort

57 Sorting Algorithms 58 Sorting Algorithms

Radix sort Radix sort

Sorting by least significant digit (1s place) gives:

Sorting by next digit (10s place) gives:

Sorting by most significant digit (100s place) gives:

59 Sorting Algorithms 60 Sorting Algorithms

Radix sort Radix sort

61 Sorting Algorithms 62 Sorting Algorithms

Radix sort Radix sort

Radix sort Radix sort

65 Sorting Algorithms 66 Sorting Algorithms

Radix sort Radix sort

67 Sorting Algorithms 68 Sorting Algorithms

Quick Sort Example

Partition elements into two sub-arrays:

Pick Pivot Element Partitioning Array

The sub-arrays are stored in the original data array.

Partitioning loops through, swapping elements

1. While data[low_index] <= data[pivot]