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Ancient Cities
The third edition of Ancient Cities surveys the cities of the Ancient
Near East, Egypt, and the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman worlds from
the perspectives of archaeology and architectural history, bringing to
life the physical world of ancient city dwellers by concentrating on
archaeological evidence.
Urban form is the focus: the physical appearance and overall
plans of cities, their architecture and natural topography, and the
cultural and historical contexts in which they flourished. Attention is
also paid to non-urban features such as religious sanctuaries and
burial grounds, places and institutions that were a familiar part of
the city dweller’s experience. Objects or artifacts that furnished
everyday life are discussed, such as writing systems, pottery,
sculpture, wall paintings, mosaics, and coins. Ancient Cities is
unusual in presenting this wide range of Old World cultures in such
comprehensive detail, giving equal weight to the Preclassical and
Classical periods, and in showing the links between these ancient
cultures. In this new edition, in which Andrew Goldman has joined
Charles Gates in updating the volume, readers and lecturers will be
delighted to see a major revision of the chapters on Greek cities in
South Italy and Sicily, the Etruscans, the development of the capital
city, Rome, during the Republic as well as the Empire, and the end
of the ancient city.
This new edition includes several new and updated user-friendly
features, such as:
Clear and accessible language, assuming no previous
background knowledge.
Lavishly illustrated, with almost 350 line drawings, maps, and
photographs, including new contributions from Neslihan Yılmaz
Tekman adding to her already acclaimed illustrations.
Suggestions for further reading for each chapter.
A companion website with images, study guides, and an
interactive timeline.
Third Edition
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
The right of Charles Gates and Andrew Goldman to be identified as authors of this
work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
DOI: 10.4324/9780429278815
Typeset in Garamond
by codeMantra
List of illustrations
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the third edition
... the city is one of the most remarkable, one of the most
enduring of human artifacts and human institutions. Its
fascination is inevitable: its study is both duty and homage.
(S. Kostof. 1991. The City Shaped. Urban Patterns and
Meanings through History. London: Thames and Hudson, 40)
This book introduces the cities and civilizations of the Ancient Near
East, Egypt, Greece, and Rome through the eyes of archaeology.
Urban centers are the focus throughout: architecture and other
material remains, historical and socioeconomic contexts, and the
experiences of the people who lived in them. This book traces cities
from their origins in the Near East of the ninth through sixth
millennia BC to the end of pagan antiquity in the early fourth century
AD. The region treated is vast, ranging from the Indus Valley in
modern Pakistan in the east to England in the west – the territory
controlled by the Achaemenid Persians and conquered by Alexander
the Great combined with that held by the Romans at the height of
their empire. The parade of cultures is colorful and complex:
Sumerians and Babylonians, Assyrians and Egyptians, Minoans and
Etruscans, Greeks and Romans. Different as they can be, one from
the other, these cultures nevertheless are linked together in a long
chain of interconnections. The Romans looked to Greece for artistic
and intellectual inspiration, for example, just as the Greeks would
have inhabited a very different world without the stimulation and
challenge of Near Eastern and Egyptian accomplishments. These
disparate cultures form an Old World unity and merit study together.
Urbanism was not exclusive to south-west Asia and the
Mediterranean basin, of course, but the independent urban traditions
of East Asia, the Americas, and Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa lie
outside the scope of this book.
The book has two sources of inspiration. The immediate stimulus
for undertaking this project was the need for a textbook to
accompany “Ancient Cities,” a popular introduction to the ancient
cultures of the Mediterranean basin and the Near East introduced by
Emeline Hill Richardson and developed by fellow archaeologists in
the Department of Classics at the University of North Carolina-
Chapel Hill. The course never claimed impartiality: with its home in
Classics, the syllabus has understandably given more weight to
Greek and Roman cities than to the Ancient Near Eastern and
Egyptian ones. Further, because of my own experiences and
interests, I emphasize eastern Mediterranean sites over western
Mediterranean and western European examples; this bias is clearest
in Chapters 24 (to note = Chapters 26 in this third edition). Apart
from this last mentioned gap, the selection of places and
monuments presented here reflects, with reasonable faithfulness,
the consensus that evolved among those who have offered “Ancient
Cities” at UNC-Chapel Hill – of whom I, during the 1980s, was one.
The second source is more distant and indirect. When completing
my undergraduate major in Archaeology at Yale University many
years ago, I elected to undergo a final oral examination in Hellenic
city planning. In the presence of distinguished specialists in Mayan,
Caribbean, Chinese, Egyptian, and Near Eastern as well as Classical
archaeology, I displayed my imperfect knowledge of the ancient
Greek urban experience. This book in a certain way has offered the
opportunity to redo the oral exam, and with its completion I feel I
have truly earned my undergraduate diploma.
A book like this could not be completed without the assistance of
many people. Neslihan Yılmaz has drawn the bulk of the illustrations.
To her my debt is enormous; I am most grateful. I also wish to
thank Bilkent University for awarding me in 2001 a Faculty Research
Development Grant, which relaunched the production of illustrations
after several years of stagnation. Thanks also to Bülent Bozkurt, the
Dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Letters, and İlknur Özgen,
longtime Chair of the Department of Archaeology and History of Art,
for support for this project over the course of many years.
I would like to express my gratitude to those who have helped by
reading chapters, answering specific queries, procuring illustrations,
or simply discussing the aims of “Ancient Cities”: Julian Bennett,
Mary T. Boatwright, J. V. Canby, Ben Claasz Coockson, Toni Cross,
Caroline Gates, Irene Gates, Matthew Glendinning, Nancy de
Grummond, Ann Gunter, Salima Ikram, Janet Jones, Norbert Karg,
Dominique Kassab Tezgör, J. Mark Kenoyer, Gerhard Koeppel,
Richard Liebhart, Jerzy Linderski, Steven Lumsden, Erin Maloney,
Joann McDaniel, Gregory Possehl, Nicholas Rauh, Margaret Reid, Gay
Robins, Jeremy Rutter, G. Kenneth Sams, Gil Stein, Cheryl Ward,
Patricia Wattenmaker, Laurette Wharton, and Irene Winter. I am
especially indebted to Mary Voigt for reading and commenting on a
preliminary draft of Part I and to Jennifer Tobin for doing the same
for Parts II and III; and to several anonymous readers for their
criticisms and suggestions. Finally, I thank Richard Stoneman and his
colleagues Catherine Bousfield and Coco Stephenson for exemplary
patience and courtesy over many years; and Marie-Henriette Gates
for her knowledge, sound advice, and encouragement generously
offered at every step along the way.
Ankara, 2003
Preface to the second edition
The second edition of Ancient Cities has the same goal as the first:
an introduction to the physical appearance of cities of the Ancient
Near East, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, presented in their historical
context. Theoretical considerations are not emphasized, but the
reader who masters the contents of this book will be well prepared
to investigate them. This new edition consists of the first edition
text, corrected for errors, in places modified more extensively, with
new sections on Göbekli Tepe (Chapters 1), Deir el-Medina (Chapters
6), Phoenician cities (Chapters 11), Sinope (Chapters 18), and
Nîmes, London, and Trier (Chapters 24) (to note = Chapters 26 in
the third edition). Illustrations have been augmented accordingly.
It is a pleasure to express my thanks to the many who have
assisted in the preparation of this new edition. The range and quality
of illustrations had been a highlight of the first edition, as all readers
acknowledged. To my great good fortune, Neslihan Yılmaz, the
original illustrator, found time to work on this project, thereby
assuring visual consistency from the first edition to the second. She
checked the entire set of illustrations, making minor corrections on
some, redrawing others, and adding several new maps, plans, and
line drawings. For her contribution, I am immensely grateful. As
before, photographs supplement the drawings. For providing new
photos, I would like to thank Ben Claasz Coockson, Marie-Henriette
Gates, and Ahmet Keten.
Revision of the text has benefited from careful readings by Marie-
Henriette Gates (Chapters 1–3 and 8–11), Salima Ikram (Chapters 5
and 6), and, especially for the Greek and Roman chapters, Valentina
DeNardis, Katrina Dickson, Maura Heyn, Eric Kondratieff, and
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