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Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 209

António Abreu
Dália Liberato
Elisa Alén González
Juan Carlos Garcia Ojeda Editors

Advances in
Tourism, Technology
and Systems
Selected Papers from ICOTTS20, Volume 2

123
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies

Volume 209

Series Editors
Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International,
Shoreham-by-sea, UK
Lakhmi C. Jain, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
Centre for Artificial Intelligence, University of Technology Sydney,
Sydney, NSW, Australia
The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses the
topics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim of the
series is to make available a platform for the publication of books on all aspects of
single and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in order to make the latest
results available in a readily-accessible form. Volumes on interdisciplinary research
combining two or more of these areas is particularly sought.
The series covers systems and paradigms that employ knowledge and intelligence
in a broad sense. Its scope is systems having embedded knowledge and intelligence,
which may be applied to the solution of world problems in industry, the environment
and the community. It also focusses on the knowledge-transfer methodologies and
innovation strategies employed to make this happen effectively. The combination of
intelligent systems tools and a broad range of applications introduces a need for a
synergy of disciplines from science, technology, business and the humanities. The
series will include conference proceedings, edited collections, monographs, hand-
books, reference books, and other relevant types of book in areas of science and
technology where smart systems and technologies can offer innovative solutions.
High quality content is an essential feature for all book proposals accepted for the
series. It is expected that editors of all accepted volumes will ensure that
contributions are subjected to an appropriate level of reviewing process and adhere
to KES quality principles.
Indexed by SCOPUS, EI Compendex, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH,
Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST), SCImago, DBLP.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of
Science.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8767

António Abreu Dália Liberato
• •

Elisa Alén González Juan Carlos Garcia Ojeda

•

Editors

Advances in Tourism,
Technology and Systems
Selected Papers from ICOTTS20, Volume 2

123
Editors
António Abreu Dália Liberato
Institute of Accounting and Administration School of Hospitality and Tourism
of Porto (ISCAP) Polytechnic Institute of Porto
Polytechnic of Porto Vila do Conde, Portugal
São Mamede de Infesta, Portugal
Juan Carlos Garcia Ojeda
Elisa Alén González Universidad de Cartagena
Facultade de Ciencias Empresariais e Cartagena, Colombia
Turismo As Lagoas
University of Vigo
Ourense, Spain

ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic)

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
ISBN 978-981-33-4259-0 ISBN 978-981-33-4260-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4260-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Editorial

The International Conference on Tourism, Technologies and Systems is an inter-

national forum for researchers and professionals in the tourism sector, which
enables the discussion of the latest innovations, trends and concerns in several
areas, in the tourism sector, associated with information technologies and systems.
It is an event for professionals in the sector, in search of technology solutions,
where academics, IT experts and business managers meet to discuss new ideas that
help them maximize the potential of tourism business through technology.
The ICOTTS’20 Scientific Committee is composed of a multidisciplinary group
of 137 experts who assessed some 190 papers from 28 countries, received for each
of the main topics proposed for the conference: a) technology in tourism and
tourism experience; b) smart destinations; c) digital marketing applied to tourism
and travel; d) mobile technologies applied to sustainable tourism; e) research in the
area of tourism to provide innovative solutions to social problems; f) tourism,
well-being and hospitality; g) information technologies in tourism; h) digital
transformation of tourism business; i) travel for health and well-being; j) infor-
mation technologies in ecotourism and agrotourism; k) information technologies in
food tourism; l) information technologies in education and educational tourism;
m) e-tourism and tourism 2.0; n) big data and travel and tourism management;
o) robotics in tourism; p) resilience and tourism; q) dark tourism; and r) military
tourism.
The papers accepted for presentation and discussion at the conference are
published by Springer and will be submitted for indexing by ISI, SCOPUS,
EI-Compendex, Google Scholar and SpringerLink.
We thank all those who contributed to the ICOTTS’20 conference (authors,
committees, workshop organizers and sponsors). We deeply appreciate your
involvement and support, which were crucial to the success of the conference.

October 2020 António Abreu

Dália Liberato
Elisa Alén González
Juan Carlos Garcia Ojeda

v
Contents

Smart Tourism: A Bibliometric Analysis of Scientific Publications

from the Scopus and Web of Science Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Maria I. B. Ribeiro, António J. G. Fernandes, and Isabel M. Lopes
The Potential of Adventure Tourism in the Azores: Focusing
on the Regional Strategic Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Gualter Couto, Rui Alexandre Castanho, Pedro Pimentel,
Célia Barreto Carvalho, and Áurea Sousa
The Importance of Cultural Events for the Promotion
of the Territory: The Case Study of the Medieval Fair
in Torre de Moncorvo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Aida Carvalho, Joana Fernandes, and Victor Moreira
Using Data Analytics to Understand Visitors Online Search Interests:
The Case of Douro Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Aida Carvalho, Arlindo Santos, and Carlos R. Cunha
Cooperation and Competitiveness in Tourism Sustainability.
Positioning of Tourist Actors in the Serra da Estrela Natural
Park in Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Gonçalo Fernandes and Helder Almeida
TourExponomy: Development of a Conceptual Model of the
Relationship Between the Tourist Experience at the Destination
and Destination Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Helena Maria Pascoal Melo, Ana Isabel Damião de Serpa Arruda Moniz,
Francisco José Ferreira Silva, and Carlos Alberto Silva Melo Santos
An Innovation in Tourism Services in Colombia – Case Study
of Bahía Solano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Gabriela Antošová, Mauricio Sabogal Salamanca,
and Mauricio Peralta Mejía

vii
viii Contents

Managing Motivation (Outside) Business Contexts:

Tourism and Teambuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Jéssica Ferreira, Nuno Costa, and Bruno Sousa
Perception of Safety Tourism in Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Gabriela Antošová, Luís Lima Santos, and Sara Stradová
Folklore and Tourism: Folk Dance Groups as a Strategy to Promote
the Development of Cultural Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Emanuel Bohórquez, Maritza Pérez, Arturo Benavides,
and William Caiche
Regional Competitiveness and the Productivity Performance
of Gazelles in Cultural Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Eleonora Santos, Inês Lisboa, Jacinta Moreira, and Neuza Ribeiro
The Basic Social Process of “Re-functionalising” and Its
Implications for Housing Tourism: A Niche Tourism Perspective . . . . . 125
José Luís Braga and Bruno Sousa
Room Semantics and Terms in Hotel Chains Communication . . . . . . . . 142
Ronald Ojino, Luisa Mich, and Nerey Mvungi
Could Virtual Reality Substitute the ‘Real’ Experience? Evidence
from a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Northern Portugal . . . . . . . . . 153
Nieves Losada, Filipa Jorge, Mário Sérgio Teixeira, Miguel Melo,
and Maximino Bessa
PANAS-TDL: A Psychrometric Deep Learning Model
for Characterizing Sentiments of Tourists Against
the COVID-19 Pandemic on Twitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Alejandro Peña, Jorge Mesias, Alejandro Patiño, Joao Vidal Carvalho,
Gregorio Gomez, Kevin Ibarra, and Santiago Bedoya
The Impact of COVID-19 on Cultural Tourism:
Virtual Exhibitions, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Sara Pascoal, Laura Tallone, and Marco Furtado
Digital Transformation: Certified Accountants’ Perceptions
of the Evolution in the Quality of Online Taxation Services . . . . . . . . . . 186
Pedro Coelho, Albertina Paula Monteiro, and Cláudia Pereira
The Online Presence and Communication of a Destination
by the Tourist Entities of the Terras de Trás-os-Montes . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Madalena Marinho, Elisabete Paulo Morais, and Ricardo Correia
Are Smart City Applications Aiming to Improve Tourist Experience
Ready for Translation and Dissemination? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Nelson Pacheco Rocha, Ana Dias, Gonçalo Santinha, Mário Rodrigues,
Carlos Rodrigues, and Alexandra Queirós
Contents ix

Local Accommodation in Portugal Past, Present and Future Trends . . . 222

Adalmiro Pereira and Angela Vaz
The 4 C’s Tourism Destination Competitiveness Matrix
the Construction of the Matrix Through the Delphi Panel . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Diamantino Ribeiro, Luiz Pinto Machado, and Pedro Henriques
Airbnb Customer Satisfaction Through Online Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Ana Pires and Célia Rafael
The QR Code as a Communication Tool in Cultural Valorization:
Intercultural Study Between the Cities of Bragança (Portugal)
and Salvador (Brazil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Ives Gutierriz, Isabel Maria Lopes, Vanessa Rodriguez, and Alcina Nunes
Wine Marketing Event – The Importance of Emotions
in a Wine Tasting for Inexperienced Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Ana Pinto de Lima, Jorge Pacheco, and Pedro Silva
The Importance of Fashion Events in the City of Oporto:
The Fashion Industry Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Dália Liberato, Benedita Barros e Mendes, and Pedro Liberato
Implementation of Lean Techniques in Destination
Management Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Diana Foris, Adriana Florescu, Tiberiu Foris, and Sorin Barabas
Emergency Remote Work in Portugal: Evaluation, Effects,
and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Luciana Oliveira, Anabela Mesquita, Adriana Oliveira,
and Arminda Sequeira
Predicting Financial Distress in a Portuguese Tourism
Business Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Fábio L. C. Teixeira and Luís M. P. Gomes
When Economic Environment is Hostile: Entrepreneurial Intention
in a Small Tourist Remote Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
António Almeida and Pedro Correia
Digital Technologies and Tourism as Drivers of Economic Growth
in Europe and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Conceição Castro, Fernanda A. Ferreira, and Pedro Nunes
The Dismissal of Information Technology Opportunities
in the Management Accounting of Small Medium-Sized
Tourism Enterprise - a Research Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Helena Costa Oliveira
x Contents

Touristic Application to Visualize the Galápagos Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Marcela Saavedra, Juan Carlos Molina, Gabriela Chiliquimga,
and Gustavo Caiza
Mixed Reality to Promote Cultural Tourism in La Merced Cloister
in Cartagena Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Raynel Mendoza, Amaury Cabarcas, and Bertha Arnedo
Experimenting Through Neuromarketing to Measure the Impact
of Spanish Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Alexis-Raúl Garzón-Paredes and Marcelo Royo-Vela
Exploring Wine Terroir Experiences: A Social Media Analysis . . . . . . . 401
Elisabeth Kastenholz, Diana Cunha, Ainhize Eletxigerra,
Mariana Carvalho, and Isabel Silva
Qualitative Photo-Based Analysis of Product Innovations in Culinary
Tourism: Case of Traditional Food at Czech Culinary Events . . . . . . . . 421
Jiří Zelený, Petr Studnička, and Zbyněk Vinš
Neural Deep Learning Model to Characterize the Brand Perception
in Insurance Corporate Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Angelica Henao, Carolina Panesso, Alejandro Peña, Alejandro Patiño,
and Joao Vidal Carvalho
Augmented Reality Applied to the Tourism in Churches
of the Historic Center of Quito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Morelva Saeteros, Marcela Saavedra, Cristian Molina, and Gustavo Caiza
Too Many Policy Options, Not Enough Diversity? A Typology
of Tourism Policy Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Cláudia S. Costa
Informational Heritage, Sustainable Development and Tourism:
The Urban Route of the Fisherman’s Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Susana Martins, Milena Carvalho, Maria João Castro,
and Beatriz Gonçalves
Analysis of Maturity Level of the Management System in Hotel
Sector Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Alexander Parody Muñoz, Malory Beatriz Guerra Lara,
Wilfrido Montes Lopesierra, Bulmaro Fuentes Morales,
and Miguel Santana
Challenges and Opportunities for Island Tourist Destinations:
The Case of the Island of Sal, Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Gilberto A. Neves, Catarina S. Nunes, and Paula Odete Fernandes
Contents xi

Challenges of Tourism in Northwestern Mexico Between Ciudad

Juarez, Chihuahua and San Luis Rio Colorado in the Face
of COVID 19 Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Tomás Jesús Cuevas Contreras, Sonia Guadalupe Zermeño Flores,
Isabel Zizadra Hernández, and Zyanya María Villa Zamorano
Economic Recovery and Strategic Transformation Planning
for Tourism in Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Olivia Molefe (Nee Nthoi)
Sports as a Competitive Factor for Tourism Destinations:
The Case of Porto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Marta Quintas, Rui Costa, Zélia Breda, and Filipa Brandão
E-Business in Pandemic Context - A Systematic Literature Review . . . . 540
Miguel Barros and Anabela Mesquita
Experiential Tourism and Experiential Marketing:
An Innovative Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Teresa Dieguez and Oscarina Conceição
Pedagogical Tourism in National Parks: Relations Between Brazil
and Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Flaviano Oliveira Fonsêca, Jorgenaldo Calazans dos Santos,
Lício Valério Lima Vieira, and Fernanda A. Ferreira
Sport’s Events: Rally de Portugal as a Promoter of Porto
Tourism Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Elga Costa, Dália Liberato, and André Ferraz
Food Media Experience and Its Impact on Tourism Destinations:
The Chef’s Table Affair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Pedro Liberato, Teresa Mendes, Hugo Barreira, and Dália Liberato
Reinventing Basic Education After COVID: Technologies for
Entrepreneurship in Education at the Ukids Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Maria Inês Ribeiro Basílio de Pinho
Sports Tourism and Sports Events as a Niche Market in Oporto
as a Tourism Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Pedro Liberato, Dália Liberato, Bruno Sousa, and Alexandra Malheiro
#ITravelSolo: Women Solo Travellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Lucy Silva, Zélia Breda, Filipa Brandão, and Rui Costa

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

About the Editors

António Abreu is Adjunct Professor at the Polytechnic Institute of Accounting

and Administration of Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto. He completed post-
doctorate in Technologies and Information Systems, Department of Informatics
Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Ph.D. in
Software Engineering based on reusable components with Human–Machine
Interface applications, University of Vigo, and Master in Management Informatics
from the University of Minho and Licentiate in Informatics–Mathematics Applied
by Universidade Lusíada. He currently works as Lecturer in the Information
Systems sciences area of the Polytechnic Institute of Accounting and
Administration of Porto/Politécnico do Porto, ISCAP/PPorto. He is an effective
member of the CEOS.PP Research Center – Center for Organizational and Social
Studies of the Polytechnic of Oporto. Between 2015 and 2018, he was Coordinator
of the Advanced Professional Technical Courses (CTeSP) of the Higher Institute of
Accounting and Administration of Porto (ISCAP) and Coordinator for Market
Development of ISCAP’s Center for Training and Services Abroad. 2017/2018 –
Coordinator of the ISCAP/ACINNET Business Council. He is Conference Chair
of the ICOTTS 2019 – The 2019 International Conference on Tourism, Technology
& Systems. He is a scientific committee member of several conferences in the area
of Information Systems and Technologies.

Dália Liberato is Professor of Tourism, specializing in tourism destinations

management and tourism planning, at the School of Hospitality and Tourism,
Polytechnic of Porto. Currently, she coordinates the Tourist Activities Management
degree in the same school. Her main research interests are tourism management,
tourism planning, cross-border tourism, creative tourism, and e-tourism.

Elisa Alén González is Associate Professor of Marketing specializing in tourism

marketing at the Faculty of Business Sciences and Tourism, University of Vigo.
Elisa’s research work lies in tourist behaviour, from motivation to behavioural
intentions, focusing on improving satisfaction. In recent years, she has focused on
different types of tourism, mainly thermal and senior tourism.

xiii
xiv About the Editors

Juan Carlos Garcia Ojeda is Tenure-Track Professor at the Universidad de

Cartagena (Colombia). He completed Ph.D. in Science Technology from the
University of Pannonia (Hungary), M.Sc. in Computer Science from Kansas State
University (USA), M.Sc. in Computer Science from Instituto Tecnológico y de
Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (Mexico) in agreement with the Universidad
Autónoma de Bucaramanga (Colombia), and B.Sc. from Universidad Autónoma de
Bucaramanga (Colombia). He is a member of the Association for Computing
Machinery (ACM), State Alumni (US Department of State), Colombia-USA
Exchange Alumni Association; also, Regional Promoter, for the Caribbean region,
of the Colombian Society of Computation (SCo2). He has published several papers
in both national and international journals, book chapters, and a book and partic-
ipated and presented papers in national and international conferences.
 Smart Tourism: A Bibliometric Analysis
of Scientific Publications from the Scopus
and Web of Science Databases

Maria I. B. Ribeiro1,3 , António J. G. Fernandes1,3 ,

and Isabel M. Lopes2,3(&)
1
Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança,
Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Bragança (CIMO),
Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
{xilote,toze}@ipb.pt
2
Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança,
Unidade de Pesquisa Aplicada em Gestão – IPB, Campus de Santa Apolónia,
Bragança, Portugal
isalopes@ipb.pt
3
Centro ALGORITMI da Universidade do Minho, Guimarães, Portugal

Abstract. This research aimed to identify the most developed themes in the
field of Smart Tourism (ST). To this end, a search was carried out in Scopus and
Web of Science (WoS) databases on March 3, 2020. The search was based on
the terms “Intelligent”, “Tourism” and “Smart”. In Scopus database, 128 pub-
lications were counted and in WoS database 73 publications were found, of
which 32 were duplicated in the Scopus database. A bibliometric analysis based
on 169 publications was developed using the VOSviewer software and the term
co-occurrence technique. Three thematic areas (clusters) were identified that are
related to each other. The first cluster links the concept of ST with the concept of
Smart City and the use of the internet in the tourism sector. The second cluster
focuses on studies that measure satisfaction and determine the preferences of the
tourist and/or visitor. The third cluster, relates the concept of ST with the use of
more advanced communication technologies available for tourists and/or visi-
tors, which are easy to use and provide greater convenience to the user.

Keywords: Tourism
Intelligent
Smart
Scopus
Technologies
Web of

Science
Visitors

1 Introduction

ST is a recent phenomenon that characterizes the current situation of tourism and that
contemplates the fundamental role of the evolution of information technologies (IT) in
the development of the tourism sector [1]. The smart concept came about as a result of
the increase in IT and the need for sustainability. It relies primarily on IT that integrate
hardware, software and network technologies to provide real-time real-world knowl-
edge and advanced analytics to help people make smarter decisions about alternatives,
as well as enabling actions that will optimize processes and business performance [2].

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
A. Abreu et al. (Eds.): ICOTTS 2020, SIST 209, pp. 1–14, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4260-6_1
2 M. I. B. Ribeiro et al.

These technologies trigger innovation and greater competitiveness, ensuring more

sustainable development [3]. It is necessary to be smart to survive in the tourism
industry. Intelligence facilitates the design of products, actions, processes and services
in real time, involving different stakeholders simultaneously to optimize collective
performance and competitiveness and to generate solutions and added value for all [4].
In this context, this research aimed to identify the most developed themes in the
field of Smart Tourism (ST). To achieve this objective, a bibliometric analysis based on
169 publications from Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases was developed
using the VOSviewer software and the term co-occurrence technique.
This work is organized in five (5) sections. The introduction presents the importance
of the ST for a sustainable development of the tourism sector. In the second section, the
literature review on ST is organized. The third section describes the methodology used
in this research. The fourth section presents the results. In the fifth section, the con-
clusions and limitations of this study are exposed and future researches are suggested.

2 Literature Review

The concept of ST results from the adaptation of the concept of “smart city” to a tourist
destination. This concept is related to the use of technologies and the internet in
tourism, with the purpose of obtaining improvements in terms of economic growth,
quality of life, resource management and development of more efficient management
and social participation processes [5–7]. The World Tourism Organization attributes to
ST characteristics such as clean, green, ethical, quality, among others [8]. Thus, the ST
must be able to meet the requirements of short-term economic needs and long-term
sustainable development [9]. The use of technologies and the internet in tourism, in
addition to providing new and differentiated tourism products, also allows for a sector
development with greater equity and sustainability as a result of greater collaborative
participation [7]. The principle of intelligent tourist destination is to provide smarter
platforms to collect and distribute information within the destination, facilitate and
provide efficient tourism resources and integrate tourism providers at micro and macro
levels, with the aim of guaranteeing on the one hand, positive economic results, on the
other, its more equitable distribution across the country and local society [10].
An intelligent tourist destination is characterized by having high levels of inno-
vation and user facilitation of platforms and technologies, using interfaces and tech-
nologies, namely, Internet of Things (IoT), mobile communication, cloud computing/
services and artificial intelligence [9]. ST destinations allows to obtain information
about the real needs and preferences of customers. Effective involvement between
tourists and service providers is important to provide products that successfully meet
the needs of tourists [4, 11]. The ST should help tourists to easily make decisions
before or during their travels, providing relevant and meaningful information, based on
the analysis of big data, personal information, patterns of behavior, etc. [12]. Thus, ST
destinations can be defined as destinations that use available technology to co-create
value, pleasure and new and different experience for the tourist [13–15]. The future of
the ST is based on technological development and its rapid and extensive implemen-
tation at all levels of the tourism sector [11].
 Smart Tourism 3

3 Methods

This research aimed to understand with more detail the topics covered in the scientific
literature on ST. To achieve this objective, a quantitative study was developed
involving a bibliometric analysis based on a search carried out on March 3, 2020,
which focused on publications available in the Scopus and WoS databases. These
databases were used due to their multidisciplinary character which allows the analysis
of citations and bibliometric data. In the search carried out, only publications that
contained, in the title, abstract or keywords, the terms “Intelligent”, “Tourism” and
“Smart” were selected. Thus, one hundred and sixty-nine (169) publications were
found that served as the basis for the bibliometric analysis. Of these, one hundred and
twenty-eight (128) publications were counted in the Scopus database. Seventy-three
(73) publications were found in the WoS database. Of these, thirty-two (32) were
withdrawn because they were duplicated in the Scopus database.
After identifying the documents, the bibliometric technique of co-occurrence terms
was used in order to group them into thematic clusters. The terms were extracted using
the VOSviewer software in order to build a map that shows the relations between the
different terms and their association with clusters of thematic areas. With this
methodology, the distance between the various selected terms is analyzed, and the
shorter the distance between two terms, the stronger the relation between them [16]. On
the map, the colors represent the clusters of thematic areas, and the terms with the same
color are part of the same cluster and, therefore, are more strongly associated to each
other compared to terms that have a different color. In the analysis, the binary counting
method was selected, which consists of identifying whether the term is present or
absent in each document analyzed.

4 Results

Initially, the results of the descriptive analysis are presented, namely, the number of
articles published per year in the period 2000–2020, the Top 5 of the most published
works by publication, institution and country per database; ST domain subareas per
database; type of publications per database; and, h-11 and h-7 indexes of contributions
on ST from the Scopus and WoS databases, respectively. Subsequently, the results of
the analysis of the thematic areas are presented.

4.1 Descriptive Analysis

As already mentioned, 128 publications were selected within the scope of the ST in the
Scopus database. Figure 1 shows a growth trend in the number of publications in the
period from 2001 to 2015, with an average annual growth rate of 22.5%. In 2016, the
number of publications decreased compared to the previous year (−80%). In 2020, there
were only 3 publications since the search was carried out on March 3, 2020 and, as such,
only January and February were considered. The average annual growth rate from 2001 to
2019 was 19.8%. The first publications, in the WoS database, are from 2011. The average
annual growth rate in the period from 2011 to 2019 was 26.4%. The years with the highest
number of publications were 2016 and 2018, both with 14 (19.2%) publications.
4 M. I. B. Ribeiro et al.

19.2% 19.2% 20.3%

18.8%
17.8%
16.4%

11.7% 12.3%

9.6% 10.9%

6.8%
6.3%
5.5%
4.1%
2.7% 3.9% 3.1%
1.6% 2.3% 2.7%
0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 1.6%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Scopus WoS

Fig. 1. Number of publications per year (%).

In WoS database, the literature focuses on scientific journals in the areas of

Electronics, Informatics, Management and Telecommunications, namely Engineering
Electrical Electronic (23.3%), Computer Science Information Systems (19.2%),
Computer Science Theory Methods (19.2%), Management (15.1%) and Telecommu-
nications (13.7%). In Scopus database, the areas of IT, intelligent systems and artificial
intelligence (AI), communication and information stand out, with Lecture Notes in
Computer Science Including Subseries Lecture Notes in AI and Lecture Notes in
Bioinformatics (13.9%) as the source with more publications (Fig. 2).

TelecommunicaƟons 13.7%
Managment 15.1%
WoS

Computer Science Theory Methods 19.2%

Computer Science InformaƟon Systems 19.2%
Engineering Electrical Electronic 23.3%
CommunicaƟons In Computer And InformaƟon Science 3.8%
Applied Mechanics And Materials 6.3%
Scopus

Advanced Materials Research 6.3%

Advances In Intelligent Systems And CompuƟng 11.4%
Lecture Notes In Computer Science Including Subseries… 13.9%

Fig. 2. Top 5 journals with more publications per database.

At the institutional level, the publications are very dispersed (Fig. 3). In fact,
Beijing Union University and St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation
of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPIIRAS) were the institutions with most pub-
lications in the Scopus database both with 3 publications (1.8%). Beijing Union
University is a municipal university administered by the government of China and
located in Beijing. It is dedicated to the study and research in the fields of international
business, economics and international trade, Chinese history, language and literature
 Smart Tourism 5

and business and administration. The second institution is located in St. Petersburg,
Russia. It is dedicated to the study and research in the areas of IT, intelligent
automation systems and computer science. On the other hand, in WoS database, the
largest number of publications (4.1% that correspond to 7 publications) is associated
with the Chinese Academy of Sciences located in Beijing, China, which explores and
takes advantage of high technology and natural sciences for the benefit of the Society.
Constituted by an extensive research and development network, it brings together
scientists and engineers from China and around the world to address theoretical and
applied problems, using scientific and management approaches.

Kielce University of Technology 2.7%

Hubei University 2.7%
WoS

Fundacion Universitaria Tecnologico Comfenalco 2.7%

Beijing Union University 2.7%
Chinese Academy of Sciences 4.1%
Universite de Pau et des Pays de L'Adour 1.2%
Universita del Salento 1.2%
Scopus

Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.2%

St. Petersburg InsƟtute for InformaƟcs and AutomaƟon of the… 1.8%
Beijing Union University 1.8%

Fig. 3. Top 5 institutions with more publications per database.

China is the country with the most publications in both databases, with 57.6% (74
publications) in Scopus and 48.0% (35 publications) in WoS databases. Spain, Italy,
Taiwan and France held the remaining positions in the Top-5 of the countries that
publish the most (Fig. 4).

França 4.1%
Itália 5.5%
WoS

Taiwan 6.8%
Espanha 11.0%
China 48.0%
França 8.5%
Taiwan 13.6%
Scopus

Itália 13.6%
Espanha 20.3%
China 57.6%

Fig. 4. Top 5 countries with more publications per database.

The subarea with the greatest representativeness in terms of publications is Com-

puter Science with 32.7% in Scopus and 35.6% in WoS databases, corresponding to 42
and 26 publications, respectively (Fig. 5).
6 M. I. B. Ribeiro et al.

TelecommunicaƟons 13.7%
Social Sciences Other Topics 16.4%
WoS

Business Economics 17.8%

Engineering 31.5%
Computer Science 35.6%
Business, Management and AccounƟng 4.0%
Social Sciences 7.2%
Scopus

MathemaƟcs 12.7%
Engineering 21.9%
Computer Science 32.7%

Fig. 5. Subareas with publications from the ST domain per database.

As shown in Fig. 6, of the total of 128 publications in Scopus and 73 in WoS

databases, corresponding to 55.5% and 69.9%, respectively are conference documents.

Review 1.4%
WoS

ArƟcle 28.8%
Proceedings Paper 69.9%
Review 1.6%
Book Chapter 2.3%
Scopus

Conference Review 20.3%

ArƟcle 20.3%
Conference Paper 55.5%

Fig. 6. Type of publications per database.

Tables 1 and 2 show the publications included in the h-index, that is, the number of
articles by a given author with at least the same number of citations [17]. The h indexes
totaled 11 publications in the Scopus database and 7 publications in the WoS database.
In the h index, also known as the Hirsch index, publications are organized in ascending
order according to the most cited publication and then calculated where the sequence
number of publications meets the citations [18]. The most cited article [19], in both
databases, developed by Borràs, Moreno and Valls and published in 2014, counted 199
and 132 citations at the time of the search (May, 2020), in Scopus and WoS databases,
respectively. In this article, the authors review the systems recommended for Tourism,
which use AI, including scientific articles and conference proceedings in their review.
As shown in Table 1, taking into account the methodology used in the h index
publications, 6 are experimental studies, 3 are empirical studies that use a quantitative
methodology and the remaining 2 are conceptual studies. Empirical studies focus
essentially on studying preferences and analyzing the satisfaction of visitors and/or
tourists. The most recent empirical study [20], developed in 2017, recorded 16 cita-
tions. This article proposes an approach, based on big data from social networks with
geographic tags, to generate popular tourist attractions, create new services and provide
greater convenience to visitors and/or tourists.
 Smart Tourism 7

The most cited article [19], with 199 citations, was a conceptual one. In these study,
the authors expose the characteristics associated with ST and describe the technologies
used to facilitate and improve the stay of tourists and visitors to a tourist destination.
The most cited experimental study, with 29 citations [21], develops a system for
mobile devices, which incorporates information such as the users’ speed and their
route. This system is able to personalize the route for each visitor/tourist since it takes
into account their current location and driving speed (Table 1).
The most recent experimental studies were carried out in 2017. In a research [27],
with 17 citations, authors use an approach based on the big data analysis of social
networks, which contain the geographical location of visitors/tourists, with the
objectives: to discover new popular tourist attractions, to create new services and to
improve the user’s comfort of this system. In the other research [28], with 16 citations,
authors prove, through the implementation of a specialized strategy, which includes the
identification of areas and regional industries dedicated to the promotion of local
business development, that tourism can be a valuable instrument to promote a smart,
sustainable and inclusive regional growth (Table 1).

Table 1. H-index of the literature on ST from the Scopus database (h-11).

Reference Method Contributions Cit.
1. [19] Conceptual Literature review, since 2008, on tourism 199
review recommendation systems, published in scientific
journals and conferences, related to AI
2. [22] Empirical Assesses tourist preferences in relation to intelligent 72
quantitative tourist attraction, analyzing their strengths and
weaknesses. This study extends previous research on
ST and offers guidance on theoretical research and the
practical development of smart tourist attraction
3. [23] Conceptual Demonstrates that smart cities are superior for offering 41
technical values and smart services, using IoT,
ubiquitous sensor networks, among others, as
instruments. Smart city supervision, smart transport,
smart environment monitoring and ST are examples of
services offered by a Smart City
4. [24] Empirical Develops an algorithm to analyze data on customer 40
quantitative preferences, according to objective criteria for different
segments. Determines customer satisfaction in different
criteria. Provides constructive suggestions, aimed at
professionals and researchers, for the development of
personalized marketing campaigns that allow the
improvement of the services of the websites of online
travel agencies
5. [21] Experimental Proposes a system for mobile devices which 29
incorporates some implicit contextual information: the
user’s speed and their route. This system was created
specifically to help users traveling, providing smart and
personalized points of interest along the route, taking
into account the current location and driving speed
(continued)
8 M. I. B. Ribeiro et al.

Table 1. (continued)
Reference Method Contributions Cit.
6. [25] Experimental Develops a prototype of a mobile tourist guide using 26
the Smart Space infrastructure to facilitate the
integration of services and internal processes in the
system that allows comprehensive and up-to-date
information search, together with personalized
recommendations and services
7. [26] Experimental Develops a structure, called “WantE-at” that includes a 19
mobile application that records information about a
specific region (cultural heritage, gastronomy,
restaurants, products, stores, etc.) allowing users to
interact with objects in a natural and fun way, using
smartphones without the need for another structure.
This device aggregates information/feedbacks
provided by users about their experiences and can be
shared on social networks
8. [27] Experimental Presents a private Blockchain implementation 17
approach for the smart home system (SHS) to deal with
privacy and security issues. SHS is an integration of
home appliances and sensors to obtain automatic
operations of heating, lighting, air conditioning,
residential security, health systems, etc. The SHS
allows the owner to monitor and execute the functions
of the devices remotely at any time via the Internet
9. [20] Empirical Proposes a new method to discover popular tourist 16
quantitative attractions, create new services and provide greater
convenience to people, extracting spatial-temporal data
from social networks that contain the geographic
location of users. This approach, based on big data
from social networks with geographic tags, can support
decision making related to tourism management and
planning. This method allows the extraction of
information related to travel preferences
10. [28] Experimental Demonstrates, through the implementation of a smart 15
specialization strategy, based on the identification of
regional areas and industries aimed at promoting local
business development, how tourism can be used to
promote smart, sustainable and regional growth
11. [29] Experimental Develops a model and software, which is based on the 11
use of near field communication technology and smart
posters, spread across smart environments. This
method allows users/visitors, in an easy, intuitive and
context-aware way, to navigate smart urban scenarios
 Smart Tourism 9

Table 2 contains the publications that constitute the Hirsch index of the WoS
database. Of the 7 publications that are part of this index, 5 are duplicated in the Hirsch
index of the Scopus database. The first two publications, articles [19, 22] held exactly
the same top positions, in the two databases, first and second, respectively. However,
the number of citations is higher in Scopus (199 and 72, respectively) compared to
WoS (132 and 56, respectively).
Of the studies that only appear in WoS database, one is experimental and the other is
empirical. In the experimental one [30], authors present a platform that consists of a
flexible infrastructure, with which users can easily control systems or equipment in
different contexts (home, city, health, tourism, etc.). For example, with the same plat-
form, the user can control, at home, lights, equipment, such as computers, machines, etc.
Currently, it is necessary to use mobile devices that transmit data (IoT) used for many
different services, such as supervising, controlling, monitoring, analyzing and display-
ing information to users. In this sense, authors propose a single platform that can be used
for different services with the use of a single device. The empirical article [31] uses both
qualitative and quantitative methodologies to analyze the advantages and potential of a
“tourist kit” based on the concept of a prepaid card issued by a major postal operator.
The card can be recharged by tourists according to their needs and its validity is not
restricted to short periods. With this “Tourist Kit”, cardholders can purchase a variety of
products and services benefiting from substantial price discounts.

Table 2. H-index of the literature on ST from the WoS database (h-7).

Reference Method Contributions Citations Pos
WoS Scopus
1. [19] – – 132 100 (1)
2. [22] – – 56 72 (2)
3. [24] – – 34 40 (4)
4. [28] – – 12 15 (10)
5. [30] Experimental Presentation of an autonomous Kali-Smart 9 – –
platform, based on semantic Web
technologies and a Middleware (computer
software that provides services for
application software in addition to those
available through the operating system) that
provides autonomy and reasoning facilities
in a semantic context. This platform offers
users a flexible infrastructure, where they
can easily control various modes of
interaction of the situations experienced in
different contexts (home, city, health,
tourism, etc.). In this context, the use of
mobile devices that transmit data (IoT),
becomes obsolete
(continued)
10 M. I. B. Ribeiro et al.

Table 2. (continued)
Reference Method Contributions Citations Pos
WoS Scopus
6. [20] – – 8 16 (9)
7. [31] Empirical Investigates the advantages and potential of 7 – –
qualitative a ‘tourist kit’ based on a prepaid card issued
quantitative by a major postal operator. The card can be
recharged by tourists/visitors according to
their needs and its validity is not restricted to
short periods. Thus, the tourist kit consists
of an integrated, practical and flexible tool
capable of making the cardholder’s stay
more pleasant because it allows him to
choose and buy products and services at
lower prices
Pos - Position of the h-index of the Scopus database (h-11)

4.2 Analysis of Thematic Areas

Taking into account the analysis of the thematic areas and using the VOSwiewer
software and the term co-occurrence technique, a total of 6519 terms were identified in
the 169 selected publications (32 publications that were duplicated were removed).
Subsequently, the number of occurrences of a term in the total of the documents
analyzed was defined as 10, with a total of 67 terms. Of these, terms with more than
60% relevance were selected, corresponding to 40 terms and, finally, insignificant
terms were excluded such as international conference, survey, conference, special
focus, article, topic, paper, case study, China, characteristic, concept, etc. In the end, a
total of 29 terms were obtained, distributed over three clusters of thematic areas.
The first cluster consists of 11 terms, namely, cloud computing, IT, innovation,
internet, IoT, order, rapid development, Smart City, ST, thing, tourism industry. This
cluster links the ST concept with the Smart City concept and the internet. Both allowed
for a rapid development of the tourism industry (red color in Fig. 7). The concept of
Smart City does not stand on its own and is closely associated with ST. The progressive
transition from digital cities to smart cities has become a reality in recent years [23]. In
fact, smart cities serve as leverage for the establishment of smart tourist destinations
that use IT and innovations to provide pleasure and positive experiences to
tourists/visitors [23]. Smart tourist destinations are a combination of tourist products
and, as a rule, originate in smart cities [5–7, 32].
The second cluster includes 9 terms, namely, effect, evaluation, impact, imple-
mentation, intelligent tourism, performance, research, strategy and sustainable devel-
opment (green color in Fig. 7). The publications that are part of this cluster determine
the impact of the ST for the tourists, continuously analyzing the preferences and
satisfaction of the tourist to better respond to their needs. Tourism experiences are the
main product of the tourism industry, with a direct impact on tourist satisfaction [10].
 Smart Tourism 11

Fig. 7. Co-occurrence map of terms.

On the other hand, this cluster also includes publications that analyze and prove that ST
is an important lever for the sustainable development of local and regional economies.
The third cluster links the ST with the most advanced communication technologies
and consists of 9 terms, namely, information, infrastructure, knowledge, location,
mobile application, person, tourism, user and visitor (blue color in Fig. 7). This cluster
is associated, in particular, with the innovation, growth and development of the tourism
sector, which translates into the greater ease and convenience provided to
tourists/visitors; and, it is reflected in the discovery of new intelligent services, new
tourist attractions, greater competitiveness and sustainable development in the tourism
sector.

5 Conclusion

ST is a topic that has given rise to an increasing number of publications, especially in

recent years. From 2001 to 2019, the evolution of the number of publications (the
majority were proceedings of scientific events) was exponential. In WoS database, the
literature focuses on scientific journals in the areas of Electronics, Informatics, Man-
agement and Telecommunications. In Scopus database, publications in the areas of IT,
intelligent systems and AI, communication and information stand out. The Chinese
universities of Beijing Union University and Chinese Academy of Sciences were the
institutions, among the Top 5 by institution, with the largest number of publications in
the Scopus and WoS databases, respectively. China was the country with the most
Scopus and WoS publications in the Top 5 by country. The most representative subarea
in the ST domain was Computer Science.
VOSviewer software and the terms co-occurrence technique were used in order to
group the existing literature in the ST domain into clusters. Three clusters were
identified. The first cluster relates the ST concept with the Smart City concept and the
12 M. I. B. Ribeiro et al.

use of the internet in tourism. The second cluster focuses on studies that measure the
satisfaction and determine the preferences of the tourist/visitor. The third cluster relates
the ST concept with the use of more advanced communication technologies available
to the tourist/visitor, which are easy to use and provide greater convenience to the user.
Taking into account the three thematic areas found in this research, all of them are
current and promising since they provide positive experiences to the tourist/visitor, and
at the same time, enable the innovation of services and products offered by the tourism
sector, guaranteeing greater sustainability and competitiveness in the sector.
This research involves an analysis limited to the period from 2000 to March 3, 2020
which is a limitation of the work. However, it was in recent years that the largest
number of publications were published within the scope of ST. Also, this research is
limited to Scopus and WoS databases, with other bibliometric databases such as
Google Scholar Metrics (GSM) were omitted. Finally, the definition of the minimum
number of occurrences of terms in the bibliometric analysis, limited to 10 terms, makes
it impossible to identify all terms below this limit, not allowing to show how these
terms are correlated.
This research, carried out using bibliometrics as an instrument for measuring data
and information from scientific publications, made it possible to identify themes, in the
scientific area of ST, that generated greatest interest by the scientific community, in the
period from 2000 to March 3, 2020. Thus, this work contributes to a better clarification
of the lines of research developed.

Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology
(FCT. Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO
(UIDB/00690/2020).
UNIAG. R&D unit funded by the FCT. Portuguese Foundation for the Development of
Science and Technology. Ministry of Science. Technology and Higher Education. Project n.o
UIDB/04752/2020.

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 The Potential of Adventure Tourism
in the Azores: Focusing on the Regional
Strategic Planning

Gualter Couto1 , Rui Alexandre Castanho1,2,3,4(&) ,

Pedro Pimentel1 , Célia Barreto Carvalho5,6 , and Áurea Sousa7
1
School of Business and Economics and CEEAplA, University of Azores,
9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
2
Faculty of Applied Sciences, WSB University,
41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland
acastanho@wsb.edu.pl
3
CITUR - Madeira - Centre for Tourism Research,
Development and Innovation, 9000-082 Funchal-Madeira, Portugal
4
VALORIZA - Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization,
Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), 7300 Portalegre, Portugal
5
Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Azores,
and CINEICC - Cognitive and Behavioral Centre for Research and Intervention,
9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
6
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra,
3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
7
Faculty of Sciences and Technology and CEEAplA, University of Azores,
9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal

Abstract. The Portuguese autonomous region of Azores is one of the Outermost

Regions of the European Union. Despite the many challenges this insular region
present, the geographical location of the islands has also granted exciting
opportunities for regional development. One of the examples is the Adventure
Tourism, which has a high potential in the territory. Besides, this tourism activity
is seen as an essential vehicle for regional sustainable development. Thereby,
through an empirical case study research, the present study assessed some regional
strategies and territorial planning tools enabling a more profound knowledge of
the process and plans ongoing to achieve sustainable development in the Azores
Archipelago by the regional authorities. The study shows that the Azores tourism
strategy includes nature as the most crucial resource for its development.

Keywords: Adventure Tourism
Regional development
Strategic planning

Sustainability

1 Introduction

The concept of adventure tourism does not lend itself to a straightforward definition. It
overlaps with many different tourism segments and has unique features that create a
context for memorable experiences. The definition of adventure tourism presented by

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
A. Abreu et al. (Eds.): ICOTTS 2020, SIST 209, pp. 15–25, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4260-6_2
16 G. Couto et al.

the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) has been adopted by the World
Tourism Organization (UNWTO). They regard it as a trip that includes at least two of
the following three elements: physical activity, natural environment, and cultural
immersion [1]. In turn, Buckley [2, 3], states that adventure tourism broadly means
guided commercial tours where the principal attraction is an outdoor activity, which
relies on features of the natural terrain and requires specialized sporting or similar
equipment, and is exciting for the tour clients. However, slow adventure is different.
According to Varley and Semple [4], the concept of slow adventure is: “(…) a
celebration of the (ir)rationality of uncertainty, unpredictability, transience, experi-
ment and the emotional content of human experience, particularly in the context of the
great outdoors and engagement with the more-than-human world.” Moreover, the
concept of slow adventure is based on an appreciation of the journey as an experiential
dimension rather than the chore of getting to a destination [4, 5]. The authors add that
the idea of “slow” adventure is rooted in a Nordic philosophy as the essential and
casual activity of just being, or dwelling, in nature for extended periods of time, which
allows for the generation of rich experiences, a deep appreciation of and spiritual
immersion in the natural environment through engaging in everyday outdoor activities.
Slow adventure is a new marketing concept that builds the experience around the
strong commitment of the participants and their interaction with nature and transfor-
mative moments. It fits the broader picture of sustainable tourism and can contribute to
the development of new products, reduction of seasonality, and increased tourists’ stay.
Correctly exploring the concept of slow adventure can be of great importance to remote
rural nature-based destinations [6–9]. Still, it is essential to develop the skills and train
professionals for this purpose properly.
Contextually, the present study, through the assessment of some regional strategies
and territorial planning tools, aims to allow a more profound knowledge of the process
and plans ongoing to achieve sustainable development in the Azores Archipelago by
the regional authorities.

2 Materials, Methods, and Case Study Description

Recognizing the symbiosis between tourism and territorial management and how they
can add to sustainable development and vice-versa, the present study crossed existing
thematic literature with empirical knowledge of the Azores Islands’ ultra-peripheral
territories.
In this regard, a thematic bibliography concerning slow tourism and adventure
tourism was collected, assessed, and analyzed. Based on this review, it was possible to
move forward for a case study analysis, apply those principles, and cross them with
sustainable tourism and development in the Azores’ ultra-peripheral territories.
Contextually, this chapter sub-divided into more specific sections as a brief over-
view of the Azores Archipelago, and the new paradigm in tourism faced by this
peripheral region.
After, an entire chapter is dedicated to the tourism strategy in the Azores. Finally,
the study concludes with some guidelines recommended by the authors, along with the
final thoughts.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mustapukuinen
mies
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
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you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Mustapukuinen mies

Historiallinen romaani

Author: Stanley John Weyman

Translator: Väinö Hämeen-Anttila

Release date: September 2, 2023 [eBook #71545]

Language: Finnish

Original publication: Hämeenlinna: Arvi A. Karisto Oy, 1914

Credits: Juhani Kärkkäinen and Tapio Riikonen

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK

MUSTAPUKUINEN MIES ***
MUSTAPUKUINEN MIES

Historiallinen romaani

Kirj.

STANLEY J. WEYMAN

Englanninkielestä ("The Man in Black") suomentanut

V. Hämeen-Anttila

Hämeenlinnassa, Arvi A. Karisto, 1914.

SISÄLLYS:

I. Fécampin markkinat.
II. Solomon Notredame.
III. Mies ja vaimo.
IV. Kaksiovinen talo.
V. Ylempi holviovi.
Vi. Kiinnytysjauhe.
Vii. Klytemnestra.
VIII. Kainin merkki.
IX. Oikeuden edessä.
X. Kaksi todistajaa.
I.

Fécampin markkinat.

"Minä olen Jehan de Bault, en tiedä minkä läänityksen omistaja ja

seitsemäntoista kartanon herra en muista missä kreivikunnassa, —
ylhäistä ja mahtavaa sukua, jolla on yli-, keski- ja alioikeuden
perinnöllinen tuomiovalta. Suonissani virtaa Rolandin [Ranskan
varhaisimman ritariajan kansallissankari. Suom.] veri, ja esi-isissäni
on kolme Ranskan marskia. Tässä seison, rotuni —"

Oli Pyhäinmiestenpäivän aatto, ja Fécampissa pidettiin

syyskauden kuuluisia hevosmarkkinoita — Fécampissa Normandian
rannikolla, kallioiden saartamassa pikkukaupungissa, jonka v. 1593
Boisrosé oli vertaa hakevalla uhkatempulla siepannut "suurelle
kuninkaalle" [Henrik IV:lle. Suom.]. Tämä olkoon mainittuna vain
sivumennen, ja jotta ansiollinen teko ei unohtuisi. Sillä nyt
esittämiemme markkinain aikana, lokakuun viimeisenä päivänä
1637, oli urhea kapteeni Boisrosé, josta Sully teki uskaliaisuutensa
palkkioksi tykistöviraston kenraaliluutnantin, jo aikaa lakannut
uljastelusta; "suuri kuningas" oli maannut haudassaan hyvinkin
parikymmentä vuotta; ja vaikka Sully — herttua, valtakunnanherra ja
marski — vielä eli kuivakiskoisena vanhuksena Villebon-linnassaan
Chartresin lähellä, katsoi koko Ranska toisaanne, kardinaalin
rautakouran alla kyyristellen.

Isoiset ärisivät, pureskellen punaisen kauhtanan palletta. Mutta

että alhaiset ja "Jacques Bonhomme" — kauppias ja liikemies —
menestyivät hänen hallittavinaan, siitä oli Fécamp tänä päivänä niin
hyvä todiste kuin saattoi toivoakin. Vanhat porvaritkaan, jotka
muistivat Kaarle IX:n ja ensimäiset lasiruudut, mitä Fécampissa oli
nähty tuomiokirkon ulkopuolella, eivät kyenneet sanomaan, milloin
hevoset olisivat olleet paremmassa hinnassa tai kaupunki enemmän
täynnä väkeä. Kaiken päivää ja melkein yötäkin kuului ahtailla
kaduilla kavioiden kopse ja kaupanteon sorina, samalla kun
ruokakaupustelijain huudot ja humalaisten sadatukset muiden
käreiden äänten mukana nousivat taivasta kohti kuin ahjon sauhu.
Ostamaan tulleiden tyyssijoina Kultavaunut ja Pyhä viikuna kuhisivat
tulvillaan vieraita, — maakunnan aateliston ja Rouenin teikareita,
sotaväen tavaranhankkijoita Reinin varrelta ja etelän kauppiaita.
Kaunis naikkonen ja Vihreä mies taasen olivat alempana valtakadun
varrella sijaitsevia majataloja, tarjoten ruokaa ja rehua niille, jotka
olivat tulleet myymään; niissä leviteltiin pihat jalkaa paksulti peittoon
oljilla ja sanottiin kaikille yhteisesti: "Voilà, monsieur!" veloittaen
kutakin täydellä vuoteen maksulla.

Katujen ulkopuolella oli samanlaista. Rivittäin ratsuja ja pony-

hepoja, parvittain hevosrenkejä ja hoilottajia, kärkkyjiä ja
taskuvarkaita oli leiriytynyt jokaiselle tasaisen maan tilkulle, ja
jyrkemmillä rinteillä ja mäen kupeilla vilisi silmäänpistävämpiä
ryhmiä, joskin vähemmän merkitseviä. Sinne nimittäin olivat
sijoittuneet puuhiinsa hitiänkävijät ja köydenhyppijät, maurintanssijat
ja sauvahevoset — sanalla sanoen epälukuinen joukko puoskareita,
silmänkääntäjiä, köyhiä opiskelevaisia ja pahvijättiläisiä, jotka olivat
tulleet koolle hauskuttamaan ällisteleviä normandialaisia, kaikilla
virallisena kaitsijanansa ritari du Guet, jonka käskyvallan
tunnusmerkkeinä kohosi soveliailla kohdilla koko markkinarahvaan
näkyviin kaksi hirsipuuta, nariseva ruumis kumpaisessakin.
Rähisijäin ja vähäisempien rikkojain varalla oli kaakinpuu ja
raippapaalu maanpuoleisen portin luona, ja tuon tuostakin, kun joku
terhakka kulkuri tai pulska naikkonen laahattiin rangaistavaksi, ne
vetovoimallaan voittivat kaikki ammattiesitykset.

Näistä näytti muuan yhtä hyvällä menestyksellä kuin yksikään muu

vetävän puoleensa ja pitävän vireillä liikuskelevan yleisön
mielenkiintoa. Kolmihenkinen ryhmä — mies, poika ja apina — oli
valinnut näyttämökseen tilkun jyrkkää mäenkylkeä tien varresta.
Korkealle ahteeseen he olivat nuijanneet rautavaarnan ja siitä
pingoittaneet köyden puunlatvaan valtatien taakse, siten saaden
vähällä vaivalla muodostetuksi nuorallatanssijan välineen. Kaiken
päivää, vaihtelevan tungoksen virratessa edes takaisin alitse, nähtiin
apinan ja pojan huojuvan ja kääntyilevän ja tepastelevan tuolla
huimaavassa korkeudessa. Sillävälin mies, haaveellisena asunaan
ylettömän iso rautalakki sekä panssariselkämys ja rintahaarniska,
jotka huonosti soveltuivat tahraiseen tulipunaiseen ihokkaaseen ja
silkkisiin polvihousuihin, seisoi pärryttämässä rumpua puun juurella
tai astui tämän tästä kokoamaan kauhtanaansa lantteja, kananmunia
ja namusia, joilla näytöstä palkittiin.

Hän oli laiha, keskimittainen mies; silmät vilkuivat kieroon, ja

suupielissä oli viekas piirre. Apulaisetta hän olisi saattanut ansaita
toimeentulonsa taskujen kopeloimisella. Mutta hän älysi teettää
muilla, mitä ei kyennyt itse tekemään, ja onnekseen oli hänellä
seurassaan sellaista, mikä miellytti kaikkia tulijoita: kun maalaiset
suurin silmin tähystelivät apinan eriskummallista ulkomuotoa ja
kamalia irvistyksiä, koskivat pojan kalvaat posket ja huohottavat
huulet heidän emäntiensä sydämiin, saaden heltiämään monia
leivoksia ja muita lämpimäisiä. Mutta väkijoukossa on silti vaihtelu
vallitsevana piirteenä, ja houkutukset kilpailivat vilkkaasti keskenään.
Tuolla näytettiin lentävää lohikäärmettä, täällä tanssivaa karhua;
erityisessä suojassa esitti Arimathean Josefista ja pyhästä
viikunapuusta sepitettyä raamatullista kappaletta seurue, jota
kuningas oli suvainnut katsella Parisissa; ja kaikkien tällaisten
näytösten lisäksi liehui liikkeellä liuta puoskareita, taikureita ja
onnenlehtien kauppaajia, jotka rummunpärrytyksen ja
torventoitotuksen huumaavassa pauhussa julistelivat taitojaan mitä
voimakkaimmin keuhkoin. Niinpä ei ollutkaan odotettavissa, että
poika ja apina olisivat kyenneet aina pysyttelemään ensimäisellä
sijalla. Tuntia ennen päivänlaskua alkoi kauha palata tyhjillään. Väki
harveni. Näyttelijäin vajasta jyrisevät naurunremahdukset vetivät
viipyjiä edemmäksi. Kolmikon menestyskausi näytti olevan lopussa,
joten heidän olisi luullut aineellista hyötyä harrastaessaankin jo
kannattavan panna kompeensa kokoon ja lähteä makuulle.

Mutta mestari Viekassilmä tiesi paremmin. Ennen kuin yleisön

suosio kokonaan kuoleutui, hän otti esille saranatuolin. Sen asetti
hän puun juurelle juhlallisin elein, jotka jo itsessään riittivät
pidättämään epäröitsijöitä, ja levitti sille verhoksi punaisen vaatteen.
Tämän tehtyään hän laski käsivartensa rinnalle ristiin, katsahti hyvin
ankarasti kahdelle suunnalle yhtaikaa, kohotti kätensä, vilkaisematta
ylöspäin, ja huusi: "Tenez! Hänen ylhäisyytensä läänitysherra de
Bault suvaitsee laskeutua maahan."

Pikku kourallinen ällistelijöitä nauroi, ja nauru lisäsi heidän

lukuaan. Mutta poika, jolle sanat oli osoitettu, ei liikahtanutkaan. Hän
istui joutilaana köydellä, heiluen edes takaisin, ja katseli suoraan
eteensä kasvot jäykkinä ja kapinallinen ilme silmissään. Hän näytti
noin kahdentoista vanhalta. Hän oli notkearaajainen ja ruskeaksi
päivettynyt; tuuhea tukka oli musta, mutta silmät siniset, kumma
kyllä. Apina istui kiinni hänessä, ja isännän äänen kuullessaan se
ihan inhimillisesti kääntyi kumppaniinsa, ikäänkuin sanoakseen:
"Sinun on parempi mennä."

Kuitenkaan ei tämä hievahtanut. "Tenez!" huusi mestari

Viekassilmä jälleen ja terävämmin. "Hänen ylhäisyytensä de Bault
suvaitsee laskeutua maahan ja kertoa elämäntarinansa. Ecoutez!
Ecoutez, mesdames et messieurs! Teidän kannattaa kuulla se."

Tällä kertaa poika itsepintaisena ja silmäkulmiaan rypistäen katsoi

alas orreltaan. Hän näytti mittaavan välimatkaa ja harkitsevan,
säästäisikö istumasijan korkeus hänet ruoskalta. Nähtävästi hän
johtui kielteiseen tulokseen, sillä kun mies huusi: "Vitement!
Vitement!" ja loi karmean silmäyksen ylöspäin, alkoi hän laskeutua
hitaasti, ilmaisten ynseätä vastahakoisuutta kaikissa liikkeissään.

Maahan päästyään hän astui kuulijakunnan läpi, jota jo oli

runsaasti parikymmentä henkeä, ja kapusi raskaasti tuolille, siinä
katsellen ympärilleen synkän häpeilevänä, mikä oli kummastuttavaa
julkisessa esiintyjässä, joka oli kaiken päivää näytellyt taitoaan
yleisön huvikkeeksi. Naiset silmäilivät häntä surkutellen, nopeina
keksimään hänen poskiensa kuopallisuuden ja kaulassa
arpeutuneen ison juomun sekä ihailemaan hänen raajojensa
virheettömyyttä ja päänsä kevyttä asentoa. Miehet vain töllistelivät;
tupakoiminen ei ollut vielä tullut tavaksi Fécampissa, joten he
pureksivat makeisia ja tuijottivat vuorotellen.
 "Oyez! Oyez! Oyez!" hoilasi rummuttava mies. "Kuulkaa
läänitysherra de Baultin merkillistä, surullista ja todellista
elämäntarinaa, hänen seistessään edessänne! Oyez!"

Poika katsahti ympärilleen, mutta pelastuksen mahdollisuutta ei

ollut. Niinpä hän ynseästi ja laulavaan tapaan — vaikka tähän
alituiseen tunkeusi jotakin arvokkuuden sävyä, jotakin kummallista
mahtavuuden ja käskyvallan kaikua, joka antoi esitykselle outoa
viehätystä ja oli sen luonteenomaisena piirteenä — alotti tämän
luvun alkusanoilla:

"Minä olen Jehan de Bault, en tiedä minkä läänityksen omistaja ja

seitsemäntoista kartanon herra en muista missä kreivikunnassa, —
ylhäistä ja mahtavaa sukua, jolla on yli-, keski- ja alioikeuden
perinnöllinen tuomiovalta. Suonissani virtaa Rolandin veri, ja esi-
isissäni on kolme Ranskan marskia. Tässä seison, rotuni viimeisenä,
ja sen vakuudeksi suojelkoon Jumala äitiäni, kuningasta, Ranskaa ja
tätä maakuntaa! Minut varastivat mustalaiset viisivuotiaana ja veivät
mukanaan isäni taloudenhoitajan myymänä, niinkuin Josefin möivät
hänen veljensä, ja minä vetoan — vetoan — kaikkiin hyviin Ranskan
alamaisiin, että he — että he auttaisivat minua —"

"Oikeuksiini", tokaisi Viekassilmä julmasti muljauttaen.

"Oikeuksiini", kuiskasi poika painaen päänsä alas.

Rummuttaja ryhtyi rivakasti johtelemaan kohtausta. "Juuri niin,

hyvät naiset ja herrat", hän huusi ihmeteltävän lipevästi. "Ja kun
teillä on ani harvoin edessänne mitä ylhäisimmän ja vanhimman
aatelissukumme edustaja kerjäämässä apuanne, — kun sitä
merkillistä, surullista ja todellista näkyä ei usein satu Fécampissa,
olenkin varma siitä, että vastaatte auliisti, jalomielisesti ja
asianmukaisesti, hyvät naiset ja herrat!" Ja sen sanottuaan
keinottelija omaksui paljoa mahtipontisemman sävyn kuin pojan ja
apinan ollessa kysymyksessä ja ojenteli ympäri kauhaansa,
kohottaen lakkiaan jokaiselle antajalle ja sanoen kohteliaasti: "Sieur
de Bault kiittää teitä, hyvä herra. Sieur de Bault on palvelijanne, hyvä
rouva".

Oli jotakin niin kummallista koko jutussa, jotakin niin outoa ja

selittämättömän liikuttavaa pojan sanoissa ja esiintymisessä, että se
vaikutti väkijoukkoon, niinkuin se varmaankin oli tehonnut satoja
kertoja ennen, vaikka se selvästi näyttikin julkealta kujeelta, joka oli
omiaan eksyttämään ainoastaan typerimpiä. Ensimäinen mies, jonka
eteen kauha ojentui, irvisti hämillään ja antoi vasten tahtoansa, ja
hänen kumppaninsa pysyivät kauttaaltaan jäykkinä, kohautellen
olkapäitänsä ja näyttäen viisailta. Mutta kymmenkunta naista sai heti
täyden uskon, ja kauha palasi täynnä pikku lantteja kaikesta
kilpailijain hälystä ja ympäristön tuoksinasta huolimatta.

Keinottelija luki ansioitansa massiin, kun hopeafrangi kieppui ilman

halki ja kilahti hänen jalkoihinsa, järeän äänen huutaessa: "Hei,
mies! Sananen kanssasi."

Mestari Viekassilmä katsahti ylös, kohotti lakkiaan nöyrästi, sillä

ääni ilmaisi virkamahdikkuutta, ja meni kyyristellen puhujan luo.
Tämä oli vanhanpuoleinen ratsastaja, joka oli pysähdyttänyt komean
hevosensa väkijoukon laiteelle pojan alottaessa puheensa. Hänellä
oli suorasukaisen soturin kasvot, harmaat viikset ja pieni harmaa
pujoparta, ja hän näytti olevan kaupungista poistuva arvohenkilö,
sillä hänen takanaan odotteli pari kolme aseellista palvelijaa, joista
yhdellä oli matkalaukku satulanpuassa.
 "Mitä tahdotte, jalo herra?" vikisi näytösmies, seisten avopäin
hänen jalustimensa vieressä ja katsoen ylös häneen.

"Kuka opetti pojalle tuon laverruksen?" kysyi ratsumies jyrkästi.

"Ei kukaan, teidän armonne. Se on tosi."

"Tuo hänet sitte tänne, valehtelija!" oli vastaus.

Näytösmies totteli, ei kovinkaan halukkaasti, vetäen pojan alas

tuolilta ja tempoen hänet väkijoukon läpi. Vieras katseli lasta tovin
ääneti. Sitte hän virkkoi terävästi: "Kuules, puhu minulle totta, poika.
Mikä on nimesi?"

Poika suoristausi ja vastasi empimättä: "Jehan de Bault."

"Nimettömän kreivikunnan olemattomasta paikasta", ivasi vieras

vakavasti. "Ylhäistä ja mahtavaa sukua ja niin edelleen. Tuo kaikki
on arvatenkin totta?"

Ikäänkuin toivon kimallus tuikahti pojan silmissä. Hänen poskensa

punehtuivat. Hän nosti kätensä hevosen lautaselle ja vastasi hiukan
vapisevalla äänellä: "Se on totta."

"Missä on Bault?" kysyi vieras yrmeästi.

Poika näytti neuvottomalta ja pettyneeltä. Hänen huulensa

värisivät, punehdus katosi. Hän silmäsi sinne ja tänne ja pudisti
viimein päätänsä. "En tiedä", hän sanoi heikosti.

"En minäkään", vastasi ratsumies, sanojensa ponneksi sivaltaen

pitkää ruskeata saapasvarttansa raipallaan ja katsellen ankarasti
ympärilleen. "En minäkään. Ja vieläpä saat uskoa minun suustani,
että mitään sennimistä aatelissukua ei ole Ranskassa! Ja kuule
minulta toinenkin varma totuus. Olen varakreivi de Bresby, ja minulla
on kuvernöörin asema Guiennessa. Pidä tätä ilvettä minun
kreivikunnassani, niin ruoskitutan teidät molemmat röyhkeinä
peijareina, ja sinut, rumpumestari, minä lisäksi merkitytän
poltinoralla! Paina se mieleesi, miekkonen, ja näytellessäsi karttele
Perigordin aluetta. Siinä kaikki."

Hän sivalsi samassa hevostaan ja ratsasti tiehensä; vanhan

soturin tavoin hän istui niin suorana satulassa, ettei nähnyt mitä
takanaan tapahtui, — että poika hätäisesti huudahtaen hypähti
eteenpäin ja olisi seurannut häntä, ellei näytösmiehen kouraisu olisi
pidättänyt. Vieras karautti pois, välinpitämättömänä ja taaksensa
vilkaisematta, ja hetkisen kiihkeästi rynnistettyään isäntänsä kanssa
talttui poika.

"Sinua pahusta!" karjui rummuttaja ravistellen häntä. "Mikä

ampiainen sinua on pistänyt? Vai et ole siivolla? Tuosta saat, ja
tuosta!" ja hän löi lasta raakamaisesti kasvoihin — kahdesti.

Jotkut huusivat häpeää ja jotkut nauroivat. Mutta asia ei kuulunut

kehenkään, ja näkyvissä oli satakin huviketta. Mitä merkitsi pieni
poikanen tai joku isku markkinahumussa? Parinkymmenen kyynärän
päässä tepasteli notkuvalla lavalla tanssijatyttö, oikea tenhotar — tai
siltä hän näytti neljän talikynttilän valossa. Melkein tyrkkien häntä
kyynäspäillään seuhtoi vieressä taiteilija, joka oli saavuttanut kaikki
luonnon salaisuudet paitsi puhtauden ja kauppasi tuiki taattuja
lemmenjuomia ja ikuisen nuoruuden nestettä — vaskilantista! Ja
näiden takana levisi sarja ihmeitä ja luonnonoikkuja, kaikki lisäten
osuutensa meluun. Katselijat hupenivatkin yksitellen, nykäyttäen
olkapäitänsä tai halveksivasti hymähtäen, kunnes ainoastaan
kolmikkomme oli jäljellä: mestari Viekassilmä laskien ansioitaan,
poika nyyhkyttäen piennarta vasten, jolle oli heittäytynyt, ja apina
sopertaen ja älisten yläpuolella — tummana, muodottomana varjona
näkymättömällä köydellä. Yö oli nimittäin tulossa: missä
markkinahuvitukset eivät olleet käynnissä, siellä puhalteli yltyvä tuuli
pimeillä aukeilla ja varkaitten väijymispaikoissa.

Näytösmies tuntui oivaltavan tämän, sillä saatuaan selon saaliinsa

määrästä hän potkaisi jalkeille pojan ja alkoi koota kompeitaan. Hän
oli melkein valmis ja kumartui köysivyyhdin yli kiinnittämään päätä,
kun kosketus hartioihin sai hänet poukkoamaan kyynärän. Pitkä,
viittaan verhoutunut mies, joka oli saapunut näkymättömänä, seisoi
hänen vieressään.

"Hoi!" huudahti näytösmies, yrittäen salata säikkyänsä

rehentelyllä.
"Ja mitä te haluatte?"

"Haastaa sanasen kanssanne", vastasi tuntematon.

Ääni oli niin kylmäkiskoinen ja tunteeton, että Viekassilmä sai vilun

väreitä. "Diable!" hän murahti, koettaen lävistää katseellaan
pimeyttä, nähdäkseen puhuttelijansa ulkomuotoa. Mutta tämä oli
mahdotonta, joten hän tukalasta vaikutelmasta vapautuakseen kysyi
ivallisesti: "Te ette ole mikään varakreivi, vai mitä?"

"En", vastasi vieras vakavasti, "en ole".

"Ettekä minkään kreivikunnan kuvernööri?"

"En."

"No, puhukaa sitte!" mukautui näytösmies mahtavasti.

 "En täällä", kieltäytyi viittaan kietoutunut. "Minun on tavattava
teidät yksinänne."

"Sitten on teidän tultava asuntooni ja odotettava, kunnes olen

pannut talteen pojan", sanoi toinen. "En aio menettää häntä teidän
tähtenne tai kenenkään. Ja kylläpä hän livahtaisi vikkelästi! Sopiiko
teille? Ottakaa se tai jättäkää."

Tuntematon, jonka kasvonpiirteille hämy oli täydellisenä

naamiona, nyökkäsi myöntymykseksi, ja siekailematta kääntyivät
kaikki neljä kaduille päin; poika kantoi apinaa, ja molemmat miehet
seurasivat hänen kintereillään. Heidän sivuuttaessaan jonkun
valopaikan, yritti näytösmies aina saada jotakin tolkkua kumppaninsa
ulkomuodosta, mutta jälkimäinen oli kääntänyt viittansa kauluksen
niin korkealle ja käytti niin hyvänä suojana lerppalieristä hattuaan,
jonka röydät ulottuivat melkein kauluksen reunaan, että uteliaisuus ei
saanut vähääkään tyydytystä, ja he saapuivat kehnoon majataloon,
josta näytösmies oli vuokrannut tallinsopen, tämän ovelan
herrasmiehen tulematta hullua hurskaammaksi uudesta
tuttavastaan.

He astuivat kurjaan, pahanhajuiseen ulkorakennukseen, joka oli

jaettu kuudeksi tai kahdeksaksi karsinaksi puolitiehen tiilikattoa
ulottuvilla puisilla väliseinillä. Kunkin päähän ripustettu sarvilyhty loi
keltaisia loimuja ja synkkiä varjoja pilttuisiin. Pony-hepo kohotti
päätänsä ja hirnahti miesten tullessa, mutta useimmat hinkalot olivat
tyhjillään tai saaneet asujamikseen vain päihtyneitä maalaisia, jotka
nukkuivat pahnoilla.

"Tänne ette saa lukituksi häntä", sanoi vieras katsellen

ympärilleen.
 Näytösmies urahti. "Ettenkö saa?" hän vastasi. "Kaikilla
ammateilla on toki temppunsa. Kai minä saan — tällä!" Ja ottaen
jostakin yltänsä ohuet teräsvitjat hän piteli niitä toisen silmien
edessä. "Tässä on minun lukkoni ja oveni", hän virkkoi voitokkaasti.

"Ne eivät pidätä häntä pitkälle", huomautti toinen

harrastuksettomasti.
"Viides rengas on jo hivunut katkeamaisilleen."

"Teilläpä on terävät silmät!" huudahti näytösmies vastahakoisen

ihailevasti. "Mutta kestää se vielä jonkun aikaa. Kytken hänet tuohon
nurkkaan. Odottakaa tässä, tulen takaisin luoksenne."

Hän suoriutui pian. Palattuaan hän vei vieraan etäisimpään

pilttuuseen, joka oli tyhjä, kuten viereinenkin. "Täällä voimme
puhella", hän virkkoi lyhyeen. "Ainakaan minulla ei ole parempaa
paikkaa. Talo on täynnä. No, mikä on asiana?"

"Tahdon tuon pojan", vastasi pitkä mies.

Näytösmies nauroi — taukosi nauramasta ja nauroi taas. "Sen

arvaan", hän sanoi pilkallisesti. "Ei ole Parisin ulkopuolella parempaa
tai terhakampaa nuorallatanssija-poikaa. Ja entä suunsoitto! Ei ole
verrempää kulkurikujerrusta kuin hänen tämäniltaisensa, eikä
ainoatakaan niin tuottoisaa."

"Kuka sen hänelle opetti?" kysyi vieras.

"Minä."

"Se on vale", vastasi toinen, äänensä saamatta minkäänlaista

sävyä. "Jos haluatte, niin sanonpa, mitä te teitte. Te opetitte hänelle
jutun jälkipuoliskon. Edellisen hän osasi ennestään — maakunta-
sanaa myöten."

Näytösmies haukkasi ilmaa. "Diable!" hän jupisi. "Kuka teille

sanoi?"

"Sillä ei ole väliä. Te ostitte pojan. Keltä?"

"Muutamilta mustalaisilta Beaucaire'in suurilla markkinoilla", ilmoitti

näytösmies jurosti.

"Kuka hän on?"

Viekassilmä naurahti kuivakiskoisesti. "Jos tietäisin, niin en olisi

kululla", hän sanoi. "Tai suittaapa hän olla mitätöntäkin syntyperää ja
tarina tuulenpieksämistä. Olette kuullut sen verran kuin minäkin. Mitä
te ajattelette?"

"Ajattelen ottavani selon, jahka olen ostanut pojan", vastasi vieras

tyynesti. "Mitä vaaditte hänestä?"

Näytösmies hätkähti jälleen. "Tepä käytte vireästi asiaan", hän

sanoi.

"Se on tapanani. Mikä on hänen hintansa?"

Näytösmiehen mielikuvitus ei ollut koskaan liidellyt yläpuolelle

tuhannen leveän hopeaécun, eivätkä hänen korvansa olleet ikinä
kuulleet sen suurempaa summaa mainittavan. Hän esitti sen
vapisten — saattoiko sellaista aarretta olla tavattavissa?

"No, tuhannen livreä annan. En penniäkään yli", alensi toinen.

 Lähempi lyhty valaisi suoraan Viekassilmän kasvoja; mutta se
hohde oli pelkkää varjoa hänen silmiensä ahnaaseen kiilumiseen
verraten. Hän pystyi saamaan toisen pojan, kymmeniä poikia. Mutta
tuhannen livreä! Tuhannen livreä, "Tournois!" hän änkkäsi heikosti.
"Livres Tournois!" Hurjimpinakaan rahanhimon hetkinä ei hän ollut
uneksinut moista rikkautta.

"Ei, Parisin livreä", oikaisi vieras kylmäkiskoisesti. "Luetaan

pöytään huomenna Kultavaunuissa. Jos suostutte, niin luovutatte
minulle pojan siellä puoleltapäivin ja nostatte rahat."

Näytösmies nyökkäsi; pelkkä summan numero oli hänet

nujertanut. Olkoot
Parisin livrejä. Danae ei joutuisammin sortunut kultasateeseen.