Ethiopian Civil Service University

College of Urban Development and Engineering Department of Urban

Planning

Urban Expansion and its Impact on Farming Community: The case of

Akaki Kality Sub city Woreda 02 Administration Office

Prepared by: Samuel Balcha Id No 1902699

Advisor: Mengistu Mekonnen

April 2024

Addis Ababa Ethiopia

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 SECTION ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Urban expansion, which refers to the expansion of urban settlements into surrounding non-
agricultural areas, is a term used to describe the phenomena of urban growth. This phenomenon
is observed in both developed and developing countries. However, the consequences of urban
growth are particularly detrimental in underdeveloped nations. Factors such as a high natural
population increase, rural-to-urban migration, and spatial urban development contribute to
Ethiopia's rapid urbanization (Fekadu, 2015). This expansion negatively impacts the
socioeconomic status of farmers and leads to various consequences.
The expansion of urban areas, characterized by the transformation of a city's physical structure,
has surged significantly over the past decades. Forecasts indicate a substantial increase in global
urbanization rates, rising from 35.5% in 1965 to an anticipated 67% by 2015, coinciding with a
projected world population of 6.9 billion by 2050. This trend is particularly notable in Africa and
developing nations, where urbanization is accelerating rapidly, albeit from a lower base
compared to more affluent regions. (United Nations, 2019).

The phenomenon of urban expansion, driven by factors such as population growth, economic
development, rural-urban migration, and technological advancements, has far-reaching
socioeconomic implications. Notably, the rapid expansion of urban areas is associated with
various challenges, including soil erosion, deforestation, and desertification. These
environmental concerns stem from the conversion of natural landscapes into built-up areas,
leading to the loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystems. (Seto et al., 2014).

Despite Africa's comparatively lower urbanization rate, the continent experiences notable urban
expansion fueled by the same underlying factors driving global trends. Population growth,
coupled with economic opportunities in urban centers, incentivizes migration from rural to urban
areas, contributing to the expansion of cities and towns across the continent.

Efforts to address the impacts of urban expansion require integrated approaches that balance
economic growth with environmental sustainability and social equity. Sustainable urban
planning, land use management, and infrastructure development are essential strategies to
mitigate the negative consequences of rapid urbanization. Additionally, investing in green
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infrastructure, preserving natural habitats, and promoting community resilience can help foster
more sustainable urban environments in the face of expanding populations and urban sprawl.
Urbanization is the process by which the percentage of a population that lives in urban regions
rises, as well as the physical extension of urban centers that already exist (Samson, 2009; Alaci,
2010). Compared to wealthy nations like Europe (72.7%) and North America (79.1%), Africa
has a low rate of urbanization (37.1%). But compared to rich nations, where urbanization may
reach 3% or even 4% a year, the poor world is generally urbanizing far more quickly (Subbotina,
2004).

In many nations, urbanization and growth are seen as contemporary lifestyle trends that reflect
rising economic standards. Accordingly, in many nations, there is a correlation between the
degree of urbanization and the socioeconomic standing of the populace (Tamirat, 201– 211).
Urbanization is the process by which the percentage of a population that lives in urban regions
rises, as well as the physical extension of urban centers that already exist (Samson, 2009; Alaci,
2010). Compared to wealthy nations like Europe (72.7%) and North America (79.1%), Africa
has a low rate of urbanization (37.1%). But compared to rich nations, where urbanization may
reach 3% or even 4% per year, the poor world is generally urbanizing far more quickly
(Soubbotina, 2004). The rapidly increasing rate of urbanization is emerging (Marshall et al.,
2009). Rapid urbanization in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is addressing urban poverty and increasing
homeownership opportunities for low- and middle-income residents. Despite being the
continent's second-most populated city, Ethiopia is the least urbanized, with only 20.7% of
residents in urban settlements. According to the Ethiopian Census of 2017 estimation reported
that 3.43 million people lived in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa's population growth is influenced by
in-migration.
Natural population increases. Urban environmental problems become worse in urban areas in the
case of Ethiopia being one of the impoverished African countries. Because of the many
interrelated urban Environmental problems, none of the Ethiopian cities can continue sustainable
urban development (World Bank, 2000).
Another relevant study by Tesfaye and Bauer (2019) focused on the impact of urbanization on
livestock production systems in Ethiopia. The research highlighted how urban expansion
encroached on grazing lands, leading to conflicts between ranchers and urban developers. The

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study recommended collaborative land-use planning and conflict resolution mechanisms to
address the challenges faced by the ranching community in the context of urban growth.

These studies underscore the importance of understanding the complex interactions between
urban expansions and ranching communities to develop effective strategies for sustainable
development. By considering the needs and perspectives of ranchers, policymakers can promote
inclusive urban planning that supports both urban growth and the preservation of rural
livelihoods.
Akaki Kality Sub city Woreda 02, located in [provide location details], is experiencing rapid
urban expansion, resulting in the conversion of agricultural land into residential and commercial
areas. This transformation has profound implications for the farming community, including loss
of livelihoods, displacement, and environmental degradation. Understanding these impacts is
crucial for developing effective policies and interventions to support the farming community and
ensure sustainable urban development. As urban infrastructure expands and residential areas
sprawl into previously agricultural land, the farming community in Akaki Kality Sub city
Woreda 02 faces a multitude of challenges. The encroachment of urbanization threatens the
livelihoods of farmers, disrupts established agricultural practices, and exacerbates socio-
economic disparities within the community.
This proposed study aims to delve into the intricate dynamics of urban expansion and its impact
on the farming community in Akaki Kality Sub city Woreda 02.
1.2 Problem Statement
Urban expansion frequently results in the displacement of rural farming communities, leading to
increased impoverishment and the loss of homes, assets, and livelihoods. While urban growth
brings positive economic impacts for urban residents, it has severe adverse effects on nearby
farmers and the impoverished (UN-Habitat, 2016).

Urban expansion is an organic process that frequently results in displacement, impacting not only
the livelihoods of uprooted farmers but also their employment, land ownership, and income
sources. In Ethiopia, the urban economy has not sufficiently advanced to absorb the rural
communities displaced, particularly those comprised of unskilled laborers. This displacement has
adverse consequences on the socio-economic and cultural aspects of rural communities, leading
to poverty, food insecurity, loss of hope, and diminished asset ownership. Additionally, the urban
land lease policy tends to be unfavorable to rural households and impoverished landholders. It is
crucial to conduct research on the effects of urban expansion on rural communities in order to
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develop effective strategies and policies that uphold their socio-economic and cultural well-being
(ibid)

Numerous global cases of urban expansion have demonstrated that the impoverished in the
surrounding area always suffer the most throughout urban development and growth processes.
Urban expansion results in the loss of homes and other assets as well as the uprooting from an
existing the neighborhoods are becoming increasingly impoverished due to the way of living.
Furthermore, while most urban people benefit economically from urban growth, many
surrounding farmers and the impoverished will suffer grave consequences (Nebiyu, 2000:8).
Nebiyu (2000) went on to say that people impacted by household and economic unit movement
lose their jobs, their place of residence, or both of these things. Furthermore, (Cernea (1992)
stated that the most important issue.

Urban expansion is an inherent process that fosters growth and ultimately displaces neighboring
rural farming communities (Tegegn, 1999:69). Tegegn (1999) further asserted that even well-
planned relocations have repercussions on the standard of living of the affected individuals.
Farmers, in particular, represent a significantly underexplored subject when it comes to
examining the effects of urban growth or development, especially in countries like Ethiopia
where agriculture serves as the primary income source.

Ethiopia's urban economy was not designed to support the unskilled labor of farmers in
particular, nor was it intended to house the entire population of displaced rural communities.
This shows that rural communities suffer from destitution, lack of access to food, despondency,
and asset forfeiture as a result of growth-related relocation, which negatively affects their
socioeconomic and cultural characteristics. This is because forced relocation can lead to the
establishment of a new, frequently less supportive way of life than the prior one, undermining a
community's previously established means of subsistence (Mejia 1999:156). Moreover, rural
people generally and impoverished property holders specifically do not benefit much from the
urban land lease strategy, argue (Feleke (2003:26).

Because of this, many researchers have provided a baseline for future study endeavors, even if
the lives of these groups remain in danger. Still, their attention is on the displaced farmers' means
of subsistence. The socioeconomic effects of Addis Ababa's urbanization and their effects on
farmland displacement are not well documented in any research (ibid).

The rapid urban expansion witnessed in Akaki Kality Sub city Woreda 02 administration office
poses a significant threat to the traditional farming community residing in the area. This
expansion, characterized by the conversion of agricultural land into residential and commercial
zones, has sparked concerns regarding its adverse effects on the livelihoods, socio-economic
well-being, and environmental sustainability of the farming community.

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Loss of Agricultural Land: The foremost issue stems from the diminishing availability of arable
land due to urban encroachment. As urban infrastructure expands, fertile agricultural land is
being rapidly converted, leading to a reduction in the area available for cultivation. Displacement
and Livelihood Challenges: The displacement of farming households due to land acquisition for
urban development exacerbates the challenges faced by the farming community.

The rapid urban expansion witnessed in Akaki Kality Sub city Woreda 02 presents a pressing
challenge to the farming community entrenched in the region. As urban infrastructure expands,
fertile agricultural land is being increasingly converted into residential and commercial zones,
directly threatening the livelihoods and sustainability of local farmers. This encroachment of
urbanization raises several critical issues for the farming community:

Addressing these multifaceted challenges requires a holistic understanding of the interactions

between urban expansion, agriculture, and community well-being. Effective interventions and
policy measures must be tailored to preserve agricultural livelihoods, enhance resilience, and
promote sustainable urban-rural development pathways. This study seeks to investigate these
issues in-depth to inform evidence-based decision-making and policy formulation aimed at
safeguarding the interests of the farming community in Akaki Kality Sub city Woreda 02
administration office rapid urban expansion.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 General objectives
The general objective of the senior essay is to assess the socioeconomic, environmental
challenges due to urban expansion on the farming communities in Akaki Kality sub city of
Woreda 02 administration office.
1.3.2 The specific objectives
1. To assess the challenge of the urban expansion on the farming community in the study area.
2. To examine the effect of urban expansion on pre- urban communities in term of socio
economic and environmental impact
3. To indicate the magnitude of the physical urban expansion in the study area.
4. To recommend the possible planning and management solution for the identified problem

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 1.3.3 Research Questions
1. What are the challenges of urban expansion on the farming community in the study
area?

2. What are impacts of urban expansion on pre- urban communities in term of socio
economic and environmental impact?

3. What are the magnitudes of the physical urban expansion in the study area?

4. What are the possible planning and management solution for the identified problem?

1.3.4 Significance of the Study

The study's primary importance will lie in its academic merit, serving as a partial fulfillment of
the prerequisite for the award of a Bachelor of Science in urban planning. It will bring research
satisfaction and knowledge, and it may be used as a reference by future researchers.
Policymakers, managers, planners, and decision-makers will also benefit from a greater
understanding of urban expansion and how it affects farming, thanks to the study's findings. The
study titled "Urban Expansion and its Impact on Farm Land: The Case of Akaki Kality Sub City
Woreda 02 administration office" will contribute to the body of knowledge on this subject.

1.4 Scope of the Study

1.4.1 Spatial Scope The scope of the study spatially delimited in Akaki Kality Sub
City Werada 02 administration boundary and households which are affected by impacts of urban

horizontal expansion covered in the area

1.4.2 Thematic Scope

This study identifies the effects of urbanization, the current state of the Akaki Kality Sub City
Woreda 02 administration office and its Peri-urban relations, the trends of the city urban
horizontal expansion on the nearby farmland, the causes and their effects on the agricultural
community, and the actions taken by the relevant area

1.4.3 Temporal Scope

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The study can provide a comprehensive analysis of urban expansion and its impact on the
farming community in Akaki Kality Sub city Woreda 02, covering the specified period from
2010 to 2014 to 2023

1.5 Limitation of the Study

The rural farming community in the periphery will be displaced and evicted due to urban
expansion. The majority of the data for the study will come from 135 heads of households who
will be relocated and those who will be compensated with cash and home plots.

Consequently, it will be possible that the household heads in the sample will be chosen at
random and will not accurately reflect the traits of all farmers impacted by urbanization.
Specifically, the survey will not include the heads of households that do not own home plots.

Furthermore, to learn about how farmers will move and settle in, the Akaki, Kaliti sub-city of
woreda 02 administration office and how their income will be used and how it will affect their
ability to live and thrive there.

1.5.1 Organization of the Study

The study is organized into four chapters
The first chapter introduced the background of the study, problem statement, and objectives of
the study, research questions, and significance of the study, the scope, limitations and challenges
of the study.
Chapter two, deals with review of related literature where urban expansion and its consequences
are discussed.
The third chapter used the study's methodology and sampling techniques to explain how
farming communities are affected by urban growth and how they set up urban land use akiki
Kality Woreda 02 Administration office.
Chapter three also dealt with the findings of the research covering descriptive and qualitative
analysis of the data.
The four stated the expansion program and the farming communities in the study area; effects of
urban expansion and dislocation on farming community; and the current income of the displaced
farmers as compared with previous level of annual income. The report is based on the results of
the analysis of these data.
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The final chapter presented conclusions and possible recommendations for proper intervention
and policy to solve problems identified.
1.5.2 Description of Study Area
1.5.3 Geographical location
Akaki Kality, sub-city Woreda 02 Administration office in Addis Ababa. The city was chartered
and is governed by district (Woreda) administrations, sub-city administrations, and city
government. The city is around 527 km2 in total, and it borders the Bole sub-city to the north,
the Kirkos and Nifas Silk Lafto Sub-cities to the west, and the Oromia regional state to the south.
The Sub-city comprises 11 Woredas and is spread across 11,808 hectares. The sub-city is home
to unemployed young women, traders, manufacturing workers, public servants, military people,
manufacturing workers, and ordinary labourers as well as those engaged in urban agriculture
(Emebet, 2018).

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 Figure 1 Study Area Location map

1.5.4. POPULATION
Akaki Kality, sub-city Woreda 02 Administration office is one of the ten urban zones of Addis
Ababa. This busy industrial area is located in the southern part of the city, 20 km from the city
center. It has an estimated population of 29,100. A large percentage of the families are headed by
single women.
They are factory workers, day laborers, farm workers, low-level civil servants, military
personnel, sex trade workers and unemployed youth, women and men.
1.5.5. TOPOGRAPHY

Akaki Kality, sub-city Woreda 02 Administration office a locality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
geographically the city is located at 8°45 –9°05 ′ N an d 38°3 5 –38°5 5 ′E. sits at an elevation of
approximately 2,125 meters above sea level1. In feet, this translates to approximately 6,972 feet.

1.5.6. Climate
Addis Ababa's climate is influenced by topography, with high-elevated areas receiving more
precipitation. This affects soil formation, moisture availability, and humidity, affecting chemical
activities and groundwater table fluctuations. Air temperature decreases with altitude, with
average temperatures fluctuating between tropical to sub-tropical. These climate dynamics
contribute to the region's unique soil development and engineering properties.
The high elevated areas such as the Entoto receive relatively greater precipitation than lowland
areas around Bole and Akaki under normal conditions, air temperature decrease with increasing
altitude at a mean rate of 0.7 for every 328 feet (Fetter, 1994 as cited in Hana, 2008).
The average temperatures are typically tropical to sub-tropical and fluctuate by 50 C between the
coldest and warmest months.(Griffiths, 1972 as cited in Habtamu,2010).

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 2. SECTION
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Urbanization and Urban growth

Key Words and Concepts in the Study Domain

1. Urban: In the context of this study, urban (as opposed to rural) refers to areas with higher
levels of population density per unit of land, greater levels of population heterogeneity (in terms
of educational attainment, ethnic background, religious affiliation, livelihood strategies and
sources, and organizational complexities), and higher levels of formal social control.

2. Peri-urban areas: in the context of this study, these are the areas that lie between densely
populated urban areas and less densely populated rural areas. These are regions that represent a
transitional zone between urban and rural areas by partially combining elements of both types of
areas.
4. An agricultural community is one whose primary source of income is agriculture. Sources
are mostly dependent on the farming, raring, and/or traditional practices of animal production,
distribution, and consumption.
5. Livelihood: A livelihood is sustainable if it can withstand shocks and strains, bounce back,
and preserve or improve its resources and capacities both now and in the future—all without
jeopardizing the foundation of natural resources (Chambers and Conway, 1992:9).
6. Socio-economic: the most often used term, which the researcher concurs with, is "The talents,
resources (material and social), and activities necessary for a means of subsistence make up a
socio-economic. Human capital, social capital, physical capital, natural capital, and financial
capital are the five primary capitals that help explain livelihood assets.
7. Natural capital: includes water, land, and biological resources like grazing, biodiversity, and
trees.
8. Financial capital: Made up of liquid savings accounts or money stocks. In the context of this
study, it encompasses not just financial assets but also readily disposable assets like cattle, which
may be regarded as natural capital in other contexts. It covers income levels, fluctuations over
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time, and the distribution of financial savings, credit availability, and debt levels across members
of society.
9. Physical capital: Does economic output produce it? It consists of reticulated equipment,
dwellings, roads, irrigation systems, and power.
10. Human capital is made up of the amount and caliber of labour is accessible. Therefore, at
the household level, it depends not only on the size of the household but also on the health,
education, nutrition, skills, and ability of the members.

11. Social capital: Any resources that come from belonging to a group, such as claims or rights.
This involves the capacity to seek support from trade or professional groups (like the framers'
associations) or friends and family in times of hardship, as well as political pressure on
politicians or leaders to offer aid. Social capital is, in one way or another, a product of the sort
and degree of relationships that exist within a certain societal framework, as well as the authority
that an individual or group adopts.

12. Socioeconomic Approaches: The term "copying mechanism" refers to the variety and mix
of actions and decisions people make in order to fulfill their aspirations for a living. They must
be viewed as dynamic processes whereby individuals mix activities to satisfy their diverse
demands at various times, on various geographic or economic scales, and sometimes even within
the same family. Their place within the framework makes explicit their direct reliance on asset
status and 18 changing structures and processes. A shifting asset status might help or hurt other
tactics, depending on the institutions and rules in place.
13. (PROCLAMATION NO.1161/2019) essential to determine the types of compensable
properties and lost economic interests and the principles thereof and establish the methods of
valuation in order to pay land holders whose landholdings and property are expropriated or
damaged or lost their economic interests in the process of expropriation fair and equitable
compensation; is necessary to identify and define the powers and responsibilities of authorities
which are in charge of property valuation; payment of compensation and resettlement;
(PROCLAMATION NO.1161/2019)

14. Expropriation of Land holdings for Public Purposes, Payments of Compensation and
Resettlement of Displaced People Proclamation Residential Housing for Peri-Urban Landholders

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Incorporated in to Towns 1/A peri urban rural land holder whose residence is removed shall be entitled to
not more than 500 sq. meters of land for building per the standard of the urban as it is decided by cabinet
of the Regional State, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa City Administrations. 2/ Child of the displaced peri
urban landholder the age of 18 and above shall be provided with the minimum size of land per the
standard of the town or city provided he lives with his parent. (PROCLAMATION NO.1161/2019)

Worldwide, a significant proportion of farmland is consumed by urban growth into its

surrounding periphery. For example, China's fast urbanization causes the country to lose over
one million hectares of arable land annually to meet needs for residential, commercial, and
industrial building development, as well as road construction [ Dayong N (2004, 1)]. The
development of jobs and the provision of necessities are two issues that urban expansion raises
that can be beyond the means of developing countries' economies [Rakodi C.in 1997 2].
However, peri-urbanisms only benefit a small minority of people, leaving the majority without
access to these possibilities. As a result, urbanization has a disproportionately negative impact on
the natural resources that the poor have access to. The city municipality has up to now supported
the idea of financial compensation for the development of impacted rural residents in an effort to
lessen the issue. However, many have claimed that financial compensation is an inappropriate
strategy for rehabilitating harmed individuals, and even little cash payments appear insufficient
(Feleke (1999). We may anticipate that a sizable number of displaced family members will soon
experience significant issues if metropolitan area and industrial complex growth continues in this
manner.
2.2 Theories of Urban Expansion and Growth
According to Muluken's (2009: 13) account of the history of urban evolution, cities were
founded for a variety of purposes, including trade, defense, and as political or religious hubs.
Whatever the cause, the initial drive is likely to be strengthened by economic forces (Harvey
and Juwsy, 2004). It is inevitable that the pattern of uses would alter as a result of
industrialization, which led to a more intense use of already-existing structures, and that the
periphery will expand outward (Hall, 2002).
According to this theory, urbanization tends to favor cities and urban areas over rural regions.
Policies, investments, and resources are disproportionately directed toward cities, leading to the
neglect of rural communities. As a result, peasants often face challenges such as inadequate
infrastructure, limited access to education, healthcare, and basic services, and reduced
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agricultural support. Urban bias exacerbates the divide between urban and rural populations,
leaving peasants at a disadvantage. Conflict Theory: Conflict theorists emphasize power
struggles and social inequalities. In the context of urbanization, this theory highlights the conflict
between different social classes. Urbanization often involves gentrification—the process of
renewal and rebuilding in deteriorating areas. However, this process can displace earlier, usually
poorer residents, including peasants.
As per the UN's 2007 State of the World Population Report, the majority of people on Earth will
be living in towns or cities for the first time in history sometime in the middle of 2007. As seen
in the illustration below, this is known as the "tripping point" or the "arrival of urban
millennium." In terms of trends, it is predicted that emerging countries would account for 93% of
urban expansion, with Asia and Africa accounting for 80% of this development. According to the
paper, this trend of growth would cause the worldwide urban population to increase from 30% in
the 1950s to 70% by 2050. In contrast, the percentage of people living in rural areas drops from
70% in 1950 to 30% by 2050.
Specifically, the average degree of urbanization in Africa at the moment is 34%, whilst Ethiopia
has an even lower rate of 18%. Numerous studies have predicted that by 2030, 23% of
Ethiopians will live in urban areas (MEDAC, 2002, CSA, 1994). However, Ethiopia has one of
the highest rates of urbanization in all of Africa. From 1960 to 1991, the average yearly growth
rate was 4.8%; from 1991 to 2000, this percentage increased to 5.8% annually. Ethiopia is one of
the 23 countries in the world that is urbanizing the fastest according to its current growth rate
(Tegegne, 2001).
2.3 Impacts of Urban Expansion
Both vertical and horizontal growth is possible in urban areas. The former speaks to the
expansion of metropolitan areas' physical structures. Urban growth is a global phenomenon that
has resulted in the loss of natural beauty, agricultural fields, and range posture throughout the
history of all urban centers (Minwuyelet, 2004).
Urbanization and expansion are viewed as contemporary lifestyle trends and hubs for a wide
range of human prospects, all of which have the potential to significantly impact socioeconomic
development. However, Tegegne (2000:1) contends that a variety of socioeconomic issues,
including as the infringement of tenure rights, are brought on by Ethiopia's metropolitan regions
expanding horizontally.
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Urban horizontal growth, then, unquestionably has an impact on the socio-economic
(environmental, social, human, physical, and financial) assets of the peri-urban community, as
noted by Cemea (1997), both positively and negatively.

In 2008, the globe underwent a sea change when, for the first time ever, over half of its 3.3
billion inhabitants resided in cities.
Africa and Asia, where the urban population is expected to treble between 2000 and 2010, are
renowned for experiencing such fast urban expansion. Eighteen percent of all urban humans will
live in towns and cities in developing nations by 2030 (UN Habitat, 2010). Despite cities'
growing prominence as hubs for industry and consumption in the global economy, the poor
world's rapid urbanization is seriously outstripping the capacity of most cities to provide
adequate services for their citizens.
First, migration from rural to urban areas is a major factor in the expansion of cities since their
founding. Perceived economic possibilities, rural insecurity, economic or climate-related issues,
etc. are the main causes of rural-to-urban migration. The second is a natural rise, which is the
result of both a drop in the death rate and an increase in fertility. The third is the reclassification
of land from rural to urban categories. Former farms and villages are being engulfed by many
quickly expanding cities, which are turning them into urban development (Redman and Jones,
2004). In general, urban regions see a slightly slower rate of natural growth than rural ones.
However, the principal reason for raising the level of urbanization and city growth are rural-urban
migration, geographical expansion of urban areas through annexation and transformation and
reclassification of rural village into small urban settlements (Cohen, 2006). On the other hand, the
expansion of metropolitan periphery can be caused both by arrival of new migrants and by
suburbanization of middle class out of central city. The relative importance of each of various causes of
urbanization and sub urbanization varies both within and between different regions and countries (ibid).

Cities have significant prospects for social and economic growth if they are governed correctly.
They serve as hubs for employment, innovation, and economic growth. Cities provide significant
benefits to efficiency, leading to hitherto unheard-of increases in production and
competitiveness. They are the hub of innovation, knowledge, and production and service
specialization. Cities with high population densities provide greater chances for social contact

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and communication, encourage innovative thinking, foster information sharing, and foster the
development of new ideas and technology (UNHABITAT, 2008).
Even by African standards, Ethiopia is characterized by low levels of urbanization, with just
sixteen percent of the population residing in urban areas. In spite of this, urban population
growth has been documented at a very high rate (4% yearly), which is double that of rural
regions (Teller and Assefa, 2010). Cities' expansion offers the country both great potential and
great problems. Ethiopian non-agricultural output is concentrated in urban centers as there is
little to no industry or manufacturing in rural regions. However, Ethiopia's metropolitan centers
are plagued by a severe housing shortage, with between 70 and 90 percent of the population
living in subpar housing. Other issues include poor economic activity, a growing population,
inadequate upgrading, etc. The government launched the Integrated Housing Development
Programmed (IHDP) initiative to lessen the issue, where houses are constructed by low cost for
medium and low-income groups. The goal is to reduce the proportion of slum-dwellers by 50% by 2030
(UN habitat, 2008).
In conclusion, the following factors may influence or change how ecological services and natural
resources are used in the peri-urban interface: Local conditions: For example, the battle for land
between agricultural and urban expansion, or the growing pressure from extractive industries in
response to the city's need for building materials Conditions at the regional and national levels:
encouragement of 25 industrialization and International situation: As the price of export crops
declines, more poor farmers are moving from rural to the Peri-urban interface in search of other
sources of income (Jongkroy, 2009).The peri-urban research project, on the other hand, provides
an overview of the key elements taken into account when altering land use in the peri-urban
interface.
In order to meet the demands of metropolitan areas, the rapidly increasing urbanization process is
requiring a change in the usage of the surrounding rural land. In Peri-urban settings, land is the main asset
that is susceptible to the severe demands of the land conversion process. The physical structure of the
environment as well as the social and economic aspects of the Peri-urban interface is impacted by
changes in land use from rural to urban activities.
In essence, low-income residents of Peri-urban interfaces create a multifaceted, risk-averse
portfolio of incomes that helps them adjust to changes in the interface. Nonetheless, the
impoverished at the peri-urban interface are constrained by elements including a lack of
education, skills, and access to credit facilities to begin new income-generating ventures. Thus,
15
low-wage informal work, menial trade, and other low-return pursuits are typical among the
impoverished.
This research indicates that a decline in the amount of land held for agricultural purposes and (2) low
returns from agricultural investments, primarily as a result of declining per-area yields and high input
costs combined with low market prices for the product, are the main causes of the agriculture sector's
declining economic importance. The amount of land accessible for agriculture in this area has drastically
decreased as a result of land bequests and sales of household property to new developers (Mandere et al.,
2010). Mandere et al. (2010)

An agricultural community's means of subsistence is no longer the only source of income due to
the deteriorating economic realities in agriculture. As a result, a lot of farming families have
looked for different ways to improve their farms. A different approach is to diversify agricultural
output by introducing new animal and crop varieties and putting more of an emphasis on high-
quality goods in response to consumer demand as a survival tactic (short food supply chain)
(Busck et al., 2006). Furthermore, farmers are now practicing more intense agricultural farming
as opposed to the extensive farming of the past (ibid).

But most of the farmers in the region don't have the acreage or money to buy all the agricultural
inputs they need to take full advantage of the opportunities that come with being close to
metropolitan markets. The majority of the time, the process of converting land is crucial in the
transfer of resources—both financial and land—from smaller and poorer farmers to larger and
wealthy organizations, developers, speculators, and other individuals Endangering the prevailing
farming practices, which provide the majority of the peri-urban population with their primary
source of income (Ampong et al., 2005).
Nonetheless, well-thought-out and sustained Peri-urban development offers a number of
advantages that contribute to the reduction of poverty. Locals may now readily access
infrastructure including power, roads, phone lines, new schools, and health centers due to the
growth of commercial and market centers elements led to an increase in immigration to the city
by creating new job possibilities.

Roads in particular are the primary variables that raise the likelihood those peri-urban
communities will engage in business, increasing their potential to boost their income. However,

16
the level, the kind of developers disliked, and their activities define the socioeconomic options
accessible in peri-urban regions. Therefore, the Peri-urban development processes that result in a
decrease in household poverty are dependent on the quality of the infrastructure and the
availability of highly productive work opportunities. This in turn is dependent upon the policies
of the government and the private developers that the area will draw (ibid).
2.4 Consequence of Urban Expansion
According to Carter (1995: 303) urban growth disrupts social fabric, leading to segregation, relocation,
and disruption. Residents in expanded urban areas often live partly rural, resulting in long commutes and
a divide in social classes. Urban growth often sacrifices productive agricultural land and forests in
emerging nations, such as Egypt's Madras Metropolitan Area. Environmental protection systems are
lacking, leading to poor sanitation and air pollution. Rural agricultural communities lose farmland, clean
air, water, tranquility, and recreational opportunities. Environmental pressure organizations like the
County Landowners Association and the Council for the Protection of Rural England work to prevent
urban expansion from encroaching on agriculture. Urban areas are seeing an influx of impoverished
individuals, causing high development costs and financial strain on local governments. The agricultural
community that has been uprooted faces even greater struggles as they lose their income source. The
research aims to evaluate the effects of lawful urban growth on the means of subsistence for the displaced
agrarian group, discussing survival tactics used by uprooted farming communities.

2.5 Urbanization in Africa

Urbanization is increasing in both wealthy and developing nations, but it also poses challenges
like poverty, unemployment, health issues, poor sanitation, urban slums, and environmental
degradation. Emerging cities are growing due to migration and natural population expansion.
Urbanization offers advantages like access to resources like water, electricity, and education, but
it also presents challenges such as political persecution, religious turmoil, and food insecurity.
Despite these challenges, urbanization is crucial for modernity, economic growth, and progress.
(Traver 1966) Ethiopia's urban population is rapidly increasing, with projections showing it will
nearly triple from 15.2 million in 2012 to 42.3 million in 2037, at a rate of 3.8% annually. This
rapid urbanization is expected to continue, with 30% of the population living in urban areas by
2028.

17
2.6 Urbanization in Ethiopian

According to Tegenge (2000:1), Ethiopia's rapid urbanization and growth, despite its long
history of urban settlement, face socioeconomic challenges due to its rapid pace and the lack of a
permanent capital before Menelik II's founding of Addis Ababa.

In the historical context of this character, the military order played a significant role by dividing
conquered territory among feudal leaders and the king's garrison. They granted large farms and
forests, split them into plots, and built their own homes (Pankhurst, 1962:32).

Since the late 1960s, Addis Ababa, a major city in Ethiopia, has experienced growth in
population and land area. The city's primate characteristics and administrative conversion of
peripheral rural regions into urban settlements contributed to its growth. Addis Ababa
experienced population growth slowing between 1952 and 1961 due to other metropolitan
centers. The combined effects of these variables significantly impacted Addis Ababa's
urbanization and growth (Bekure, 1999)

Following the 1974 Ethiopian revolution, the Derg nationalized urban land and dwellings,
transforming them into state property. This led to social and administrative reforms, causing
urban land to become densely populated without improvements. Addis Ababa expanded to the
peripheral areas, resulting in squatter settlements and illicit land transactions. The Derg
administration implemented a self-help housing cooperative structure, creating rural farming
communities. In the 1980s, cheap bank interest rates encouraged residents to build homes,
raising the value of the surrounding urban area (Birke, 1997).

Following the fall of the Derg dictatorship in 1991, Ethiopia's Transitional Government
implemented a free market economy in Addis Ababa, focusing on vertical growth. Despite
facing challenges like impoverished residents and limited market access, the city became a
chartered city with autonomous administration. The city's rapid population growth has led to the
conversion of rural and forest land into urban areas, encroaching on over 400 hectares of forest
and agricultural land annually. Understanding the impact of urban growth on nearby
communities is crucial to mitigate its negative effects (Pankhurst, 1962: 35).

18
2.7 Current Urban Redevelopment Policy and Guidelines from the
Government
As indicated in the Addis Ababa city plan 2001-2010 (ORAAMP 2002), the suggested
government intervention options includes: relocation and resettlement of inhabitants in order to
make optimal use of available resources and possible locations (basic slum areas); and Among
other things, implementing coordinated and balanced growth and investment in various city areas
The literature on urban resettlement states—for example, Cernea 1997)—that the proposed
relocation and resettlement programmers in Addis Ababa may be unavoidable due to their
potential benefits. The society as a whole may benefit from an improved environment and
increased opportunities for employment and income that may be realized by enlisting the private
sector and mobilizing the potential land value.
The primary goals of Addis Ababa’s urban regeneration, as outlined in the context of
recommended methods (ORAAMP 2002; Ayalew 2003; Berhanu 2006), are: Stopping the
ongoing expansion and worsening of inner-city deterioration; addressing the role of the public
and private sectors in collaboration, delegation, and intervention; enhancing the city center's
quality and reputation; putting built-up regions to use for uses other than residential ones and
maximizing land value in order to mitigate the socioeconomic disturbance of current settlements;
allowing for as much growth as feasible inside the current built-up region in order to improve
density and prevent sprawl; using underdeveloped or less developed urban area for planned
urban development; easing issues with the road network; and delivering public goods and
fundamental infrastructure.
As of right now, Ethiopia lacks a thorough urban policy to direct the growth of its metropolitan
areas. However, several sector-specific regulations and recommendations exist. The foundation
and amounts of compensation for land expropriation and relocation was upheld by Proclamation
NO (PROCLAMATION NO.1161/2019) A peri urban rural land holder whose residence is removed
shall be entitled to not more than 500 sq. meters of land for building per the standard of the urban as it is
decided by cabinet of the Regional State, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa City Administrations. 2/ Child of
the displaced, peri urban landholder the age of 18 and above shall be provided with the minimum size of
land per the standard of the town or city provided he lives with his parent.

Only until appropriate compensation has been collected in full may expropriation be carried out.
Relocating people on site or in the vicinity should be done as much as feasible. If not, residents

19
will be relocated to developed regions with social services and infrastructure that is either better
than or on par with what they had in their previous neighborhoods. For those who would like to
continue renting, rental homes must be made available at fair and acceptable costs; for others,
new housing units must be privatized at fair prices with favorable terms of payment, giving
current occupants preference. Land compensation need to take into account an appropriate
substitute, one in which the owner may maintain his standard of living without needless
hardship.
Make squatter or unofficial settlements more official and better, and provide more land with title
documents and usage permits for affordable homes. A value judgment for compensation must
consider all harms to the owner's livelihood and be based on current market pricing. The Addis
Ababa City Government's guidelines/directives from 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2006
outline the requirements for compensation, including legal processes for payment, public house
tenants' compensation, land replacement, and re-establishment at the resettlement. The city has
generally accepted a number of urban growth plans, although debates over their viability and
fairness have arisen. According to several sources (Berhanu, 2006, for example), the government
did not seem to keep its word as it was mentioned in the law document.
2.8 Socio Economic under Constitutional and Legal Frameworks in Ethiopia
Every individual whose livelihood has been negatively impacted by state development
programmers or who has been forced to relocate has the right to appropriate governmental help
in the form of alternative forms of compensation or corresponding monitoring. FDRE
constitution section 44(2) it is clear from national constitutional provisions that everyone has the
right to demand clear and equitable compensation for their land and property when government-
led development projects are designed to negatively impact their land-based means of
subsistence.
For the majority of developing countries, such as Ethiopia, land is essential to their way of life.
For these people, land serves as a method of securing food, which is one of their most
fundamental requirements, among many other things. As a result, the right to land entails the
right to food, and with it, the right to life. The most basic and universal human right is the right
to life.
Ethiopia has accepted various international agreements and covenants pertaining to this matter.
These include, but are not restricted to, the International Convention on Economic, Social, and
20
Cultural Rights (ICESCR), which safeguards the right to food (Article 11) as a fundamental
human right, and the 1949 and 1977 Geneva Conventions, which include additional protocols on
humanitarian law. Article 15 of the FDRE constitution specifies each of them.
An agricultural community views land as the physical and natural capital that allows them to
guarantee their family's well-being, including the provision of healthcare and educational
opportunities for their kids. Consequently, the safeguarding and upholding of their parents' land
rights is crucial for the welfare of the kid from an agricultural family, which is the human capital
aspect of their livelihood. Therefore, it is evident from this window that a farmer's right to land
also includes their children's entitlement to it. Ethiopia has ratified the Convention on the Rights
of the Child (CRC) Articles 24 and 27 in accordance with this. Furthermore, this is clearly
defined in Article 36 of the FDRE constitution.
One may argue that the right to food is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed by national law,
given the many laws, policies, and programmers now in place as well as the requirements of
international treaties to which Ethiopia is a party. Therefore, it would appear to be illogical to try
to protect the agricultural community's right to food and food security while denying them their
land, which is the foundation of all they depend on for a living.
Urbanization and agricultural are the two opposing processes of socio-economic development by
definition. The "rules of games" that preserve the beneficial balance between the parties involved
in both processes should exist in such circumstances. Therefore, in light of the international law's
mandate to uphold, defend, and fulfill citizens' rights to food and other necessities, the nation is
expected to create and implement laws and policies, or "rules of games," that structure all
development initiatives and activities so as to conflict with each other's equilibriums.
2.9 Conceptual Frame Work
Urban expansion refers to the growth of urban areas, resulting in built-up areas and
infrastructure. It involves population growth, infrastructure development, land use changes, and
urban sprawl. Impact assessment evaluates the effects on farming communities.
Urban expansion has several components, including economic, social, environmental, and land
use changes. Economic impacts include changes in agricultural productivity, market access,
income generation, and food security. Social impacts involve changes in social networks,
community cohesion, and quality of life. Environmental impacts involve land degradation, water
scarcity, pollution, and biodiversity loss.
21
The conceptual framework identifies factors such as land conversion, fragmentation,
encroachment, and land tenure conflicts in Sub City, aiding in understanding urban expansion
and sustainable development.

22
 3. SECTION THREE
Methodology
3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.2 Introduction
In this study, the methodical approach to addressing a research problem is known as a research
method. The primary focus is on gathering the necessary data to address inquiries arising from
investigations, with the problem statement of the study being a key component. Relevant data
from both primary and secondary sources will be compiled and included in this area for
interpretation. The study will also outline the research type, research design, sample design, and
research methodology to be applied.
3.3 Research Design
In order to address the research questions, the study design process will involve employing both
descriptive and explanatory research methodologies. The aim is to explain and illustrate the
reasons for and the manner in which the problems of growth will affect nearby farmland in
community due to urban expansion.

To ensure the reliability and reduce bias in the data collected through field observation,
comprehensive and reliable information will be gathered from the research region.

3.4 Types of Data

For this study, both quantitative and qualitative data types will be employed. Quantitative data
type will be used for numerical measurements expressed in terms of numbers, while qualitative
data type will be utilized for categorical measurements (nominal and ordinal data) to express
attitude, opinion, and perception. Most of the study data will be obtained through household
surveys, key informants, and group discussions, focusing on the urban expansion impact on the
farming community in the case of Akaki Kality Sub City Woreda 02 Administration Office.

3.5 Sources of Data

The study will implement both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data sources
will include a sample household survey on socio-economic conditions, opportunities, and
consequences of urban expansion, as well as the expropriation and compensation conditions of
affected farmers, urban planning and urban land department officers, municipal managers, the
mayor of the city, and rural land administrations. The major secondary data sources will include
23
statistical reports of the urban expansion impact on the farming community in the case of Akaki
Kality Sub City Woreda 02 Administration Office, the structure plan document, and the land use
map.

3.5.1 Primary Data Sources

Important sources of primary data for this study will be households, municipal offices, urban
development & construction offices, and rural land administration offices. Secondary Data
Sources: In undertaking this study, we will publish and assess published and unpublished
documents from different sources. Thus, the main documents that will comprise secondary data
sources are reports, different official records, books, the internet, and previously conducted
related research and publications.

3.5.2 Sample Design

3.5.3 Population

The target populations of the study will be selected specifically from those households living in
the peripheral agricultural land, and the town administration authorities and officials will be part
of them. The target population of this study will be those farm households that will be affected
by the urban expansion on farmland in Akaki Kality Sub City Woreda 02 Administration Office
cities. Peripheral agricultural lands in all directions of the Woreda will be taken as the target
study population. Population will represent the entire group of units, which will be the focus of
the study and will consist of the people or non-humans in a particular geographical area.

3.5.4 Sample Frame

In Addis Ababa Akaki Kality sub city particularly Woreda 02 where dislocation has already
taken place will purposely selected for the study. In Werda 13 list of the affected households was
then generated from the frame.

5 Sample Size

The problems will be minimized as an interview of a key informed person will be used for in-
depth information. Kothari (2007) will explain the following formula to calculate the sample size
and it will be used to calculate the sample size for this study

24
 N= z2 pq
D2

N= the study Population size

Z= the standard normal variable at the required confidence level or

Z statistic (93%)

P= the proportion of the target population estimated

q= 1 – p, non-estimated characteristics of the target population.

d= level of statistical significance or margin of error (7%) The sample size will be obtained from
the list of farmer households that are affected by urban expansion or evicted farmers; the study
will take 25 percent of the total households, which means 25*536/100 = 134, and additionally
from municipal workers 5, urban development offices 3, and rural land administration offices 2,
totaling 147. As shown in the table below.

N= z2 pq (1.81)2*0.5*0.5= 167.15=147
_________ __________________________

e2 (0.07)2
To calculate the Sampling Size calculation using the Kothari formula is as follows:

Total Population: The given total population is 29100.

5%: We want to find 5% of this population.

To calculate the number of households (hhs), we’ll follow these steps:

Convert the percentage to a decimal:

5% is equivalent to 0.05 (since 5% = 5/100 = 0.05).

to find 5% of a given population, you can use the following formula:

25
 In this case, the given total population is 29,100. Plugging this value into the formula, we have:

5% of 29,100 = (5/100) * 29,100

Calculating this expression:

5% of 29,100 = (5/100) * 29,100 = 0.05 * 29,100 = 1,455

Therefore, 5% of the total population of 29,100 the Number of households = is 1,455.to find 15%
of the estimated 1,455 households, you can use the following calculation:

15% of 1,455 = (15/100) * 1,455

Calculating this expression:

15% of 1,455 = (15/100) * 1,455 = 0.15 * 1,455 = 218.25

My study area stratified random sampling households is 147

Therefore, 15% of the estimated 1,455 households are approximately 218.25 households

Table 1 will display the sample size and sampling techniques.

No Sampling frame No of key Sampling technique Tool for data

informant
collection

1 Municipal workers Purposive Sampling Questionnaires

2 Urban development and Purposive Sampling Questionnaires

construction Offices

3 Urban land administration Purposive Sampling Questionnaires

office

4 Total 218

Source: Field Survey, 2024

26
Table 2 The Sample size house holds

No Sampling frame Number of Sampling Technique Tools for Data Collection

Respondents
1 From affected Non probability Non probability Questionnaires and
farmer Sampling. Sampling. interview
2 Total ------- ------ -----------------
Source: Field Survey, 2023
As distributed in Table 1 and Table 2, the number of sample frames includes of akaki kality sub
city woreda 02 administrations Office.
3.6 Data Collection Instruments

The primary tools for gathering data will be observation, structured and semi-structured
interviews, and questionnaires will be conducted to observe the existing situation and record
through the camera and with the naked eye. Questionnaires will be designed to collect a mixed
type of questions, with open-ended and closed-ended questions, to be filled in by a selected
group. Structured interviews were conducted with households, while semi-structured interviews
were conducted with selected office workers.

3.7 Data Analysis

From primary and secondary sources will be grouped qualitatively and quantitatively. The
quantitative data will be analyzed using data analysis software like SPSS and MS Excel, and the
qualitative data will be interpreted and narrated. Finally, the results of the analysis will be
presented using tables, maps, charts, and text.

3.8 Data Presentation

Data will be presented using a graphical or diagrammatic presentation like tables, graphs, or
charts, which will be important for summarizing and displaying data in a concise and logical
order. The qualitative data will be presented in text and will also use photographic evidence or
plates.

27
Conclusion

To guide this study, both quantitative and qualitative research approaches, descriptive research
methods, and different data gathering techniques were used to obtain the required data. Primary
data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Secondary data were
also gathered from different documents in addition to this target population and sampling size.

28
 SECTION FOUR

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

4.1

The main concern of this section is to analyses and interprets the data in order to find out the
trend of urban horizontal expansion and conversion of farm land to urban use, the root causes of
rapid urban the Akaki Kality Sub City Woreda 02 Administration Office., the major impacts of
urban expansion on the farming community; the measures taken by respective stakeholders to
overcome the problem, and possible solutions that may help to minimize the impacts of urban
expansion of the city on farm society The analysis is made from the data that was collected from
evicted farmers, the Woreda 02 Administration Office sub City Office, Land Administration
Office.

General Background Characteristics of Respondents

Table 3. household Respondents

key informants Numbers percent

Manager & Experts of sub-city 5 3.5%

Manager & Experts of urban Land Administration 3 2%

Manager & Experts of Urban permission Construction Office 3 2%

Farmers sample 136 92.5%

Total 147 100%

According to table 4.1, 92.5 percent of respondents are affected farmers, 3.5 percent respondents
are sub-city office administration experts, 2 percent respondents are Manager & Experts of sub-
city Land Administration office Akaki Kality sub-city woreda 02 office administrative and 2
percent respondents are Manager & Experts of sub-city Permission building Construction
Office.
29
Respondents Profile
4.2. Percentage Rate of the Respondents of households The data obtained from household and
key informants generally analyzed below in the table
Table 3 household Respondents
Household Numbers percent

Displace Farmer 586 100

Sample 147 25

Source: Field Survey, 2024

4.3 Percentage Rate of the key informants

Table 4 key informant

key informants Numbers percent

Manager & Experts of sub-city 5 45

Numbers percent Manager & Experts of Akaki Werada 02 urban Land 3 27.3
Administration

Manager & Experts of sub-city & Construction Office 3 27.3

Total 11 100

Source: Field Survey, 2024

We can see from the above figure 4.3,45 percent of respondents are managers and experts of
Sub-city, 27.3 percent of respondents is managers and experts of sub city land administration
office. (Akaki Kality Werda 02 office ) and 27.3 percent of respondents are managers and
experts of sub-city building permission and construction offices.

30
4.4 Respondents Profile
Table 6 back ground characteristics of Respondents

General Background characteristics of respondent Frequency Percent

characteristics
Respondent age Below 25 9 6.1

26-38 13 8.84

39-50 27 18.4

51-60 78 53.1

Above 61 20 13.6

Total 147 100

Sex of Respondents Male 89 60.5

Female 58 39.5

total 147 100

Educational Status of Uneducated 12 8.2

Respondents Read and write 24 14.1

Class1-6 35 23.8

Class7-12 42 28.8

Certificate 6 4.1

Diploma 10 6.8

First Degree 15 10.2

Second Degree and above 3 2

Total 147 100

Marital Status of Single 76 51.7

Married 29 19.73

Divorced 29 19.73

Widowed 7 4.8
Total 147 100

31
 4.4 All respondents' households and profiles

The data obtained from households and key informants is generally analyzed above in figure
4.4.We can see from the above figure that respondents are aged below 25 (= 9, 26–38 = 13, and
39–50 = 27). 51-60=78, above 61, the sexes of respondents are male (89) and female (58).
Educational Status: Respondents are Uneducated=12 Read and write = 24 Class1-6=35 Class7-
12=42 Certificate=6 Diploma = 10; First Degree = 15, Second Degree and above = 3, and the
marital status of respondents is single. Married =76 Divorced = 29, Widowed = 7, and the total
respondents are =147.

General characteristics Background characteristics of Frequency Percent

respondent

Sex respondent Male 89 60.5

Female 58 39.5

Total 147 100

Figure 1 age and sex of respondent

Source: Field

32
Source: Field Survey, 2024

Figure 2 sex respondent

As it can be seen from the above table 4.3, the majority of the respondents are included under the
age group of 51–60, and this helps to get the right answer, because they are old enough to give
the right response about urban horizontal on farm land. Sex Respondents are dominated by
males. From the below table (60.5%), we can see that most of the respondents in the study area
are male.

33
Marital Status of the Respondents

Figure 3. Marital Status of the Respondents

Considering the marital status of the respondents, the percentage share of married, 51.7% divorced,
19.73% single, 23.8% widowed, and 4.8% percent, respectively, this implies that most respondents are
married.

Educational Background of the Respondents

34
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Ampong et al., 2005, suggests that this study provides valuable insights into the socio-economic
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Bekure (1999) suggests a scholarly analysis of these trends. While I couldn't find the exact
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35
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36
Woreda Area of the woreda/ha Number of population Population Density

(Pop/ha)
02 1323.61 13972 10

37