Advances in Production Management

Systems Towards Smart and Digital

Manufacturing IFIP WG 5 7 International
Conference APMS 2020 Novi Sad Serbia
August 30 September 3 2020
Proceedings Part II Bojan Lalic
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 IFIP AICT 592
Bojan Lalic
Vidosav Majstorovic
Ugljesa Marjanovic
Gregor von Cieminski
David Romero (Eds.)

Advances in Production
Management Systems
Towards Smart and Digital
Manufacturing

IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2020

Novi Sad, Serbia, August 30 – September 3, 2020
Proceedings,
g Part II

123
IFIP Advances in Information
and Communication Technology 592

Editor-in-Chief

Kai Rannenberg, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany

Editorial Board Members

TC 1 – Foundations of Computer Science
Luís Soares Barbosa , University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
TC 2 – Software: Theory and Practice
Michael Goedicke, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
TC 3 – Education
Arthur Tatnall , Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
TC 5 – Information Technology Applications
Erich J. Neuhold, University of Vienna, Austria
TC 6 – Communication Systems
Burkhard Stiller, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
TC 7 – System Modeling and Optimization
Fredi Tröltzsch, TU Berlin, Germany
TC 8 – Information Systems
Jan Pries-Heje, Roskilde University, Denmark
TC 9 – ICT and Society
David Kreps , University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
TC 10 – Computer Systems Technology
Ricardo Reis , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
TC 11 – Security and Privacy Protection in Information Processing Systems
Steven Furnell , Plymouth University, UK
TC 12 – Artificial Intelligence
Eunika Mercier-Laurent , University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
TC 13 – Human-Computer Interaction
Marco Winckler , University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France
TC 14 – Entertainment Computing
Rainer Malaka, University of Bremen, Germany
IFIP – The International Federation for Information Processing
IFIP was founded in 1960 under the auspices of UNESCO, following the first World
Computer Congress held in Paris the previous year. A federation for societies working
in information processing, IFIP’s aim is two-fold: to support information processing in
the countries of its members and to encourage technology transfer to developing na-
tions. As its mission statement clearly states:

IFIP is the global non-profit federation of societies of ICT professionals that aims
at achieving a worldwide professional and socially responsible development and
application of information and communication technologies.

IFIP is a non-profit-making organization, run almost solely by 2500 volunteers. It

operates through a number of technical committees and working groups, which organize
events and publications. IFIP’s events range from large international open conferences
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The flagship event is the IFIP World Computer Congress, at which both invited and
contributed papers are presented. Contributed papers are rigorously refereed and the
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As with the Congress, participation in the open conferences is open to all and papers
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The working conferences are structured differently. They are usually run by a work-
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6102

Bojan Lalic Vidosav Majstorovic
• •

Ugljesa Marjanovic Gregor von Cieminski

• •

David Romero (Eds.)

Advances in Production
Management Systems
Towards Smart and Digital
Manufacturing
IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2020
Novi Sad, Serbia, August 30 – September 3, 2020
Proceedings, Part II

123
Editors
Bojan Lalic Vidosav Majstorovic
University of Novi Sad University of Belgrade
Novi Sad, Serbia Belgrade, Serbia
Ugljesa Marjanovic Gregor von Cieminski
University of Novi Sad ZF Hungária Kft.
Novi Sad, Serbia Eger, Hungary
David Romero
Tecnológico de Monterrey
Mexico City, Mexico

ISSN 1868-4238 ISSN 1868-422X (electronic)

IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology
ISBN 978-3-030-57996-8 ISBN 978-3-030-57997-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57997-5

© IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2020

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 Preface

We live in a time where just one factor (i.e., COVID-19) could change the game plan
for the global manufacturing economy. Digital transformation has been going on in the
last decade, and it seems that not all the countries and companies are utilizing all the
opportunities that it could provide to build new digital capabilities such as ‘digital
resilience.’ A digital transformation path towards Industry 4.0 in manufacturing is more
important than ever. Yet, how to approach the development and scaling of digital
technology is a question that keeps executives awake at night and academics in a
constant quest. The current digital transformation of manufacturing has so far mostly
been studied from the perspective of the cyber-physical production system as drivers of
change. However, there are several other enablers, including artificial intelligence;
additive and hybrid manufacturing; 5G-enabled manufacturing; digital assistance
systems based on augmented, virtual, and mixed reality; industrial, collaborative,
mobile, and software robots; advanced simulations; cloud and edge technologies; and
data-driven product-service systems. These are the key components of a digital
transformation and the main research thrusts in the production management systems
research community. Thus, the question of how to find the path to the digital trans-
formation and innovation of production management systems is of eminent importance.
The International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems
(APMS 2020) in Novi Sad, Serbia, brought together leading international experts from
academia, industry, and government in the area of digital transformation and innova-
tion to discuss globally pressing issues in smart manufacturing, operations manage-
ment, and supply chain management in the Industry 4.0 era. Under influence of
COVID-19, the event was also digitally transformed: For the first time in its history the
APMS conference was organized in a ‘hybrid mode,’ meaning face-to-face as well as
online conference sessions. A large international panel of experts reviewed all the
papers and selected the best ones to be included in these international conference
proceedings. The topics of interest in APMS 2020 included Digital Supply Networks,
Data-Driven Production Management, Sustainable Production Management, Cloud and
Collaborative Technologies, Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0, Data-Driven
Services, Digital Lean Manufacturing, and Digital Transformation Approaches in
Production Management.
The proceedings are organized into two parts:
– The Path to Digital Transformation and Innovation of Production Management
Systems (Volume 1)
– Towards Smart and Digital Manufacturing (Volume 2)
The conference was supported by the International Federation of Information Pro-
cessing (IFIP) and was organized by the IFIP Working Group 5.7 on Advances in
Production Management Systems and University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical
Sciences, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management. We would like to
vi Preface

thank all contributors for their high-quality work and for their willingness to share their
innovative ideas and findings. We are also indebted to the members of the IFIP
Working Group 5.7, the Program Committee members, and the Scientific Committee
members for their support in the review process of the papers. Finally, we appreciate
the generous support from both the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological
Development and Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research
of the Republic of Serbia.

August 2020 Bojan Lalic

Vidosav Majstorovic
Ugljesa Marjanovic
Gregor von Cieminski
David Romero
 Organization

Conference Chair
Bojan Lalic University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Conference Co-chair
Gregor Von Cieminski ZF Hungária Kft., Hungary

Program Chair
Vidosav Majstorovic University of Belgrade, Serbia

Program Co-chair
David Romero Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico

Program Committee
Thorsten Wuest West Virginia University, USA
Paolo Gaiardelli University of Bergamo, Italy
Ilkyeong Moon Seoul National University, South Korea

Organizing Committee Chair

Ugljesa Marjanovic University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Doctoral Workshop Chair

Milan Delic University of Novi Sad, Serbia

International Advisory Committee

Farhad Ameri Texas State University, USA
Ilkyeong Moon Seoul National University, South Korea
Hermann Lödding TUHH, Germany

Organizing Committee
Danijela Gračanin University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Nemanja Tasić University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Nenad Medić University of Novi Sad, Serbia
viii Organization

Tanja Todorović University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Slavko Rakić University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Marko Pavlović University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Jelena Ćurčić University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Dragana Gojić University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Nemanja Majstorović University of Belgrade, Serbia

Scientific Committee
Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
Erlend Alfnes Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Thecle Alix IUT Bordeaux Montesquieu France
Susanne Altendorfer-Kaiser Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Austria
Farhad Ameri Texas State University, USA
Bjørn Andersen Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Eiji Arai Osaka University, Japan
Frédérique Biennier INSA Lyon, France
Umit S. Bititci Heriot Watt University, UK
Magali Bosch-Mauchand Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France
Abdelaziz Bouras Qatar University, Qatar
Jim Browne University College Dublin, Ireland
Luis Camarinha-Matos Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Sergio Cavalieri University of Bergamo, Italy
Stephen Childe Plymouth University, UK
Hyunbo Cho Pohang University of Science and Technology,
South Korea
Gregor von Cieminski ZF Friedrichshafen AG, Hungary
Adolfo Crespo Marquez University of Seville, Spain
Catherine Da Cunha École Centrale de Nantes, France
Frédéric Demoly Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard,
France
Shengchun Deng Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Melanie Despeisse Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
Alexandre Dolgui IMT Atlantique, France
Slavko Dolinšek University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Sang Do Noh Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
Heidi Carin Dreyer Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Eero Eloranta Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
Soumaya El Kadiri Texelia AG, Switzerland
Christos Emmanouilidis Cranfield University, UK
Åsa Fasth-Berglund Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
 Organization ix

Manuel Fradinho Duarte SINTEF, Norway

de Oliveira
Jan Frick University of Stavanger, Norway
Paolo Gaiardelli University of Bergamo, Italy
Adriana Giret Boggino Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
Samuel Gomes Belfort-Montbéliard University of Technology, France
Bernard Grabot INP-ENIT (National Engineering School of Tarbes),
France
Gerhard Gudergan FIR Research Institute for Operations Management
at RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Thomas R. Gulledge Jr. George Mason University, USA
Hironori Hibino Tokyo University of Science, Japan
Hans-Henrik Hvolby Aalborg University, Denmark
Dmitry Ivanov Berlin School of Economics and Law, Germany
Harinder Jagdev National University of Ireland at Galway, Ireland
John Johansen Aalborg University, Denmark
Hong-Bae Jun Hongik University, South Korea
Toshiya Kaihara Kobe University, Japan
Duck-Young Kim Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
(UNIST), South Korea
Dimitris Kiritsis École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Switzerland
Tomasz Koch Wroclaw University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Pisut Koomsap Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Gül Kremer Iowa State University, USA
Boonserm Kulvatunyou National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA
Thomas R. Kurfess Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Andrew Kusiak University of Iowa, USA
Lenka Landryova Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Jan-Peter Lechner First Global Liaison, Germany
Gyu M. Lee Pusan National University, South Korea
Ming K. Lim Chongqing University, China
Hermann Lödding Hamburg University of Technology, Germany
Marco Macchi Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Gökan May École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Switzerland
Jörn Mehnen University of Strathclyde, UK
Joao Gilberto Mendes dos UNIP Paulista University, Brazil
Reis
Vidosav D. Majstorovich University of Belgrade, Serbia
Hajime Mizuyama Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan
Ilkyeong Moon Seoul National University, South Korea
Dimitris Mourtzis University of Patras, Greece
Irenilza de Alencar Naas UNIP Paulista University, Brazil
Masaru Nakano Keio University, Japan
x Organization
Torbjörn Netland
Gilles Neubert
Izabela Nielsen
Tomomi Nonaka
Jinwoo Park
François Pérès
Fredrik Persson
Selwyn Piramuthu
Alberto Portioli Staudacher
Daryl Powell
Vittaldas V. Prabhu
Ricardo José Rabelo
Mario Rapaccini
Ralph Riedel
Asbjörn Rolstadås
David Romero
Christoph Roser
Martin Rudberg
Thomas E. Ruppli
Krzysztof Santarek
John P. Shewchuk
Dan L. Shunk
Riitta Smeds
Vijay Srinivasan
Johan Stahre
Kathryn E. Stecke
Kenn Steger-Jensen
Volker Stich
Richard Lee Storch
Jan Ola Strandhagen
Stanislaw Strzelczak
Nick Szirbik
Shigeki Umeda
Marco Taisch
Kari Tanskanen
Ilias Tatsiopoulos
Sergio Terzi
Klaus-Dieter Thoben
Manoj Tiwari
Jacques H. Trienekens
Mario Tucci
ETH Zürich, Switzerland
EMLYON Business School Saint-Etienne, France
Aalborg University, Denmark
Ritsumeikan University, Japan
Seoul National University, South Korea
Université de Toulouse, France
Linköping Institute of Technology, Sweden
University of Florida, USA
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Penn State University, USA
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
Florence University, Italy
TU Chemnitz, Germany
Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico
Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Linköping University, Sweden
University of Basel, Switzerland
Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
USA
Arizona State University, USA
Aalto University, Finland
National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
Aalborg University, Denmark
FIR Research Institute for Operations Management
at RWTH Aachen University, Germany
University of Washington, USA
Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Musashi University, Japan
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Aalto University School of Science, Finland
National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Universität Bremen, Germany
Indian Institute of Technology, India
Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
 Organization xi

Gündüz Ulusoy Sabancı University, Turkey

Bruno Vallespir University of Bordeaux, France
Agostino Villa Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Hans-Hermann Wiendahl University of Stuttgart, Germany
Joakim Wikner Jönköping University, Sweden
Hans Wortmann University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Thorsten Wuest West Virginia University, USA
Iveta Zolotová Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia
Bojan Lalić University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Uglješa Marjanović University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Byung Do Chung Yonsei University, South Korea
Gengzhong Feng Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
 Contents – Part II

The Operator 4.0: New Physical and Cognitive Evolutionary Paths

Facilitating Operator Participation in Continuous Improvement:

An Investigation of Organizational Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Eirin Lodgaard, Silje Helene Aschehoug, and Daryl Powell

Improving the Safety of Using Didactic Setups by Applying

Augmented Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Srdjan Tegeltija, Vule Reljić, Ivana Šenk, Laslo Tarjan,
and Branislav Tejić

Production Management as-a-Service: A Softbot Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Brunno Abner, Ricardo J. Rabelo, Saulo P. Zambiasi,
and David Romero

Knowledge Strategies for Organization 4.0 – A Workforce

Centric Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Magnus Bjerkne Gerdin, Åsa Fast-Berglund, Dan Li,
and Adam Palmquist

Challenges for the Operator 3.0 Addressed Through the Enabling

Technologies of the Operator 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Malin Tarrar, Peter Thorvald, Åsa Fast-Berglund, and David Romero

Agent- and Skill-Based Process Interoperability for Socio-Technical

Production Systems-of-Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Åsa Fast-Berglund, David Romero, Magnus Åkerman, Björn Hodig,
and Andreas Pichler

Digital Transformation Approaches in Production Management

Challenges in Data Life Cycle Management for Sustainable Cyber-Physical

Production Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Mélanie Despeisse and Ebru Turanoglu Bekar

Explainable AI in Manufacturing: A Predictive Maintenance Case Study . . . . 66

Bahrudin Hrnjica and Selver Softic

Retrofit Concept for Textile Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Felix Franke, Susanne Franke, and Ralph Riedel
xiv Contents – Part II

Organizational Enablers for Digitalization in Norwegian Industry . . . . . . . . . 83

Lars Harald Lied, Maria Flavia Mogos, and Daryl John Powell

Concept of PLM Application Integration with VR and AR Techniques . . . . . 91

Jan Duda and Sylwester Oleszek

The Big Potential of Big Data in Manufacturing: Evidence

from Emerging Economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Marko Pavlović, Uglješa Marjanović, Slavko Rakić, Nemanja Tasić,
and Bojan Lalić

A Conceptual Model for Deploying Digitalization in SMEs Through

Capability Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Zuhara Chavez, Jannicke Baalsrud Hauge, and Monica Bellgran

The Potential of Game Development Platforms for Digital Twins

and Virtual Labs: Case Study of an Energy Analytics and Solution Lab. . . . . 117
Ali Abdallah, Matthias Primas, Ioan Turcin, and Udo Traussnigg

The Application of ICT Solutions in Manufacturing Companies in Serbia . . . 122

Danijela Ciric, Teodora Lolic, Danijela Gracanin, Darko Stefanovic,
and Bojan Lalic

Achieving Business Model Innovation with the Personalized Product

Business Model Radar Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Egon Lüftenegger

Integrating Electronic Components into 3D Printed Parts to Develop

a Digital Manufacturing Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Ioan Turcin, Ali Abdallah, Manfred Pauritsch, Cosmin Cosma,
and Nicolae Balc

Digital Transformation and Its Potential Effects on Future Management:

Insights from an ETO Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Antoni Vike Danielsen

Applying Contextualization for Data-Driven Transformation

in Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Sonika Gogineni, Kai Lindow, Jonas Nickel, and Rainer Stark

Digital Transformation for more Sustainable Supply Chains

Smart Contract-Based Blockchain Solution to Reduce Supply Chain Risks. . . 165

Fabian Dietrich, Ali Turgut, Daniel Palm, and Louis Louw

Towards Sustainability: The Manufacturers’ Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Olena Klymenko, Lise Lillebrygfjeld Halse, and Bjørn Jæger
 Contents – Part II xv

Data-Driven Applications in Smart Manufacturing

and Logistics Systems

Smart Factory Competitiveness Based on Real Time Monitoring

and Quality Predictive Model Applied to Multi-stages Production Lines. . . . . 185
Nicola Gramegna, Fabrizio Greggio, and Franco Bonollo

A New Application of Coordination Contracts for Supplier Selection

in a Cloud Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Reza Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, Mohammad Alipour-Vaezi,
and Zahra Mohammad-Nazari

Workforce Assignment with a Different Skill Level for Automotive Parts

Assembly Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Hyungjoon Yang, Je-Hun Lee, and Hyun-Jung Kim

A Framework of Data-Driven Dynamic Optimisation for Smart

Production Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Sichao Liu, Lihui Wang, Xi Vincent Wang, and Magnus Wiktorsson

Decentralized Industrial IoT Data Management Based on Blockchain

and IPFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Xiaochen Zheng, Jinzhi Lu, Shengjing Sun, and Dimitris Kiritsis

Integrated Platform and Digital Twin Application for Global Automotive

Part Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Jinho Yang, Sangho Lee, Yong-Shin Kang, Sang Do Noh,
Sung Soo Choi, Bo Ra Jung, Sang Hyun Lee, Jeong Tae Kang,
Dae Yub Lee, and Hyung Sun Kim

Analyzing the Characteristics of Digital Twin and Discrete Event

Simulation in Cyber Physical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Erik Flores-García, Goo-Young Kim, Jinho Yang, Magnus Wiktorsson,
and Sang Do Noh

Streaming Analytics in Edge-Cloud Environment for Logistics Processes . . . . 245

Moritz von Stietencron, Marco Lewandowski, Katerina Lepenioti,
Alexandros Bousdekis, Karl Hribernik, Dimitris Apostolou,
and Gregoris Mentzas

An Improvement in Master Surgical Scheduling Using Artificial Neural

Network and Fuzzy Programming Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Ahmad Ghasemkhani, Reza Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, Mahdi Hamid,
and Mehdi Mahmoodjanloo

SKOS Tool: A Tool for Creating Knowledge Graphs to Support Semantic

Text Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Farhad Ameri, Reid Yoder, and Kimia Zandbiglari
xvi Contents – Part II

Data-Driven Services: Characteristics, Trends and Applications

The Successful Commercialization of a Digital Twin in an Industrial

Product Service System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Oliver Stoll, Shaun West, Paolo Gaiardelli, David Harrison,
and Fintan J. Corcoran

Using Service Dominant Logic to Assess the Value Co-creation

of Smart Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Oliver Stoll, Shuan West, and Cosimo Barbieri

Engineering of Data-Driven Service Systems for Smart Living: Application

and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Henrik Kortum, Laura Sophie Gravemeier, Novica Zarvic, Thomas Feld,
and Oliver Thomas

The Role of Service Business Models in the Manufacturing

of Transition Economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Slavko Rakic, Nenad Simeunovic, Nenad Medic, Marko Pavlovic,
and Ugljesa Marjanovic

System Architecture Analysis with Network Index in MBSE Approach -

Application to Smart Interactive Service with Digital Health Modeling- . . . . . 307
Toshiya Kaihara, Nobutada Fujii, Daisuke Kokuryo, and Mizuki Harada

The Data-Driven Product-Service Systems Design and Delivery

(4DPSS) Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Roberto Sala, Alessandro Bertoni, Fabiana Pirola,
and Giuditta Pezzotta

Data-Driven Maintenance Delivery Framework: Test

in an Italian Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Roberto Sala, Fabiana Pirola, and Giuditta Pezzotta

Towards a Comparative Data Value Assessment Framework for Smart

Product Service Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Lennard Holst, Volker Stich, Günther Schuh, and Jana Frank

Impact of Platform Openness on Ecosystems and Value Streams

in Platform-Based PSS Exemplified Using RAMI 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Michela Zambetti, Till Blüher, Giuditta Pezzotta, Konrad Exner,
Roberto Pinto, and Rainer Stark

Industry 4.0 Data-Related Technologies and Servitization:

A Systematic Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Michela Zambetti, Roberto Pinto, and Giuditta Pezzotta
 Contents – Part II xvii

A Framework to Support Value Co-creation in PSS Development . . . . . . . . . 361

Martha Orellano, Xavier Boucher, Gilles Neubert, and Anne Coulon

The Future of Lean Thinking and Practice

Utilizing Lean Thinking as a Means to Digital Transformation

in Service Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
F. P. Santhiapillai and R. M. Chandima Ratnayake

On the Need of Functional Priority and Failure Risk Assessment to

Optimize Human Resource Allocation in Public Service Organizations . . . . . 379
F. P. Santhiapillai and R. M. Chandima Ratnayake

Assessing the Value of Process Improvement Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Torbjørn H. Netland, Hajime Mizuyama, and Rafael Lorenz

On the Necessity for Identifying Waste in Knowledge Work

Dominated Projects: A Case Study from Oil & Gas-Related
Product Development Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
F. P. Santhiapillai and R. M. Chandima Ratnayake

Lean Thinking: From the Shop Floor to an Organizational Culture . . . . . . . . 406

Paulo Amaro, Anabela C. Alves, and Rui M. Sousa

Digital Lean Manufacturing and Its Emerging Practices

A Learning Roadmap for Digital Lean Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Anja Bottinga Solheim and Daryl John Powell

Investigating the Challenges and Opportunities for Production Planning

and Control in Digital Lean Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Daryl Powell, Eirin Lodgaard, and Heidi Dreyer

New Forms of Gemba Walks and Their Digital Tools in the Digital Lean
Manufacturing World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
David Romero, Paolo Gaiardelli, Thorsten Wuest, Daryl Powell,
and Matthias Thürer

New Reconfigurable, Flexible or Agile Production Systems

in the Era of Industry 4.0

A Computational Method for Identifying the Optimum Buffer Size

in the Era of Zero Defect Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Foivos Psarommatis, Ali Boujemaoui, and Dimitris Kiritsis
xviii Contents – Part II

A Bi-objective Scheduling Model for Additive Manufacturing

with Multiple Materials and Sequence-Dependent Setup Time . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Reza Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, Shadi Shirazian, and Behdin Vahedi-Nouri

Dynamic Distributed Job-Shop Scheduling Problem Consisting

of Reconfigurable Machine Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Mehdi Mahmoodjanloo, Reza Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, Armand Baboli,
and Ali Bozorgi-Amiri

Towards a Non-disruptive System for Dynamic Orchestration

of the Shop Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Milan Pisarić, Vladimir Dimitrieski, Marko Vještica,
and Goran Krajoski

Assembly Process Design: Performance Evaluation Under Ergonomics

Consideration Using Several Robot Collaboration Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Anthony Quenehen, Stephane Thiery, Nathalie Klement,
Lionel Roucoules, and Olivier Gibaru

A Method of Distributed Production Management for Highly-Distributed

Flexible Job Shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Daiki Yasuda, Eiji Morinaga, and Hidefumi Wakamatsu

A Digital Twin Modular Framework for Reconfigurable

Manufacturing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Hichem Haddou Benderbal, Abdelkrim R. Yelles-Chaouche,
and Alexandre Dolgui

Reconfigurable Digitalized and Servitized Production Systems:

Requirements and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Magdalena Paul, Audrey Cerqueus, Daniel Schneider,
Hichem Haddou Benderbal, Xavier Boucher, Damien Lamy,
and Gunther Reinhart

The Impact of Dynamic Tasks Assignment in Paced Mixed-Model

Assembly Line with Moving Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
S. Ehsan Hashemi-Petroodi, Simon Thevenin, Sergey Kovalev,
and Alexandre Dolgui

Balancing and Configuration Planning of RMS to Minimize Energy Cost . . . 518

Audrey Cerqueus, Paolo Gianessi, Damien Lamy, and Xavier Delorme

Operations Management in Engineer-to-Order Manufacturing

Factors Affecting Shipyard Operations and Logistics: A Framework

and Comparison of Shipbuilding Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Jo Wessel Strandhagen, Yongkuk Jeong, Jong Hun Woo, Marco Semini,
Magnus Wiktorsson, Jan Ola Strandhagen, and Erlend Alfnes
 Contents – Part II xix

Using the Smartphone as an Augmented Reality Device in ETO Industry . . . . 538

Niklas Jahn, Axel Friedewald, and Hermann Lödding

Exploring the Path Towards Construction 4.0: Collaborative Networks

and Enterprise Architecture Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Ovidiu Noran, David Romero, and Sorin Burchiu

The Potential for Purchasing Function to Enhance Circular Economy

Business Models for ETO Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Deodat Mwesiumo, Nina Pereira Kvadsheim,
and Bella Belerivana Nujen

Planning Procurement Activities in ETO Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Kristina Kjersem and Marte Giskeødegård

Maturity Model for Successful Cost Transformation in ETO Companies . . . . 573

Johann Gregori and Ralph Riedel

Backlog Oriented Bottleneck Management – Practical Guide

for Production Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Roman Ungern-Sternberg, Christian Fries,
and Hans-Hermann Wiendahl

Cross-Functional Coordination Before and After the CODP:

An Empirical Study in the Machinery Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Margherita Pero and Violetta G. Cannas

Production Management in Food Supply Chains

Short Agri-Food Supply Chains: A Proposal in a Food Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

Aguinaldo Eduardo de Souza, João Gilberto Mendes dos Reis,
Antonio Carlos Estender, Jorge Luiz Dias Agia, Oduvaldo Vendrametto,
Luciana Melo Costa, and Paula Ferreira da Cruz Correia

Analysis of the New Frontier of Soybean Production in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . 609

José Alberto de Alencar Luz, João Gilberto Mendes dos Reis,
and Alexandre Formigoni

Prediction of Cold Chain Transport Conditions Using Data Mining . . . . . . . . 616

Clayton Gerber Mangini, Nilsa Duarte da Silva Lima,
and Irenilza de Alencar Nääs

Environmental Impact Classification of Perishable Cargo Transport

Using Data Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Manoel Eulálio Neto, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs,
and Nilsa Duarte da Silva Lima
xx Contents – Part II

Economic and Environmental Perfomance in Coffee Supply Chains:

A Brazilian Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Paula Ferreira da Cruz Correia, João Gilberto Mendes dos Reis,
Rodrigo Carlo Toloi, Fernanda Alves de Araújo, Silvia Helena Bonilla,
Jonatas Santos de Souza, Alexandre Formigoni,
and Aguinaldo Eduardo de Souza

Managing Perishable Multi-product Inventory with Supplier Fill-Rate,

Price Reduction and Substitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Flemming Max Møller Christensen, Kenn Steger-Jensen,
and Iskra Dukovska-Popovska

Digital Technology Enablers for Resilient and Customer Driven Food

Value Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Christos Emmanouilidis and Serafim Bakalis

Gastronomic Service System Design

Human–Robot Hybrid Service System Introduction for Enhancing Labor

and Robot Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Takeshi Shimmura, Ryosuke Ichikari, and Takashi Okuma

Forecasting Customers Visiting Using Machine Learning and

Characteristics Analysis with Low Forecasting Accuracy Days . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Takashi Tanizaki, Yuta Hanayama, and Takeshi Shimmura

A Study on Menu Planning Method for Managed Meal -Consideration

of the Cost of Ordering Ingredients- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Kyohei Irie, Nobutada Fujii, Daisuke Kokuryo, and Toshiya Kaihara

Service System Design Considering Employee Satisfaction Through

Introducing Service Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Tomomi Nonaka, Takeshi Shimmura, and Nobutada Fujii

Product and Asset Life Cycle Management in the Circular Economy

Exploring Synergies Between Circular Economy and Asset Management . . . . 695

Federica Acerbi, Adalberto Polenghi, Irene Roda, Marco Macchi,
and Marco Taisch

Information Flows Supporting Circular Economy Adoption

in the Manufacturing Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Federica Acerbi and Marco Taisch

A Conceptual Model of the IT Ecosystem for Asset Management

in the Global Manufacturing Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Adalberto Polenghi, Irene Roda, Marco Macchi,
and Alessandro Pozzetti
 Contents – Part II xxi

Production Ramp-Up Strategies for Product

Part Selection for Freeform Injection Molding: Framework

for Development of a Unique Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Elham Sharifi, Atanu Chaudhuri, Brian Vejrum Wæhrens,
Lasse G. Staal, and Saeed D. Farahani

A Model for Cost-Benefit Analysis of Production Ramp-up Strategies . . . . . . 731

Khaled Medini, Antoine Pierné, John Ahmet Erkoyuncu,
and Christian Cornet

Key Factors on Utilizing the Production System Design Phase

for Increasing Operational Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Md Hasibul Islam, Zuhara Chavez, Seyoum Eshetu Birkie,
and Monica Bellgran

Business Model Development for a Dynamic Production

Network Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Stefan Wiesner, Larissa Behrens, and Jannicke Baalsrud Hauge

Changeable Closed-Loop Manufacturing Systems: A Case Study

of Challenges in Product Take-Back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
Markus Thomas Bockholt, Ann-Louise Andersen, Thomas Ditlev Brunoe,
Jesper Hemdrup Kristensen, Michele Colli, Peter Meulengracht Jensen,
and Brian Vejrum Wæhrens

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

 Contents – Part I

Advanced Modelling, Simulation and Data Analytics in Production

and Supply Networks

A Robust Multi-commodity Rebalancing Process

in Humanitarian Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Xuehong Gao and Xuefeng Jin

Towards a Unified Reliability-Centered Information Logistics Model

for Production Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Florian Defèr, Günther Schuh, and Volker Stich

Characterization of Energy Consumers in Production Systems

with Renewable On-Site Power Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Julia Schulz, Felix Rosenberg, Valerie M. Scharmer,
and Michael F. Zaeh

A Simulation Model Supporting the Production Optimization

for High-Precision Machines Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Andrea Monti, Donatella Corti, and Dario Pietraroia

Agent-Based Modeling and Analysis of Dynamic Slab Yard Management

in a Steel Factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Hajime Mizuyama

A Simulation Analysis of Part Feeding to Assembly Stations with Vertical

Robotic Storage and Retrieval Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Elena Tappia, Emilio Moretti, and Marco Melacini

Process Mining in Manufacturing: Goals, Techniques and Applications . . . . . 54

Darko Stefanovic, Dusanka Dakic, Branislav Stevanov,
and Teodora Lolic

Bayesian Modelling for Product Testing and Release. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

John G. Wilson

Advanced, Digital and Smart Manufacturing

The Use of Organizational Innovation Concepts

in Manufacturing Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Iztok Palčič, Simon Klančnik, Robert Ojsteršek, Tone Lerher,
Borut Buchmeister, and Mirko Ficko
xxiv Contents – Part I

Systems Engineering Approach to Identify Requirements for Digital

Twins Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Ali Gharaei, Jinzhi Lu, Oliver Stoll, Xiaochen Zheng, Shaun West,
and Dimitris Kiritsis

Manufacturing Operations Management for Smart Manufacturing –

A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Michael Meyer-Hentschel, Oliver Lohse, Subba Rao,
and Raffaello Lepratti

Industry 4.0 on Demand: A Value Driven Methodology to Implement

Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Deborah Leone and Andrea Barni

Gamification of Operational Tasks in Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Makenzie Keepers, David Romero, Jannicke Baalsrud Hauge,
and Thorsten Wuest

Technology Adoption in the Industry 4.0 Era: Empirical Evidence

from Manufacturing Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Nenad Medic, Zoran Anisic, Nemanja Tasic, Nikola Zivlak,
and Bojan Lalic

Towards the Definition of an Impact Level Factor of SME Features Over

Digital Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Melissa Liborio Zapata, Lamia Berrah, and Laurent Tabourot

Industry 4.0: Maturity of Automotive Companies in Brazil

for the Digitization of Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Sergio Miele Ruggero, Nilza Aparecida dos Santos,
José Benedito Sacomano, Antonio Carlos Estender,
and Marcia Terra da Silva

General Readiness Assessment of Industry 4.0: Evidence from Serbian

Manufacturing Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Tanja Todorovic, Bojan Lalic, Vidosav Majstorovic,
Ugljesa Marjanovic, and Nemanja Tasic

Digital and Virtual Quality Management Systems

Assembly Issue Resolution System Using Machine Learning

in Aero Engine Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Jörg Brünnhäußer, Sonika Gogineni, Jonas Nickel, Heiko Witte,
and Rainer Stark
 Contents – Part I xxv

Introduction to Material Feeding 4.0: Strategic, Tactical,

and Operational Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Marco Simonetto and Fabio Sgarbossa

Cloud-Manufacturing

Cycle Time Estimation Model for Hybrid Assembly Stations

Based on Digital Twin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Dimitris Mourtzis, John Angelopoulos, and Vasileios Siatras

Cyber-Physical Production Systems and Digital Twins

Digital Shadows as an Enabler for the Internet of Production . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Günther Schuh, Andreas Gützlaff, Frederick Sauermann,
and Judith Maibaum

The Transformation Towards Smart(er) Factories: Integration Requirements

of the Digital Twin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
S. Waschull, J. C. Wortmann, and J. A. C. Bokhorst

IIOT Interoperability

Towards Inter-Operable Enterprise Systems – Graph-Based Validation

of a Context-Driven Approach for Message Profiling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Elena Jelisic, Nenad Ivezic, Boonserm Kulvatunyou, Scott Nieman,
Hakju Oh, Sladjan Babarogic, and Zoran Marjanovic

Supply Chain Planning and Optimization

Software-Based Assistance System for Decision Support

on Supply Chain Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Maria Linnartz and Volker Stich

Integration of Triple Sustainable Management by Considering

the Multi-period Supply Chain for Next-Generation Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Waqas Ahmed, Biswajit Sarkar, and Mujtaba Hassan Agha

Potential Benefits of Reverse Blending in the Fertilizer Industry . . . . . . . . . . 227

Latifa Benhamou, Pierres Fenies, and Vincent Giard

Effectiveness of Vendor Managed Inventory - VMI: A Study Applied

in a Mining Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Alexandre Formigoni, João Gilberto Mendes dos Reis,
Roberto Padilha Moia, Caio Flávio Stettiner,
and João Roberto Maiellaro
xxvi Contents – Part I

Value Chain Integration – A Framework for Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Inger Gamme, Bjørn Andersen, Håkon Raabe, and Daryl Powell

A Dynamic Hybrid Berth Allocation Problem with Routing

Constraints in Bulk Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Hamza Bouzekri, Gülgün Alpan, and Vincent Giard

Blockchain-Based Secured Collaborative Model for Supply Chain Resource

Sharing and Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Tarun Kumar Agrawal, Ravi Kalaiarasan, and Magnus Wiktorsson

Gripper Types and Components in Robotic Bin Picking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Patrik Fager, Stefano Rossi, Robin Hanson, Lars Medbo,
Omkar Salunkhe, Mats I. Johansson, and Åsa Fast-Berglund

A Stochastic Model for a Two-Level Disassembly Lot-Sizing Problem

Under Random Lead Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Ilhem Slama, Oussama Ben-Ammar, Alexandre Dolgui,
and Faouzi Masmoudi

Digital and Smart Supply Chain Management

ERP in Industry 4.0 Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Vidosav Majstorovic, Slavenko Stojadinovic, Bojan Lalic,
and Ugljesa Marjanovic

Identifying the Opportunities for Enhancing the Digital Readiness Level

of the Supply Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Chiara Cimini, Fabiana Pirola, and Sergio Cavalieri

Intelligent Logistics Networks Management

The Role of Last-Mile Delivery in the Future of E-Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Fernanda Alves de Araújo, João Gilberto Mendes dos Reis,
and Paula Ferreira da Cruz Correia

Production-Storage and Transport Integrated Planning for a Multi-site

Mining Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Asma Rakiz and Pierre Fenies

Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Technologies in Logistics

and DSN

Evaluating a Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Purchasing Process

Through Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Geraldo Jose Dolce Uzum Martins, Jacqueline Zonichenn Reis,
Benedito Cristiano A. Petroni, Rodrigo Franco Gonçalves,
and Berislav Andrlić
 Contents – Part I xxvii

Questionnaire Model for Paraconsistent Quality Assessment of Software

Developed in SalesForce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Luiz Roberto Forçan, Jair Minoro Abe, Luiz Antônio de Lima,
and Samira Sestari Nascimento

Novel Production Planning and Control Approaches

Supporting the Decision of the Order Processing Strategy by Using Logistic

Models: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Janine Tatjana Maier, Tammo Heuer, Peter Nyhuis,
and Matthias Schmidt

Order Acceptance and Scheduling with a Throughput Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Christopher Mundt and Hermann Lödding

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning-Supported Planning of Lead Times in Job

Shop Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Kathrin Julia Kramer, Carsten Wagner, and Matthias Schmidt

Connected, Smart Factories of the Future

Identifying Key Business Processes that Can Benefit from Industry

4.0 in the Gas Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Nikolaos A. Panayiotou, Vasileios P. Stavrou,
and Konstantinos E. Stergiou

The Impact of Industry 4.0 Connectivity on the Collaboration Along

Brazilian Automotive Supply Chain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Nilza Aparecida dos Santos, Sergio Miele Ruggero,
José Benedito Sacomano, Antonio Carlos Estender,
and Marcia Terra da Silva

Manufacturing Systems Engineering: Agile, Flexible, Reconfigurable

Towards a Reference Model for Configuration of Reconfigurable

Manufacturing System (RMS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Erica Capawa Fotsoh, Nasser Mebarki, Pierre Castagna,
Pascal Berruet, and Francisco Gamboa

Automatic Design of Dispatching Rules with Genetic Programming

for Dynamic Job Shop Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Salama Shady, Toshiya Kaihara, Nobutada Fujii, and Daisuke Kokuryo
xxviii Contents – Part I

A Literature Review on the Level of Automation and New

Approach Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Hasnaa Ait Malek, Alain Etienne, Ali Siadat, and Thierry Allavena

De-risking Investments in Industrial Systems Using Real Options Analysis:

Case of Phosphates Fertilizer Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Imane Essaadi and Richard de Neufville

Data-Driven Replenishment Method Choice in a Picking System . . . . . . . . . 427

Simon Hummelshøj Sloth, Magnus Abildsten Bøgh,
Christian Møller Nielsen, Konstantinos Panagiotis Konstantinidis,
and Inkyung Sung

Business Process Management for MES Deployment: Some Lessons

from a Bearings Manufacturer Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Hervé Verjus, Vincent Clivillé, Lamia Berrah, Romain Gandia,
and Claude Chapel

An Application of a DSML in Industry 4.0 Production Processes . . . . . . . . . 441

Marko Vještica, Vladimir Dimitrieski, Milan Pisarić, Slavica Kordić,
Sonja Ristić, and Ivan Luković

Towards an Industry-Applicable Design Methodology for Developing

Reconfigurable Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Alessia Napoleone, Ann-Louise Andersen, Thomas Ditlev Brunoe,
Kjeld Nielsen, Simon Boldt, Carin Rösiö, and David Grube Hansen

Reconfigurable Manufacturing: Lesson Learnt from

the COVID-19 Outbreak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Alessia Napoleone and Lorenzo Bruno Prataviera

Digital Assistance Systems: Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality

Virtual and Augmented Reality as a Digital Support to HR Systems

in Production Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Danijela Lalić, Dunja Bošković, Bojana Milić, Sara Havzi,
and Jelena Spajić

Application of Virtual Reality Technologies for Achieving Energy Efficient

Manufacturing: Literature Analysis and Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
E. G. Nabati, M. T. Alvela Nieto, A. Decker, and K.-D. Thoben

Smart Products in Smart Manufacturing Systems: An Opportunity

to Utilize AR? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Joshua Gross and Thorsten Wuest

Evaluation of Augmented Reality in Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

Tone Lise Dahl, Manuel Oliveira, and Emrah Arica
 Contents – Part I xxix

Circular Products Design and Engineering

Finding and Capturing Value in e-Waste for Refrigerators Manufacturers

and Recyclers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Clarissa A. González Chávez, Mélanie Despeisse, Björn Johansson,
and David Romero

Circular, Green, Sustainable Manufacturing

Sustainable Business Model Innovation in the Furniture Supply Chain:

A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Mikhail Shlopak, Bella B. Nujen, and Jon Halfdanarson

A Basic Study on Scheduling Method for Electric Power Saving

of Production Machine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Masayuki Yabuuchi, Toshiya Kaihara, Nobutada Fujii,
Daisuke Kokuryo, Satoko Sakajo, and Yoshito Nishita

Sustainability in Fabric Chains and Garments for a Circular Economy . . . . . . 531

Solimar Garcia, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs,
Pedro Luiz de Oliveira Costa Neto, João Gilberto Mendes dos Reis,
Valdice Neves Pólvora, Luiz Antonio de Lima,
Angel Antonio Gonzalez Martinez, and Vanessa Santos Lessa

Planning Environments of Hospital Laboratories: An Exploratory Study. . . . . 538

Aili Biriita Bertnum, Marco Semini, and Jan Ola Strandhagen

Knowledge and Practices Towards Sustainability and Circular Economy

Transitions: A Norwegian Manufacturing Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Jon Halfdanarson and Nina Pereira Kvadsheim

A Methodology to Integrate Sustainability Evaluations into Vendor Rating. . . 554

Alessandro Fontana, Silvia Menato, and Andrea Barni

Environmental and Social Lifecycle Assessments

Travel-Times Analysis and Passenger Transport Disutilities in Congested

American Cities: Los Angeles, New York, Atlanta, Austin, and Chicago . . . . 565
Helcio Raymundo and João Gilberto M. dos Reis

Socio-Cultural Aspects in Production Systems

The Interdependencies of Quality Management, Knowledge Management

and Innovation Performance. A Literature Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Marina Zizakov, Stana Vasic, Milan Delic, Marko Orosnjak,
and Srdjan Vulanovic
xxx Contents – Part I

Insights from a Top-Down Lean Subprogram Deployment in a Production

Group: A Tactical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Sara Linderson, Monica Bellgran, and Seyoum Eshetu Birkie

Tools for Evaluating Human Factor Aspects in Production

and Logistics System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Vivek Vijayakumar and Fabio Sgarbossa

Economy and Its Symbiosis with Circularity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Abelino Reis Guimarães Neto, Rodrigo Rodrigues,
Jacqueline Zonichenn Reis, Julio Cesar Raymundo,
and Rodrigo Franco Gonçalves

Data-Driven Manufacturing and Services Operations Management

First Steps to the Digital Shadow of Maintenance Services’ Value

Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Frederick Birtel, Achim Kampker, and Volker Stich

Reshoring of Service Operations: Evidence from a Delphi Study. . . . . . . . . . 617

Paolo Gaiardelli, Albachiara Boffelli, Matteo Kalchschmidt,
Daniel Bellazzi, and Simone Orom Samorani

Digital and Physical Testbed for Production Logistics Operations . . . . . . . . . 625

Jannicke Baalsrud Hauge, Masoud Zafarzadeh, Yongkuk Jeong, Yi Li,
Wajid Ali Khilji, and Magnus Wiktorsson

Principles and Research Agenda for Sustainable, Data-Driven Food

Production Planning and Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Maggie Bresler, Anita Romsdal, Jan Ola Strandhagen,
and Olumide E. Oluyisola

Product-Service Systems in DSN

Agile Guideline for Development of Smart Services in Manufacturing

Enterprises with Support of Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Mike Freitag and Oliver Hämmerle

Collaborative Design and Engineering

Framework for Identifying Gripper Requirements for Collaborative Robot

Applications in Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Omkar Salunkhe, Patrik Fager, and Åsa Fast-Berglund

A Novel Value Driven Co-creation Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

Geir Ringen, Halvor Holtskog, and Torgeir Welo
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
one among the mutilated statues, the other in the ruins of a
neighbouring building. The material is similar, a very hard and dark
igneous rock. The execution corresponds exactly with that of the
torsos, to one of which the first named head may perhaps have
belonged.
M. de Sarzec tells us that these statues were found in the great
edifice at Tello, almost all on the soil of the central court.[208] Some
are standing, others seated;[209] we give an example of each type
(Plate VI., Figs. 96 and 98). In these effigies we may notice an
arrangement that we have more than once encountered in Assyrian
reliefs, but which has never, so far as we know, been employed in
the arts of any other people. “All these statues, without exception,
have their hands folded within each other and placed against their
chests, an attitude still used in the East to mark the respectful
attention of the servant awaiting his master’s orders. If, as we have
every reason to believe, these figures were placed in a sacred
inclosure, in front of the images of the gods or of the symbols that
recalled their power, this attitude of submission and respect became
one of religious veneration (Fig. 97).”[210]
At Nimroud and Khorsabad this expressive gesture is sometimes
given to eunuchs in the presence of their masters, sometimes to
kings when standing before the effigies of their gods. It is thoroughly
well-fitted for those votive statues that proclaim themselves in their
inscriptions to be offerings to the deity. In consecrating an image of
himself on the threshold of the sanctuary, the king assured the
perpetuity of his prayers and acts of homage; he remained for ever
in an attitude of worship before his god—in an attitude whose calm
gravity was well calculated to suggest the idea of a divine repose to
which death was the passport.
 Fig. 96.—Statue; from Tello. Height 37 inches.
Louvre. Drawn by Bourgoin.
The chief point of interest for us lies in the execution of these
statues. They embody a very sensible progress. Art has thrown off
the hesitations of its first youth and attacks the stubborn material
with much certainty and no little science; and yet the most striking
quality is less the successful grappling with a mechanical difficulty,
than the feeling for nature and the general striving for truth; a striving
which has not been discouraged by the resistance of the material.
This resistance has resulted in a method that makes use of wide,
smooth surfaces; and yet the workmanship has a freedom that a too
great fondness for superficial polish too often took away from the
diorite monuments of Egypt. The bare right arm and shoulder are
remarkable passages. The strongly-marked muscles of the back and
the freedom with which the bony framework is shown under the flesh
and skin should also be noticed. All these parts are treated with a
breadth that gives a fine look of power to the otherwise short and
thickset figure. And yet the vigour of the handling never goes beyond
what is sober and discreet (Fig. 98). The same character is to be
found in the hands, where joints, bones, and nails are studied with
minute care, and in the feet, where power of foothold and the shapes
of the toes are thoroughly well indicated.

Fig. 97.—The hands of a statue; from Tello. Louvre.

Drawn by Bourgoin.
The treatment of the two heads is no less excellent (Plate VII).
The eyes are straight and widely opened; the heavy brows join in the
middle; the strong and salient chin, as well as the crown of the head,
is shaved in the fragment in which it is left bare.[211] Under the kind
of hat or turban in the other there would be a head no less bald. In
our own day the small cap of cotton or linen covered by the twisted
scarf or shawl of the Turk or Hindoo, conceals little but the smooth
skin of the skull.[212] The custom had yet to be introduced of wearing
the long and closely-curled hair and beard that we find reproduced in
the sculptures of Nineveh. The nose is broken in both heads, but if
we may judge from the statuettes and bas-reliefs of the same epoch,
especially from a curious fragment recovered in the course of the
same excavations, it must have been arched—but not so much as
the Assyrian noses—and a little thick at the end. Taking the face as a
whole it is square in structure, like the body; in the few examples of
Assyrian heads in the round that we possess the oval of the face
seems longer, but the beard by which the whole of its lower part is
concealed renders any comparison difficult. We do not think,
however, that there is any necessity to raise a question of race. “It is
only subject to the greatest reserve that we can venture to say
anything as to the ethnography of the types created by sculpture,
especially when those types are archaic, and therefore exposed
more than all others to the influence of school conventions.[213] It is
a common habit with antique sculptors to allow traces of their work in
its rough shape to subsist in the finished creation. In all countries the
march of art has been from square and angular to round and flowing
shapes, from short and thickset to graceful and slender
proportions.”[214]
The tendencies shown in the rendering of the face and the
uncovered parts of the body are also to be recognized in the
treatment of the drapery. “The sculptor has attempted with much
truth and simplicity to suggest the relief of the drapery and the
direction of its folds. This early and timid attempt at studying folds is
all the more remarkable as nothing like it is to be found either in
Egyptian sculpture or in the later works of Assyria. It bears witness to
a sculpturesque instinct that does not reappear until we arrive at the
art of the Greeks and the magnificent development of draperies and
their significance which we then encounter.”[215]
Fig. 98.—The large statue from Tello.
Height 5 feet 3 inches. Louvre. Drawn
by Saint-Elme Gautier.
 Fig. 99.—Female statuette.
Alabaster. Height about 8 inches.
The figures we have been describing seem to us to represent
The Archaic age of Chaldæan art. The characteristics to which
the name of archaism has been given are easier to feel than to
define. The proportions, especially in the seated figures, are here
very short and broad, so much so that they seem to want length
even when compared to the thickset forms in the Nimroud bas-
reliefs. There is some evidence that the neck was very short and
thick and the head large for the body, as we see it indeed in the
statuette of a woman sitting, in which our lamented colleague de
Longpérier was the first to recognize the work of some ancient
Chaldæan artist (Fig. 99).[216] In the figures from Tello the elbow and
the lower edge of the robe make those sharp angles which Assyrian
sculptors set themselves to round off in later days. There is no
attempt at grace; directness and truth of expression are all that the
artist has cared about.
 Fig. 100.—Statuette; from Tello. Actual
size. Louvre. Drawn by Bourgoin.
We should ascribe several other objects found at Tello to the
same period. These are in the first place the votive bronzes inscribed
with the name of Gudea, which M. de Sarzec drew from their hiding
places (Vol. I., Figs. 146–148); secondly, a statuette carved from a
rather soft, fine-grained stone (Fig. 100). By its attitude it reminds us
of the statues of Gudea, while the treatment of its drapery is more
like the alabaster figure that we have chosen for reproduction from
the old Louvre collections. Those symmetrical folds that appear to
have been obtained with an iron, and that we have already seen
imitated on the oldest Chaldæan cylinders (Vol. I., Figs. 3, 17, and
20; and above, Figs. 39 and 40), may be observed in its draperies.
Thirdly, a bas-relief in soft stone, of which two compartments still
remain, would date from the same period (Fig. 101). In its original
condition it may have comprised some further divisions, for the
subject as we see it in the fragment preserved is by no means clear.
In the upper compartment there are four figures diminishing in size
from left to right. The male figure on the left bears what seems to be
an instrument of music, a kind of cymbal upon which he would beat
with the hammer-shaped object in his right hand. The three
individuals behind him are all in attitudes of submission and respect.
In the lower division a seated individual twangs the cords of a harp.
In front his instrument is decorated with the image of a bull, recalling
the richly ornamented harps that we find so often figured in the
Egyptian tombs.[217] Another figure, again in the attitude of respect,
stands before the harpist. It seems to be that of a woman, but the
relief is in such a condition that nothing but the general contours can
be made out.

Fig. 101.—Fragment of a relief; from Tello. Height

44 inches. Louvre.
 Chaldæan art did not stop here. Once arrived at the degree of
mastery shown by the statues of Gudea, it made progress of which,
indeed, we are unable to measure the rapidity; but whose results are
now before our eyes. We can hardly doubt that it reached a pitch of
executive skill which often gave quite remarkable delicacy and
finesse to the most insignificant details of sculpture and ornament.
This had already suggested itself to M. Heuzey in the course of his
study of the small Chaldæo-Babylonian figures belonging to the
collection of terra-cottas in the Louvre;[218] he found the same merits
in several of the fragments collected by M. de Sarzec.[219] We have
been unable to reproduce all the pieces to which he alludes; some
are too small to be rendered in a fashion that would do justice to the
excellence of their treatment;[220] but that we may give some idea of
the third group we are thus led to form, we shall figure two or three
small objects, which the visitor will find without difficulty in the cases
of the Louvre. One of these is a fragment from a bas-relief on which
nothing remains but a foot, charmingly modelled, and a piece of
ornament representing a vase from which two streams of water,
each supporting a fish, are flowing (Fig. 102). The hardly sensible
relief and the extreme finesse of this motive, remind us of the
marvels of Japanese workmanship.[221] Still more striking is a small,
a very small, head in steatite, reproducing the same type as the
large statues with a grace and precision that make it a veritable gem
(Fig. 103). The eyes have the oblique inclination that was afterwards
to become so conspicuous in the Assyrian reliefs, but in a very slight
degree. We may apply almost the same remarks to another but less
well preserved head in diorite. Unlike all those we have as yet
encountered, it is not shaven. In spite of the stubborn material the
twists and turns of the hair and beard are sculptured in relief with
admirable skill and precision.
It was during this period that the custom was introduced of
allowing the hair and beard to grow, so that their crisp curls should
form a close frame for the face. This fashion was in the ascendant
when a bas-relief, of which, to our great regret, we only possess a
small fragment greatly damaged by fire (Fig. 67), was chiselled. It is
remarkable both for the fineness of its workmanship and its curious
subject. It shows the upper parts of two figures, entwined. That on
the right, from the long hair flowing over the shoulders, must be a
woman. The tall horned caps worn by both figures proclaim them to
be a royal or divine couple.

Fig. 102.—Fragment of a relief;

from Tello. Actual size. Louvre.

Fig. 103.—Head; from Tello.

Actual size. Louvre.
We find the same characteristics in a fifth monument from the
same place, whose composition at least is not wanting in originality.
This is a support of some kind, perhaps the foot of a vase, cut in rock
so hard, dark, and metal-like in its reflections, that at the first glance
it might almost be taken for bronze. Its general form is circular.
Above a plinth decorated with roughly chiselled squares and around
a central cylinder, sit a number of individuals with long beards and
hair. Their hands are placed upon their knees; the attitudes of the
limbs and the modelling of the feet remind us of the statues of
Gudea; but these figures are nude and their arrangement has more
ease and variety. The general motive is especially interesting; it is
both singular and happy, and proves that art was sufficiently
advanced to understand how to decorate common objects by the
addition of figures skilfully grouped and placed in natural and
picturesque attitudes (Fig. 104).
It can never be sufficiently deplored that none of these
monuments are either of a fair size or in a good state of
preservation. We can only judge of the school by the small
fragments we have been describing. What name are we to give to
the art of which we thus catch a glimpse? Is it not better to employ
some expression that has been sanctified by custom, and one to
which the critic and historian instinctively turns? When he seeks for a
special term to denote the different phases of an organic
development, what does he call the phase in which execution is at
once free and informed with knowledge, when the hand of the artist,
having won complete mastery over itself and over the material on
which it is employed, allows him to reproduce those aspects of
nature by which he has been charmed and interested? He calls it the
classic period, or the period in which works fit to be placed, as
models, before the artists of future ages, were produced. If we adopt
this nomenclature, the third of the periods we have just been
discussing will be for us the Classic age of Chaldæa.
 Fig. 104.—Stone pedestal; from Tello. Greatest diameter 6 inches. Louvre.
Although the remains from Sirtella give an opportunity for the
study of Chaldæan art that is to be equalled nowhere else in Europe,
still the British Museum and the old collections of the Louvre contain
more than one object calculated to enrich, if not to complete, the
series we have established.
A bronze in the former gallery (Fig. 105) seems to date from the
earliest period of Chaldæan art. It has been thought to represent a
goddess, Istar perhaps, although there is nothing in the modelling of
the bosom to suggest the female sex. The whole work is, however,
so rough and barbarous that the author may very well have left out
all details of the kind through sheer inability to render them. Like the
bronzes of Tello, this figure—which is without legs—ends in a
cylindrical stem. It was in all probability meant to be placed in one of
those hiding places we have already described.
 Fig. 105.—Chaldæan statuette.
Height 6½ inches. British
Museum. Drawn by Saint-Elme
Gautier.
Monuments from the Archaic age are less rare. We have already
had occasion to notice some of them, the tablet from Sippara with
the god Shamas (Vol. I. Fig. 71), for instance, the canephorus
inscribed with the name of the king Kourdourmapouk (Fig. 53), and
the stele of Merodach-Idin-Akhi (Fig. 63). The canephorus must have
been the oldest of these objects. Its head is entirely shaven and in its
attitude it resembles the bronzes of Gudea (Vol. I. Fig. 147). We are
induced to bring down the tablet nearer to our own day because the
individuals shown in it wear both beard and long hair. These are not
confined to the god himself and the two divine personages who
support the disk placed on the altar and representing the sun; they
are common to the three figures advancing in an attitude of worship.
The first appears to be a priest. Among other interesting details we
may point out, under the throne of Shamas, the two strong-limbed
deities whom Assyriologists call Izdubar and Hea-bani, and, in
Shamas’s right hand, the staff with a ring attached that is found
elsewhere than in Mesopotamia. The draperies of the god and those
of the third worshipper are arranged in the crimped folds of which we
have spoken above. Here art is fairly advanced. Putting on one side
the convention which allows the deity to be made much taller than
mortals, the proportions of the figures are good, their attitudes well
understood and expressive. The workmanship of the stele of
Merodach-Idin-Akhi is far inferior to that of the Sippara tablet. It
belongs to a series of monuments in which, as we shall explain
farther on, the workmanship is, as a rule, very mediocre. We shall
also mention a few fragmentary statues of very hard stone which
have been seen by travellers in Chaldæa,[222] and a few remains of
the same kind that are now in the British Museum; but of the first we
have only short and vague descriptions, while, among the second,
there is not a piece that can be compared to the statues of Gudea in
the Louvre. During all this period the volcanic rocks appear to have
been extensively employed; we still think they were obtained either
from the borders of the Arabian desert, or by way of the two rivers
from the mountains at the head of the double valley.
To the same school we may attribute a bronze from Hillah, now in
the Louvre (Fig. 106). It represents a priest robed in a long tunic with
five flounces of crimped work. His hair is brought together at the
back of his head, and he wears a low tiara with the usual horns
folded about it. His beard is short and broad. With his two hands—
which are broken—he holds a small ibex against his chest. We have
already encountered this motive in Assyria (see Vol. I. Fig. 114).
Fig. 106.—Statuette of a priest.
Height 5¼ inches. Louvre.
 Fig. 107.—Statuette of a woman.
Terra-cotta. Louvre. Height 5¾
inches.
It is chiefly, however, among the terra-cotta statuettes that we find
good examples of that more elegant and refined form of art of which
we catch certain glimpses in some of the Tello fragments. The figure
of a priest happily draped in a mantle that covers his head and
shoulders from behind, has already been given (Fig. 50). We may
here add two more specimens of the same kind. Their merits,
however, can only be fairly appreciated in the originals, on account
of their small size. One of the very best things produced by
Chaldæan art is the statuette of a nude woman, standing and
suckling her infant (Fig. 107);[223] her large, and perhaps slightly
empty forms are modelled with ease and artistic feeling. She is, in all
probability, a goddess of maternity.[224] In the statuette reproduced in
our Fig. 108, the treatment is less free, its precision is a little dry and
hard. The personage represented employs the gesture proper to the
nursing goddesses (see Vol. I. Fig. 16), although robed from head to
foot. Her garment ends below in a deep fringe. On her head there is
a Persian tiara.[225]

Fig. 108.—Terra-cotta statuette.

Height 4¼ inches. Louvre.
This latter figure, in spite of certain qualities to which we are by
no means blind, belongs to a period of decadence which lasted,
perhaps, throughout the Persian domination, and even as late as the
Seleucidæ and Parthians. The types consecrated by religious
tradition were repeated, but repeated with a hesitating and indifferent
hand, and with little reference to nature. The faults inherent in this
kind of workmanship are still more conspicuous in the example,
given in Fig. 16 of the first volume, of a type which was very common
both in Chaldæa and Susiana.[226] Whether we call her Istar or
Anahit this goddess seems to have enjoyed a very lasting popularity
in the whole region of which Mesopotamia forms the centre. The art
of Chaldæa survived itself, so to speak, and reappeared after the fall
of the national independence, just as the art of Egypt had a renewal
of life under the Ptolemies and the Roman emperors. It is to these
centuries that we should ascribe a limestone head found by M. de
Sarzec at Tello (Fig. 109). In its execution there is none of the
firmness and feeling for nature that is so conspicuous in the
monuments from the three periods that we have endeavoured to
establish.

Fig. 109.—Head; from Tello.

Actual size. Louvre.
It is mainly to the second Chaldee empire that a whole series of
monuments belongs whose characteristics constitute them a class
apart;[227] we mean those tablets, generally of some very hard
stone, which are inscribed with what we should call title-deeds. Two-
thirds of their surface is occupied by several columns of close and
fine writing, in which the stipulations of the contract securing the
rights of the proprietor are recited. On the upper part, and dominated
by several stars and by a great serpent stretching across the upper
edge, some emblems are grouped, and these are almost exactly the
same in all known examples. There are altars upon which the wedge
or arrow-head, the primordial element of that writing without which
the preservation of the contract would have been impossible, is
either laid upon its side or set up on end. Other altars support horned
tiaras, a horse-shoe, and another object which has been made
unrecognizable by an unlucky fracture. With these things are
mingled several animals, real and fantastic, and many symbols, no
doubt of a sacred character, for we find them hung round the necks
of Assyrian kings or placed in front of them on the field of their
steles.
 On one of these monuments, the one we have chosen as the
type of the whole series, a double river seems to flow round the
stone, and to embrace in its windings the mystic scene we have
described. This is the Caillou Michaux, now in the French National
Library. In Fig. 110 we give a reproduction of it as a whole, and in
Figs. 111 and 112 the upper parts of its two faces on a larger scale.
[228] The particular value of each symbol here engraved, is still, and
perhaps will always remain, an enigma, but the general significance
of their introduction into these documents is easily understood. They
give a religious character, a sort of divine sanction, to the titles
inscribed upon the stone; they act as witnesses and guarantees. The
landmark thus prepared, was set, no doubt, like the Athenian ὅροι, at
the limits of the field whose ownership it declared. It became a kind
of talisman.[229]
The workmanship of the upper division is very dry and hard; it is
not art. These images were not intended to charm the eye; they were
only placed on the stone on account of their supposed power of
interesting the gods in the preservation of the rights and titles
thereon set out. Their execution was therefore left to mere workmen,
who sculptured the symbols and animal forms in the most
mechanical and perfunctory fashion. They never dreamt of referring
to nature and so giving some variety to the traditional forms. This art,
if we may call it so, was hieratic in the fullest sense of the term.
 Fig. 110.—The Caillou Michaux. Height
19¾ inches. Drawn by Saint-Elme Gautier.
From our point of view, then, we should gain nothing by
multiplying the number of these monuments. They are chiefly
interesting to the historian of law and religious beliefs in Chaldæa.
The remains for whose recovery we look with the most anxious hope
are those of what we have called the classic age of Chaldæan art,
an art that must have reached its apogee in the days of
Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar. Speaking broadly, we can show