An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary

Part I 2nd Edition Budge E A Wallis

Ernest Alfred Wallis Sir 1857 1934
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AN

f^
EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHIC
DICTIONARY.
WITH AN INDEX OF ENGLISH WORDS, KING LIST AND
GEOGRAPHICAL LIST WITH INDEXES, LIST OF HIEROGLYPHIC
CHARACTERS. COPTIC AND SEMITIC ALPHABETS, ETC.

ByCSir) E^r AV WALLIS BUDGE, Knt., F.S.A.,

M.A. AND LiTT.D., Cambridge; M.A. and D.Litt., Oxford; D.Lit., Durham;
SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND TYRWHITT HEBREW SCHOl.AU ;
KEEPER OF THE EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES, BRITISH MUSEUM.

{IN TWO VOLUMES)

VOL. I.

LONDON :
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET,
1920.
iPI|iiP««Hii^l^lR^PM«l

HARRISON AND SONS,

PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY.

ST. martin's I.ANE LONDON,

W.C. 2.
 CONTENTS.
ii
PAGE

Dedication ' . . facing

Introduction V

Ixxv
List of Authorities quoted or referred to

List of Hieroglyphic Characters .... xcvii

Coptic, Semitic, and Persian Cuneiform Alphabets cxiviii

Egyptian Dictionary I

917
List of Kings' Names ^ . 1067
1257
947
List of Countries, Cities, Towns, etc.

Index of English Words

Index of Kings' Names . 12172179

Index of Geographical Names
1287
Geographical Names in Coptic, Greek, Hebrew, Assyrian, Syriac
Arabic, etc

List of Coptic Words quoted in the Dictionary 1305

List of non-Egyptian Words quoted in the Dictionary — Greek

Hebrew, Assyrian, Syriac, Arabic, etc. ....
1315
List of Egyptian Hieroglyphic Characters in the Fount of
Messrs. Harrison and Sons; with Appendix.
 INTRODUCTION.
It may be taken for granted that, from the time when Akerblad,
Young and Champollion le Jeune laid the foundation of the
science of Egyptology in the first quarter of the nineteenth century
down to the present day, every serious student of Egyptian texts,
whether hieroglyphic, hieratic or demotic, has found it necessary
to compile in one form or another his own Egyptian Dictionary.
In these days when we have at our disposal the knowledge which
has been acquired during the last hundred years by the unceasing
toil of the above-mentioned pioneers and their immediate Labours of
followers — Birch, Lepsius, Brugsch, Chabas, Goodwin, E. de p^"^!^
Rouge and others — we are apt to underrate the difficulties which lexico-
they met and overcame, as well as to forget how great is the debt S^'^P^^^^.
which we owe to them. I therefore propose, before passing on to
describe the circumstances under which the present Egyptian
Hieroglyphic Dictionary has been produced, to recall briefly
the labours of the " famous men " who have preceded me in the
field of Egyptian lexicography, and " who were honoured in their
generations, and were the glory of their times."
The Abbe J. J. Barthelemy (1716-1795) as far back as 1761 Akerblad and
showed satisfactorily that the ovals .in Egyptian uy i inscriptions
jT Zoega's
discoveries,
which we call " cartouches " contamed royal names. Zoega
(1756-1809) accepted this view, and, developing it, stated that the
hieroglyphs in them were alphabetic letters. ^ Had Akerblad
(1760-1819) and S. de Sacy (1758-1838) accepted these facts,
and wofked to develop them, the progress of Egyptological
science would have been materially hastened. They failed, how-
ever, to pay much attention to the hieroglyphic inscriptions of
which copies were available, and devoted all their time and labour
to the elucidation of the enchorial, or demotic, text on the Rosetta Silvestre de
Stone, the discovery of which had roused such profound interest ^^^^
among the learned men of the day. Their labours in connection
with this text were crowned with considerable success. To
Akerblad belongs the credit of being the first European to formulate
a " Demotic Alphabet," and to give the values of its characters in
Coptic letters, but neither he nor S. de Sacy seems to havea sus-
3
pected the existence of a hieroglyphic alphabet. Both these
eminent scholars produced lists, or small vocabularies, of demotic
' See my Rosetta Stone, vol. I, p. 40.
 VI
Introduction.

Demotic words, and added translations of them which are surprisingly

vocabularies
of Akerblad correct considering the period when they were compiled. And
and de Sacy. both were able to read correctly the demotic equivalents of several
Greek royal names, e.g., Alexander, Ptolemy and Berenice. Their
failure to apply the method by which they achieved such success
to the hieroglyphic inscriptions is inexplicable. It has been
suggested that their scholarly minds revolted at the absurd views,
theories and statements about the Egyptian hieroglyphs made
Kircher, by Athanasius Kircher (1601-1680), Jablonski (1673-1757), J. de
Jablonski,
de Guignes Guignes (1721-1800), Tychsen (1734-1815) and others, and the
and Tychsen. suggestion is probably correct. After the publication of his
famous " Letter " to S. de Sacy,^ Akerblad seems to have dropped
his Egyptological studies. At all events, he published nothing
about them. De Sacy, though he did not consider that he had
wasted the time that he had spent on the demotic text on the
Rosetta Stone, refrained from further research in Egyptology,
and nothing of importance was effected in the decipherment of the
Egyptian hieroglyphs until Dr. Thomas Young (June 13th, 1773-
May loth, 1830) turned his attention to them.

Young's Hieroglyphic Alphabet and Vocabulary.

Thomas In 1 814 Young began to study the inscriptions on the Rosetta
Young and
the Rosetta Stone, and, according to his own statement, succeeded in a few
Stone.
months in translating both the demotic and the hieroglyphic
texts. His translations, together with notes and some remarks
on Akerblad's Demotic Alphabet, were printed in Archceologia for
1815, under the title " Remarks on Egyptian Papyri and on the
Inscription of Rosetta." With respect to the Egj^ptian Alphabet
he says, " I had hoped to find an alphabet which would enable
me to read the enchorial inscription. . But ... I
had gradually been compelled to abandon this expectation, and
to admit the conviction that no such alphabet would ever be
discovered, because it had never been in existence." During the
next three or four years he made striking progress in the decipher-
ment of both demotic and hieroglyphic characters. The results
of his studies at this period were published in his article Egypt,
which appeared in Part I of the fourth volume of the Encyclo-
pcBcLia Britannica in i8ig. It was accompanied by five plates,
containing inter alia a hieroglyphic vocabulary of 218 words, a

' Lettre sur V Inscription Egyptienne de Rosette, adressee au citoyen Silvestre

de Sacy, Paris (Imprimerie de la Republique Fran^aise) and Strasbourg, an X
(1802), 8vo. With a plate containing the Demotic Alphabet.
 Introduction. vii

" supposed enchorial, i.e., demotic alphabet," and " specimens of

phrases." The Vllth Section of the letterpress contained the Young's
" Rudiments of a Hieroglyphic Vocabulary," and thus Young Hieroglyphic
became the "father" of English compilers of Egyptian Vocabu-
laries. Inthis article, which formed a most important and epoch-
making contribution to Egyptology, Young gave a list containing
a number of alphabetic Egyptian characters, to which, in most
cases, he assigned correct phonetic values, i.e., values which are
accepted by Egyptologists at the present day. In fact, he showed
that he had rightly grasped the idea of a phonetic principle in
the reading of Egyptian hieroglyphs, the existence of which had
been assumed and practically proved by Barthelemy and Zoega, His
and applied . it for the first time in the decipherment
. . of application
the Phonetic
of
Egyptian hieroglyphs. This seems to me to be an mdisputable principle.
fact, which can easily be verified by any one who will take the
trouble to read Young's article, Egypt, in the " Supplement "
to the EncyclopcBdia Britannica and study his correspondence
and papers which John Leitch reprinted in the third volume of Young's
the Miscellaneous Works of the late Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S., gnceTith'^'
London, 1855. Those whom such evidence will not satisfy may Chan-pollion
consult the five volumes of his papers that are preserved in the ^ others.
British Museum (Additional MSS. 27,281-27,285). In the first
volume (Add. 27,281) are all the principal documents dealing with
his work on the Rosetta Stone, and in the second (Add. 27,282)
will be found his copies of a series of short vocabularies of Egyptian
words. Without wishing in any way to reopen the dispute as
to the merits and value of Young's work in comparison with that
of ChampoUion, it may be pointed out that scholars who were
contemporaries of both and who had competent knowledge of
Egyptology couple together the names of Young and ChampoUion,
and place Young's name first. Thus Kosegarten groups Young,
ChampoUion and Peyron^ ; Birch speaks of the " discoveries of
Dr. Young and M. ChampoUion "^ ; and Tattam says that the contemporary
sculptured monuments and papyri of Egypt have long " engaged opinions on
the attention of the Learned, who have in vain endeavoured to Young's
decipher them, tUl our indefatigable and erudite countryman, discovery.
Dr. Young, and, after him, M. ChampoUion, undertook the task."''
' Debitas vero gratias refero Youngio, ChampoUiono, Peyronio, viris prae- a 4
clarissimis, quo quoties aliquid ad hoc studiorum genus pertinens abiis sciscitarem,
toties benevolo semper et promte quae desiderarem mecum communicaverunt.
De Prisca Aegyptiorum Litteratura Commentatio prima. Weimar, 1828, p. iv.
- Sketch of a Hieroglyphical Dictionary. London, 1838, p. 3.
' Coptic Grammar. London, 1830, p. ix.
 Vlll Introduction.

The great value and importance of Young's application of the

phonetic principle to Egyptian hieroglyphs has been summed up
with characteristic French terseness and accuracy by Chabas,
the distinguished Egyptologist, who wrote, " Cette id6e fut, dans
la realite, le fiat lux de la science."'
Curiously enough Young did not follow up his discovery by
a continued application of his phonetic principle to Egyptian
inscriptions other than those on the Rosetta Stone, but seems to
have been content to leave its further application and development
to ChampoUion le Jeune.^ And for some reason he made no attempt
to add to the Egyptian Vocabulary containing 218 words wliich he
published in his article Egypt in the Encyclopaedia Britannica,
or if he did, his additions were never printed. On the other hand,
Young's he devoted himself to the preparation of a Demotic Dictionary and
Demotic
Dictionary. this work occupied the last ten years of his life. The " Advertise-
ment "is of considerable interest, for it shows that it was only his
inability to decide upon the system of arrangement that ought to
be employed in an Egyptian Dictionary, that prevented him from
publishing the work during his lifetime. His difficulty is described
by him thus :
" From the mixed nature of the characters employed in the
written language or rather languages of the Egyptians, it is diffi-
cult to determine what would be the best arrangement for a
dictionary, even if they were all perfectly clear in their forms,
and perfectly well understood : at present, however, so many of
them remain unknown, and those which are better known assume
so diversified an appearance, that the original difficulty is greatly
Alphabetic increased. Every methodical arrangement, however arbitrary,
arrangement
of the has the advantage of bringing together such words as nearly
Dictionary. resemble each other : and it appears most likely to be subservient
to the purposes of future investigation, to employ an imitation
of an alphabetical order, or an artificial alphabet, founded upon
the resemblance of the characters to those of which the phonetic
value was clearly and correctly determined by the late Mr.
Akerblad; and to arrange the words that are to be interpreted
according to their places in this artificial order ; choosing, however,
in each instance, not always the first character that enters into
the composition of the word, but that which appears to be
the most radical, or the most essential in its signification, or
' Inscription de Rosette, p. 5.
^ See Advertisement to Dr. Young's Egyptian Dictionary printed in Rudiments
of an Egyptian Dictionary, which formed an Appendix to Tattam's Coptic Grammar.
London, 1830, 8vo, and was reprinted by Leitch. op. cit., p. 472 ff.
 Introduction. • ix

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 Introduction.

sometimes that which is merely the most readily ascertained or

distinguished. "1
Now although Young was the first to apply the phonetic, or
alphabetic, principle to Egyptian hieroglyphs, it is quite clear
from the above that he failed to see its value in arranging Egyp-
tian words in a dictionary. Speaking of Champollion's alphabet,
Champollion's which was in reality his own with modifications and considerable
AlphabS'^'^ often
additions,
be of he says : "His system of phonetic characters may
use in assisting the memory, but it can only be applied
with confidence to particular cases when supported in each case
by the same kind of evidence that had been employed before its
invention. His communications have furnished many valuable
additions to this work, all of which have been acknowledged in
their proper places." So then rejecting his own system of
phonetic, i.e. alphabetic, characters, and Champollion's develop-
ment of it, he drew up his " Rudiments of the Egyptian Dic-
tionary in the ancient Enchorial Character," intending the work
to appear as an Appendix to the " Coptic Grammar," which
Henry Tattam was then writing. Whilst the printing of the
" Rudiments " was in progress he fell ill, but his interest in the
work was so great that in spite of his illness he continued to
Kosegarten's prepare its pages for the lithographer and to correct the proofs.
es imony. When he had passed for press six sheets, i.e. 96 pages, death
overtook him, and Tattam corrected the last 14 pages (pp. 97-110)
of proof, saw them through the press, and compiled an Index to
the work, which appeared with Tattam's " Coptic Grammar " in
' Writing to M. Arago on July 4th, 1828, Young says, " Now of the nine
letters which I insist that I had discovered, M. ChampoUion himself allows me
five, and I maintain that a single one would have been sufficient for all that I
wished to prove ; the method by which that one was obtained being allowed to
be correct, and to be capable of further application. The true foundation of the
analysis of the Egyptian system, I insist, is the great fact of the original identity
of the enchorial with the sacred characters, which I discovered and printed in
1816 [in the Museum Criiicum No. VI, pp. 155-204], and which M. ChampoUion
probably rediscovered, and certainly republished in 182 1 ; besides the reading of
the name of Ptolemy, which I had completely ascertained and published in 1814,
and the name of Cleopatra, which Mr. Bankes had afterwards discovered by
means of the information that I had sent him out to Egypt, and which he asserts
that he communicated indirectly to M. ChampoUion [see H. Salt, Essay on Dr.
Young's and M. Champollion's Phonetic System of Hieroglyphics, London, 1825,
p. 7] ; and whatever deficiencies there might have been in my original alphabet,
supposing it to have contained but one letter correctly determined, they would
and must have been gradually supplied by a continued application of the same
method to other monuments which have been progressively discovered and made
public since the date of my first paper." Leitch, Miscellaneous Works of the late
Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S., Vol. Ill, p. 464 ff.
 Introduction.
XI

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relative b, r Alphabet des Hieroglyphes Phonetiqties. Paris, 1822. Plate IV.
 xu Introduction.

1830.^ The " Rudiments," to paraphrase Kosegarten's words,

contains a valuable and well-arranged collection of all the most
important groups of enchorial characters hitherto deciphered.
These Young selected from enchorial texts which had been pub-
lished by himself, and by Champollion and Kosegarten, and from
letters which he had received from Champollion describing the
contents of unpublished papyri at Paris. ^
The progress of Egyptology suffered a severe set-back by the
death of Young on May loth, 1830, and by the death of Cham-
Progress of pollion on March 4th, 1832, and there was no scholar sufficiently
Egyptology
retarded by advanced in the science to continue their work. With the excep-
the death of tion of books and papers of a polemical character, some authors
Young and
Champollion. championing Young's system of phonetics, and others loudly
proclaiming the superior merits of that of Champollion, and
others advocating the extraordinary views of Spohn and Seyffarth
(1796-1885), no important work on Egyptological decipherment
appeared for several years. Soon after the death of Champollion
a rumour circulated freely among the learned of Europe to the
effect that the great Frenchman had left in manuscript, almost
complete, many works which he was preparing for press when
death overtook him, and that these were to appear shortly under
the editorship of his brother, Champolhon-Figeac (i778-1 867).
It was widely known that Champollion had been engaged for

' In his Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets (Coptic

Grammar, p. ix ff.) Tattam describes briefly and accurately the various steps in
the early history of Egyptian decipherment. He shows that Young was the first
to read correctly the names of Ptolemy and Berenice, that Bankes, with the help
of Young, discovered the name of Cleopatra, and says that the system of letters
thus discovered was " taken up, and extended, by M. Champollion, and afterwards
by Mr. Salt, our late Consul-General in Egypt." He then gives the Hieroglyphic
Alphabet as constructed from the researches of Young, Bankes, Champollion and
Salt.
' Das Werk (Nro. 2), mit welchem der treffliche Young seine literarische
Laufbahn und zugleich sein Leben beschlossen hat, tnthalt eine schatzbare,
wohlgeordnete Sammlung allcr wichtigsten bisher erklarten enchorischen Schrift-
gruppen. Er hat diese Sammlung aus den von ihm selbst, von Champollion,
und von mir bekannt gemachten enchorischen Texten ausgewahlt, aber auch
briefliche Mittheilungen Champollion's aus noch nicht herausgegebenen Pariser
PapyrusroUen benutzt. Er leitete den Druck und die Corrcktur dieser Schrift,
welchc ihm sehr am Herzen lag, und die gleichsam sein Vermachtniss iiber die
Aegyptischen Untersuchungen liefert, noch auf seinem letzten Krankenbette,
so schwer ihm auch zuletzt das Schreiben schon ward. Als er bis zur g6sten
Scite mit der Correktur gelangt war, ereilte ihn der Tod ; die Correktur der
letzten Seiten, und die Indices besorgte daher Hy. Tattam. See Jahrbiicher
fur wissenschaftUche Kri'.ik, Jahrgang 1831, Bd. II, Stuttgart und Tubingen, 4to,
Col. 771.
 Introduction. xiii

'"
i
PHONETiCK Alphabet

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The " Phonetick Alphabet." From Tattam's Compendious Grammar of the Egyptian Language,
as contained in the Coptic and Snhidic Dialects. London, 1830.
 xiv Introduction.

Champollion's many years in compiling a Hieroglyphic Dictionary ; that he

manuscnpts. ^^^^ j^^gg^^ assisted by his friend, Salvador Cherubini (1760-1842) ;
that Charles Lenormant (1802-1859) had helped him in tran-
scribing the slips ; and that Ippolito Rosellini (1800-1843 ?) had
made a copy of this Dictionary before Champollion set out on
his last journey to Egypt. But when year after year passed and
ChampoUion-Figeac failed to issue any of his brother's works,
many scholars came to the conclusion that the manuscripts did
not exist.

Richard Lepsius and Samuel Birch.

Meanwhile two young men, C. R. Lepsius (1810-1884) and
Samuel Birch (1813-1885), had turned their attention to the
study of Egyptian hieroglyphs, and succeeded in completing
Champollion's system of decipherment and establishing it.
Lepsius first studied in Berlin under Bopp (1791-1867), and
having received his doctor's degree in philosophy in 1833,
departed to Paris, where he won the Volney prize in 1834. In
Lepsius jgoe he.
completes
published the two .,.,,.
Dissertations^ which
^_
established
_,
his
Champollion's reputation as a comparative philologist. He went to Rome,
system of
decipherment.
where he . became, an
. .
intimate
, ,
friend
„.
of Ippolito
.
Rosellini,... the
. ^,
Egyptologist and friend and travelling companion of Champollion.
Here he wrote and published in the " Annali dell' Instituto
Archeologico di Roma " (Vol. IX, 1837) his famous " Lettre k
M. le Professeur Rosellini sur 1'Alphabet Hieroglyphique." In
this letter, which created widespread interest, he succeeded in
removing many of the defects of Champollion's development of
Young's system of phonetics, and treated the whole question of
Egyptian decipherment in such a masterly manner that all
adverse criticism of a serious character was silenced once and
The Phonetic for all. It is unnecessary to refer here to the great works to
Lepsius*^ ° ^^^ publication of which he devoted the remaining forty-eight
years of his life, for they do not concern the question under
discussion.
Whilst Lepsius was perfecting Champollion's system. Birch
was studying the whole question of Egyptian decipherment from
an entirely different point of view, namely, that of a Chinese
scholar. It will be remembered that so far back as 1764 Joseph
' ZwEi Sprachvergleichende Abhandlungen. /. Ueber die Anordnung
und Verwandtscha/l des Semitischen, Indisclien, Aethiopischen, All-Persischen
und AU-Aegyptischen Alphabets. II. Ueber den Ursprung iind die Verwandlschaft
der ZahlwOrter in der Indo-Germanischen, Semitischen, und der Koptischen Sprache.
Berlin, 1835-6. 8vc.
Introduction. XV
 XVI Introduction.

de Guignes (1721-1800), an eminent Sinologist, tried to prove

that the epistolographic and symbolic characters of the Egyptians
Theories were to be found in the Chinese characters, and that the Chinese
of de
nation was nothing but an Egyptian colony. Following in his
Guignes the
Sinologist steps, M. le Comte de Palin (or Pahlin) held that the Chinese
and Palin.
and Egyptian characters were identical in origin and meaning ;^
he believed that if either the ancient forms of Chinese characters,
or those which their values indicate, were given to them, true
hieroglyphs similar to those that exist on the Rosetta Stone
would very often be found. And he thought that if the Psalms
of David were translated into Chinese, and they were then written
in the ancient characters of that language, the inscriptions in
Egyptian papyri would be reproduced.^ Now whatever may have
been the opinions held by Young and ChampoUion about the
relationship of the Chinese language to the ancient Egyptian
language, or the similarity of the principles on which Chinese
and Egyptian writing had been developed, these scholars could
neither affirm nor deny effectively the statements of de Guignes
and de Palin, for both of them were ignorant of the Chinese
language. With Birch the case was very different, for he studied
Chinese under a competent master when still at the Merchant
Taylors' School, with the direct object of obtaining an appt)intment
in the Consular Service in China. The friend of the family who
had promised to obtain this appointment for him died un-
expectedly in 1 83 1, with the result that Birch remained in
England. He continued his Chinese studies, and began to read
h'es
the works of Young and ChampoUion, thinking that his knowledge
rces
Biin
Ch
stud s.
ie of Chinese would enable him to read the Egyptian texts easily.
In 1834 he became an assistant in the Public Record Office, and
worked in the Tower until January, 1836, when he entered the
service of the Trustees of the British Museum. There he was
able to make use of his knowledge of Chinese and Egyptian, and
his first official task was to arrange and describe the Chinese
coins. ^ When this work was completed he was directed to describe

' See his Essai sur le moyen de parvenir a la lecture et d Vintelligence des
Hi^oglyphes Agyptiens in Memoires de I'Academie. torn. XXIX, 1764 ; torn.
XXXIV, 1770.
« See De Palin, N. G., Lettres sur les Hieroglyphes, Weimar, 1802 ; Essai sur
les Hieroglyphes, Weimar, 1804 ; Analyse de I'Inscription en Hieroglyphes du
Monument trouve a Rosette, Dresden, 1804 ; Nouvelles Recherclies, Florence, 1830.
* Some of the descriptions which he wrote at this time are still in the coin
trays of the Department of Coins and Medals, and by the courtesy of my colleague,
the Keeper of the Department, Mr. G. F. Hill, I have been able to examine them.
 Introduction. xvii

the Collections of Egyptian monuments and papyri for the official

Guide to the British Museum, and his account of them was
published in the " Synopsis " for 1838. Long before he entered Birch's idea
the Museum he conceived the idea of compiling a Hieroglyphic °^ ^
T^- ^- 11 . •, 1 ■, ,. , Hieroglyphic
Dictionary, and began to write down, each on a separate slip of Dictionary,
paper, the hieroglyphic words which he found in the texts
published by James Burton,' Gardner Wilkinson,^ ChampoUion,^
Rosellini* and Salvolini/

Birch's " Sketch of a Hieroglyphical Dictionary."

This work of word-collecting had been somewhat interrupted
by his duties in the Public Record Office in 1834-5, but soon
after he entered the Museum he took it up with redoubled zeal,
and he copied every hieroglyphic text and transcribed every
hieratic papyrus which the Museum possessed. In 1837, the year
in which Lepsius published his famous Letter to Rosellini, Birch
revised his slips carefully, and decided to attempt to publish a
" Hieroglyphical Dictionary." In those days no fount of hiero-
glyphic type existed, and lithography was expensive, and publishers
were not eager to spend their money on a dictionary of a language
of which scarcely a dozen people in the whole world had any

real knowledge. At length Messrs. William Allen & Co., of Publication'

Leadenhall Street, London, were induced to consider the publica- " sketch of a
tion of a hieroglyphic dictionary, but they decided to issue first Hieroglyphical
r 11 r • -1 1 V, r it-.-, • , Dictionary,
of all a few specimen pages, with a short Preface by Birch, with
the view of finding out how far the work would be supported by
the learned and the general public. Thereupon Birch prepared
for the lithographer twelve small quarto pages containing ninety-
three words, and having written a Preface of two pages to explain
his system of arrangement of the words, they were published in
the autumn of 1838 under the title of " Sketch of a Hieroglyphical
Dictionary. Part I. Hieroglyphs and English. Division I.
Phonetical Symbols. Vowels."
In his Preface Birch says that he has drawn up his work to
help the student of hieroglyphs in his researches, and that he
intends it to be used as a manual which " all who appreciate the
value of the phonetic system may use, and by which, at one glance. Birch's
may be seen the extent of the discoveries of Dr. Young and Phonetic
' Excerpta Hieroglyphica. Cairo, 1825-1837, fol. (privately printed).
system.
' Materia Hieroglyphica. Malta, 1824-1830 (privately printed).
' Lettres ecrites d'Jigypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829. Paris, 1833.
* I Monumenti dell' Egitto e della Nubia. Pisa, 1832 ff.
' Campagne de Rhamses le Grand contre les Sheta et lews allies. Paris, 1835.
6
xviii Introduction.

i^/^ 4c^ r^^fuec^ ^tJ^ ( S^^e7At ^&>«-y ■*^="~' I

-CS3*- rig
^

a/Tiiertui.:SJ>J:)

t^*y4:t^umyre' TriyOui-r'otruX' ' CSr SitzJ^ Case TJ^M)

A page of Birch's Sketch of a Hieroglyphical Dictionary. London, 1838.

 Introduction. xix

«^/ J A^a^/e^ 'fna^ Une/K - ^vt^t/^/' {Jtit. Ctt^ . 6.J

^cdaJ^cJt^ </^^-£t.n4/y (JIo/:M.71 CX.1II.J

^ ^ J^ yo-6 ^ ^.<y'.>^l^'

4^-2/ 7^ ^ B, or <M9 '7i>^uM*AfuiyLe: fcTl "■ Mom ^-^e t£^ T. / )r£«cy

cal Dictionary. London, 1838. &2
A page of Birch's SieicA of a Hieroglyphical Dictionary. London, 1838.
 XX
Introduction.

M. ChampoUion, and of their application to the monuments of the

Egyptians." The dictionary does not claim even comparative
perfection, " but it has been judged that the publication of such
a work might be of slight service to those who are desirous of
possessing, in a compendious form, the results of much labour,
comparison and instruction." The matter contained in the work
His
is not entirely original, but the arrangement is, and " if not
scientific, [it is] perhaps the only one by which tyros could at
ideophonetic
arrangement. once find the particular group or word which they seek. It may
be termed ideophonetic, as it embraces both principles of ideal
and phonetic classification, and its arrangement has been borrowed
from a language very cognate in its construction — the Chinese."
The hieroglyphical and English part of the Dictionary was
to be divided into two parts. Part I was to contain words " com-
mencing with symbols, representatives of sounds, or phonetic,"
and Part II words " whose initial character is the equivalent of
Arrangement
of the an idea, or ideographic." Part I was to be " subdivided into
proposed symbols, having the power of vowels or consonants, the vowels
Dictionary. forming (on account of one symbol frequently having the force
of many) one large class, and the consonants, according to their
position in the Coptic alphabet." That is to say. Division I of
Polyphonous Part I was to contain symbols or characters some of which Birch held
symbols. to be polyphonous, and Division II symbols to which he had given
consonantal values, and these were to be arranged in the order
Natural of the letters of the Coptic Alphabet. The internal classification
classification
of the characters or symbols was to be strictly ideographical,
of symbols.
" taking the symbols in their arrangement, according to the
rank they hold in natural and other sciences, as the human form,
limbs, animals, inanimate objects, etc." At the end of the
The tabulated
symbols to
Dictionary Birch intended to give "all the symbols in a similar
form the key. classification, and in a tabular view," and this section was to
form the key to the whole work. With the view of illustrating
the way in which he intended his Dictionary to be used, he says,
" Suppose, for example, it were required to find the meaning
of a group beginning with a human eye [-«s>-] — as the eye is a
component part of the human body, it will be found in that
division in the table, and there will be affixed to the depicted eye,
v[ide Nos] 13-43." In this group of words will be found all those
words in which an eye [-=2^] is the first character ; and the eye
generally represents a vowel. These remarks will be clear to the
reader after examining the two pages from Birch's " Sketch of
a Hieroglyphical Dictionary," which are reproduced on pp. xviii
 Introduction. xxi

and xix. The twelve-paged specimen which he published only

illustrates the plan and arrangement of what he called the
" Phonetic Division" of his Dictionary, and it is much to be
regretted that he did not issue specimens of the other Divisions.
The above extracts from Birch's Preface and the specimen pages First
which are here given prove beyond all doubt that^ he had grasped application of
the importance of the " phonetic principle " for lexicographical principle to
purposes, and that he was the first to apply it to the arrangement ^. Egyptian
of the words of the Egyptian language. He says that he borrowed
[the idea of] his " ideophonetic arrangement " from the Chinese,
a statement which should be noted. My colleague, Mr. L. Giles,
the Sinologist, informs me that though the Chinese had no alphabet
they developed a phonetic principle. Some eighty per cent, of
the characters of the language are made up of two parts, one
part serving as a phonetic and giving a clue to the sound of the
word, and the other as a " classifier," which gives a clue as to
its MEANING ;i the " classifiers "^ are in number about 214, and Classifiers and
the phonetic symbols between 1,600 and 1,700. determina-
In. ■ the.case of tives.
Egyptian the signs which are now called " determinatives " are
the equivalents of the " classifiers," and the alphabetic characters
are the equivalents of the phonetic symbols in Chinese texts.
Sad to relate. Birch's " Sketch " did not meet with sufficient
encouragement to induce the publisher to continue the publication
of the " Hieroglyphical Dictionary," and no more parts appeared.

ChAMPOLLION'S " DiCTIONNAIRE ^GYPTIEN EN liCRITURE

HiEROGLYPHIQUE."
Nothing more was done in the field of Egyptian lexicography champoUion's
until 1841, when the " Dictionnaire Iigyptien en ecriture hiero- " Dictionnaire
glyphique " of Champollion appeared at Paris under the careful
editorship of ChampoUion-Figeac. In a lengthy " Preface " the
editor describes the history of the Dictionary and the plan on
which it is arranged, and the untoward events which delayed its
publication ; and from it the following summary has been made.
Even before 1822, the year in which Champollion published his

* See his article on the Chinese Language in the Encyclopedia Britannica,

last edition.
&3
• A list of them is given in Dr. J. Marshman's Elements of Chinese Grammar.
1814. 4to, pp. 9-14. The " phonetic stage " in Chinese writing is
Serampore, and
described discussed in W. Hillier, The Chinese Language and how to learn it,
2nd edit., London, 1910, p. 3 ff. ; and in Dr. H. Allen Giles' China and the Chinese,
New York, 1902, p. 29 ff., and 35.
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no related content on Scribd:
ORANGE-CHOCOLATE CHIP
COOKIES
Follow recipe for Chocolate
Chip cookies and add 1 tsp.
grated orange rind to the
shortening mixture.
The glamorous Toll House cookies ... first
introduced to American homemakers in
3-IN-1 JUMBLES
1939 through my series of radio talks on
Choco-nut ... coco-nut ... date- “Famous Foods from Famous Eating
nut. Places.”

Follow recipe above—and

divide dough into three parts. Choco-Nut: To one part, add ½ sq.
unsweetened chocolate (½ oz.), melted, and drop whole nutmeats
(½ cup) into it ... coating each thoroughly. Coco-Nut: To another part,
add ½ cup moist shredded coconut. Date-Nut: Leave third part plain
... and drop nut-stuffed dates (14) into it ... coating each thoroughly.
Each coated date and each coated nut makes a cooky.

GLAZED ORANGE JUMBLES

Double-orange flavor.... Sure to win favor.
Follow recipe above—mix into dough 1½ tsp. grated orange rind
and, if desired, 1 cup chopped nuts. Bake. While hot, dip tops of
cookies in orange glaze (⅓ cup sugar, 3 tbsp. orange juice, 1 tsp.
grated orange rind ... heated together).

BRAZIL OR PECAN JUMBLES

Follow recipe above—and stir into the dough 2 cups cut-up Brazil
or other nuts.

OLD-TIME CINNAMON JUMBLES

Made with buttermilk ... soft and cake-like.
“So easy ... that making them is a thrill for the girls in the Home Economics classes
each year,” according to Miss Sarah M. Knight of Buffalo, New York. And even her
little sixth-graders report making them with great success in their own homes!
Mix together thoroughly ...

½ cup soft shortening (part butter)

1 cup sugar
1 egg

Stir in ...

¾ cup buttermilk
1 tsp. vanilla

Sift together and stir in ...

2 cups sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour

½ tsp. soda
½ tsp. salt

Chill dough. Drop rounded teaspoonfuls about 2″ apart on lightly

greased baking sheet. Sprinkle with mixture of sugar and cinnamon
(¼ cup sugar and 1 tsp. cinnamon). Bake until set but not brown.
temperature: 400° (mod. hot oven).
time: Bake 8 to 10 min.
amount: About 4 doz. 2″ cookies.

Party specialties in answer to requests.

COCONUT MACAROONS ( Recipe) Moist, chewy, chock-full of

coconut.
Beat until fluffy (only ½ min.) ...

½ cup egg whites

Stir in ...

1¼ cups sugar
 ¼ tsp. salt
½ tsp. vanilla

Blend in ...

2½ cups moist shredded coconut

Drop rounded teaspoonfuls 2″ apart on ungreased wrapping paper

on baking sheet. Bake until set and delicately browned. (Illustrated
directions at bottom of page tell how to remove macaroons from
paper easily.) They spread during baking, so when they come from
oven shape into mounds by gathering in edges with fingers.
temperature: 325° (slow mod. oven).
time: Bake 15 to 18 min.
amount: About 2½ doz. 1½″ macaroons.

CHOCOLATE-COCONUT MACAROONS
Follow recipe above—and add 2 sq. unsweetened chocolate (2
oz.), melted.

CHERRY-COCONUT MACAROONS
Follow recipe above—and add ½ cup chopped candied cherries.

ALMOND MACAROONS
Soften with hands ...

1 lb. almond paste (bought from bakery or made from recipe

below)

Work in ...

2 cups sugar
¼ tsp. salt
4 tbsp. GOLD MEDAL Flour
 ⅔ cup sifted confectioners’ sugar
⅔ cup egg whites, unbeaten

Drop teaspoonfuls 2″ apart on ungreased wrapping paper on baking

sheet. Pat tops lightly with fingers dipped in cold water. Bake until set
and delicately browned. Remove from paper.
temperature: 325° (slow mod. oven).
time: Bake 18 to 20 min.
amount: About 5 doz. 2″ macaroons.

ALMOND PASTE (1 lb.)

Grind 2 cups blanched almonds, thoroughly dried (not toasted),
through finest knife of food grinder. Then grind twice more. Mix in 1½
cups sifted confectioners’ sugar. Blend in ¼ cup egg whites,
unbeaten, and 2 tsp. almond extract. Mold into ball. Let age in tightly
covered container in refrigerator at least 4 days.

WHEATIES-COC’N’T
MACAROONS
Follow recipe above—
except, in place of 2½ cups
coconut, use 2 cups wheaties
and 1 cup coconut. Bake 12 to
15 min.

PEANUT MACAROONS
Thin, wafery.
Remove paper with baked
Beat until lemon-colored (5 macaroons on it. Lay a wet towel
min.) ... on the hot baking sheet. Place
paper of macaroons on towel and
1 egg (large) let stand 1 minute. Steam will
loosen macaroons. Slip off with
Gradually beat in ... spatula.

⅔ cup sugar
 1 tsp. water

Mix together and gently fold in ...

1 tbsp. GOLD MEDAL Flour

⅓ tsp. salt
⅓ tsp. baking powder

Add and mix just enough to blend in ...

1⅓ cups finely ground roasted peanuts (1 cup shelled, brown

husks removed)

Drop teaspoonfuls 2″ apart on ungreased wrapping paper on baking

sheet. Bake until set and delicately browned. Remove from paper
immediately.
temperature: 325° (slow mod. oven).
time: Bake 14 to 15 min.
amount: About 3 doz. 2″ macaroons.
refrigerator COOKIES Mix when
convenient ...

HOW TO MAKE REFRIGERATOR COOKIES (preliminary steps on

pp. 14-15)

1 Press and mold with hands into a 2 Wrap in waxed paper ... twisting
long roll, even and smooth, and as big ends to hold the roll in shape. Or
around as you want your cookies to press into a waxed cardboard carton
be. (butter or ice cream carton).
 3 Chill roll of dough until it is firm 4 Slice with a thin knife, very sharp, to
enough to slice easily. To speed up insure neat slices with uncrumbled
chilling, place in freezing edges. Return unused dough to
compartment. refrigerator so it can remain stiff.

REFRIGERATOR COOKIES ( Recipe)

Melt-in-the-mouth, rich, and crispy.
Mix together thoroughly ...

1 cup soft shortening

½ cup sugar
½ cup brown sugar
2 eggs

Sift together and stir in

2¾ cups sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour

½ tsp. soda
1 tsp. salt
*2 to 3 tsp. cinnamon

*Or use 1½ tsp. vanilla (add with eggs).

Mix thoroughly with hands. Press and mold into a long smooth roll
about 2½″ in diameter. Wrap in waxed paper, and chill until stiff
(several hours or overnight). With a thin, sharp knife, cut in thin
slices ⅛″ to ¹⁄₁₆″ thick. Place slices a little apart on ungreased baking
sheet. Bake until lightly browned.
temperature: 400° (mod. hot oven).
time: Bake 6 to 8 min.
amount: About 6 doz. 2½″ cookies.

★ NUT REFRIGERATOR COOKIES

Nut-lovers really go for these cookies.
Follow recipe above—and mix into dough ½ cup cut-up blanched
almonds or black walnuts or other nuts.

DATE-NUT REFRIGERATOR COOKIES

Follow recipe above—using both cinnamon and vanilla. Mix into
dough ½ cup finely chopped nuts and ½ cup finely cut dates.

ORANGE-ALMOND REFRIGERATOR COOKIES

Follow recipe above—but omit cinnamon. Stir 1 tbsp. grated
orange rind into shortening mixture. Mix into dough ½ cup cut-up
blanched almonds.

CHOCOLATE REFRIGERATOR COOKIES

Follow recipe above—but omit the cinnamon. Blend 2 sq.
unsweetened chocolate (2 oz.), melted and cooled, into the
shortening mixture.
for an elegant dessert: Make a roll by
arranging the chocolate or ginger cookies (see
p. 23) side by side with sweetened whipped
cream between. Spread whipped cream over
top and sides of roll. Chill 6 to 8 hr. Slice
diagonally for gaily striped servings.
 ... slice and bake when convenient.

GINGER REFRIGERATOR COOKIES

Gingery favorites in jig-time!
Mix together thoroughly ...

1 cup soft shortening

1 cup sugar
2 eggs
½ cup black molasses

Sift together and stir in ...

4½ cups sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour

1 tsp. soda
1 tsp. salt
1 tbsp. ginger (3 tsp.)

Mix thoroughly with hands. Press and mold into a long, smooth roll
about 2½″ in diameter. Wrap in waxed paper, and chill until stiff
(several hours or overnight). With thin, sharp knife, cut in thin slices
⅛″ to ¹⁄₁₆″ thick. Place slices a little apart on ungreased baking sheet.
Bake until lightly browned.
temperature: 400° (mod. hot oven).
time: Bake 8 to 10 min.
amount: About 9 doz. 2½″ cookies.

★ NEW NORTHLAND COOKIES

Crunchy, flavorful shortening-savers.
Languid days on the St. Lawrence; the pink, rocky cliffs and blue icebergs of
Labrador; and afternoon tea on deck. Such are the memories these cookies bring
to Ruth G. Anderson of our Staff who brought back the recipe after a cruise to the
Northland.
Mix together thoroughly ...

6 tbsp. soft shortening (part

butter)
1 cup brown sugar

Stir in ...

¼ cup cold water

Sift together and stir in ...

1¾ cups sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour

1 tsp. soda
½ tsp. salt
½ tsp. cinnamon

Mix in ...

½ cup cut-up blanched almonds

Mix thoroughly with hands. Press and mold into a long smooth roll
about 2½″ in diameter. Wrap in waxed paper, and chill until stiff
(several hours or overnight). With thin, sharp knife, cut in thin slices
⅛″ to ¹⁄₁₆″ thick. Place slices a little apart on ungreased baking sheet.
Bake until lightly browned. Remove from pan immediately.
temperature: 400° (mod. hot oven).
time: Bake 6 to 8 min.
amount: About 4 doz. 2½″ cookies.

Snip off and bake ... for unexpected guests.

★ PETTICOAT TAILS
Richly delicate and dainty.
This recipe was brought from
France to Scotland by Mary,
Queen of Scots. The French
name “Petits Gateaux Tailles”
means—“little cakes cut off.”
But the name came to be
pronounced as it sounded to
the Scotch and English
—“Petticoat Tails.”
Mix together thoroughly ...

1 cup soft butter

1 cup sifted confectioners’ sugar
1 tsp. flavoring (vanilla, almond, wintergreen or rose)

Sift together and stir in ...

2½ cups sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour

¼ tsp. salt

Mix thoroughly with hands. Press and mold into a long, smooth roll
about 2″ in diameter. Wrap in waxed paper, and chill until stiff
(several hours or overnight). With thin, sharp knife, cut in thin slices
⅛″ to ¹⁄₁₆″ thick. Place slices a little apart on ungreased baking sheet.
Bake until lightly browned.
temperature: 400° (mod. hot oven).
time: Bake 8 to 10 min.
amount: About 6 doz. 2″ cookies.

OATMEAL REFRIGERATOR COOKIES

Nice and chewy, with a molasses-lemon tang.
Voted the best oatmeal cooky ever tasted ... when sent to our
Recipe Contest by Mrs. J. A. Gmeinder of St. Paul, Minnesota. The
distinguishing molasses-lemon
flavor was an idea from Mrs.
Richard Nugent, Brooklyn, New
York.
Mix together thoroughly ...

½ cup soft shortening

½ cup sugar
½ cup brown sugar
1 egg
1½ tsp. grated lemon rind
1½ tbsp. molasses
½ tsp. vanilla

Sift together and stir in ...

⅞ cup (¾ cup plus 2 tbsp.) sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour

½ tsp. soda
½ tsp. salt

Mix in ...

1½ cups rolled oats

Mix thoroughly with hands. Press and mold into a long, smooth roll
about 2½″ in diameter. Wrap in waxed paper, and chill until stiff
(several hours). With thin, sharp knife, cut in thin slices ⅛″ to ¹⁄₁₆″
thick. Place slices a little apart on ungreased baking sheet. Bake
until lightly browned.
temperature: 400° (mod. hot oven).
time: Bake 8 to 10 min.
amount: About 4 doz. 2½″ cookies.
PRETTY FOR PARTIES
to make Petticoat Tails match your color scheme: Tint the dough with
a few drops of red food coloring and use rose flavoring for a pink
party. Use wintergreen
flavoring and a few drops of
green coloring for a green
party.
miscellaneous COOKIES Popular through
the years ...

SNICKERDOODLES
Fun to say ... to sniff ... to eat!
Pat Roth of our Staff said, “It’s one of my happy childhood memories. My mother
would be baking when we came home from school and we would have
Snickerdoodles hot out of the oven with a glass of milk.”
Mix together thoroughly ...

1 cup soft shortening

1½ cups sugar
2 eggs

Sift together and stir in ...

2¾ cups sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour

2 tsp. cream of tartar
1 tsp. soda
½ tsp. salt

Chill dough. Roll into balls the size of small walnuts. Roll in mixture
of 2 tbsp. sugar and 2 tsp. cinnamon. Place about 2″ apart on
ungreased baking sheet. Bake until lightly browned ... but still soft.
(These cookies puff up at first ... then flatten out with crinkled tops.)
temperature: 400° (mod. hot oven).
time: Bake 8 to 10 min.
amount: About 5 doz. 2″ cookies.

GOLD COOKIES
Really awfully good ... and they use up those extra egg yolks!
Mix together thoroughly ...
 ½ cup soft shortening
1½ cups sugar
4 egg yolks

Stir in ...

2 tbsp. milk
1 tsp. vanilla

Sift together and stir in ...

1½ cups sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour

½ tsp. baking powder
¼ tsp. salt

Chill dough. Roll into balls the size of walnuts ... then roll balls in a
mixture of ¾ cup finely chopped nuts and 2 tsp. cinnamon. Place 3″
apart on ungreased baking sheet. Bake until golden brown ... but still
soft.
temperature: 400° (mod. hot oven).
time: Bake 12 to 15 min.
amount: About 5 doz. 2″ cookies.

★ MOLASSES CRINKLES
Thick, chewy, with crackled, sugary tops.
When served at Mrs. Fred Fredell’s in St. Paul, Minnesota, they were so delicious I
begged the recipe. Thanks to her, thousands of homes have enjoyed these spicy
cookies.
Mix together thoroughly ...

¾ cup soft shortening

1 cup brown sugar
1 egg
¼ cup molasses

Sift together and stir in ...

 2¼ cups sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour
2 tsp. soda
¼ tsp. salt
½ tsp. cloves
1 tsp. cinnamon
1 tsp. ginger

Chill dough. Roll into balls the size of large walnuts. Dip tops in
sugar. Place, sugared-side-up, 3″ apart on greased baking sheet.
Sprinkle each cooky with 2 or 3 drops of water to produce a crackled
surface. Bake just until set but not hard.
temperature: 375° (quick mod. oven).
time: Bake 10 to 12 min.
amount: About 4 doz. 2½″ cookies.

WASHBOARDS
Coconut-taffy bars.
Mix together thoroughly ...

1 cup soft shortening (half butter)

2 cups brown sugar
2 eggs

Stir in ...

1 tsp. soda dissolved in ¼ cup hot water

1 tsp. vanilla

Sift together and stir in ...

4 cups sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour

1½ tsp. baking powder
¼ tsp. salt

Mix in ...
 1 cup moist shredded coconut (cut up any long shreds)

Chill dough 2 hr. Roll into balls the size of walnuts. Place 2″ apart on
ungreased baking sheet. With fingers, flatten each ball into a 1½″ ×
2½″ oblong ¼″ thick. (And we do mean ¼ inch!) Press each cooky
lengthwise with tines of floured fork in washboard effect. Bake until
lightly browned.
temperature: 400° (mod. hot oven).
time: Bake 8 to 10 min.
amount: About 5 doz. 2″ × 3″ cookies.
BAR COOKIES Perennial favorites ...
cut in squares or bars.

HOW TO MAKE BAR COOKIES (preliminary steps on pp. 14-15)

1 Spread dough in 2 Cut into squares or

3 Remove from the pan
greased pan and bake as bars when slightly
with a wide spatula.
directed. cool.

BROWNIES ( Recipe) Chewy, fudgy squares ... everyone loves

them!
Melt together over hot water ...

2 sq. unsweetened chocolate (2 oz.)

⅓ cup shortening

Beat in ...

1 cup sugar
2 eggs

Sift together and stir in ...

¾ cup sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour

½ tsp. baking powder
½ tsp. salt
Mix in ...

½ cup broken nuts

Spread in well greased 8″ square pan (8 × 8 × 2″). Bake until top has
dull crust. A slight imprint will be left when top is touched lightly with
finger. Cool slightly ... then cut into squares.
temperature: 350° (mod. oven).
time: Bake 30 to 35 min.
amount: 16 2″ squares.

CHOCOLATE-FROSTED BROWNIES
“Lickin’ good!” ... youngsters say.

Follow recipe above—and spread cooled bars or squares before

cutting with

MARIE’S CHOCOLATE ICING

Melt over hot water 1 tbsp. butter and 1 sq. unsweetened chocolate
(1 oz.). Blend in 1½ tbsp. warm water. Stir and beat in about 1 cup
sifted confectioners’ sugar (until icing will spread easily).

DAINTY TEA BROWNIES

Picturesque ... very thin. A highlight of the silver teas at a Minneapolis church.
Follow recipe above—except chop nuts finely and spread dough
in two well greased oblong pans (9 × 13 × 2″). Sprinkle with ¾ cup
blanched and finely sliced green pistachio nuts. Bake 7 to 8 min. Cut
immediately into squares or diamonds. Remove from pan while
warm.

PLANTATION FRUIT BARS

Little sugar and shortening ... but delicious. Sent to us by Mrs. Charles Willard of
Chicago.
Mix together thoroughly ...
 ¼ cup soft shortening
½ cup sugar
1 egg
½ cup molasses

Stir in ...

½ cup milk

Sift together and stir in ...

2 cups sifted GOLD MEDAL Flour

1½ tsp. baking powder
¼ tsp. soda
½ tsp. salt

Mix in ...

1 cup broken nuts

1 to 2 cups cut-up raisins or dates

Spread in greased oblong pan (9 × 13 × 2″). Bake. Cool slightly ...

spread with Lemon Icing (see below) and cut into bars.
temperature: 350° (mod. oven).
time: Bake 25 to 30 min.
amount: 4 doz. 1″ × 2″ bars.

LEMON ICING (for Plantation Fruit Bars)

Gradually beat ½ cup sifted confectioners’ sugar into 1 stiffly beaten
egg white. Add dash of salt, ¼ tsp. lemon extract.

Confection-like squares for special entertaining.