MATHEMATICS 9

QUARTER 4
LESSON 1
TRIGONOMETRY

Access and Process

Introduction to Trigonometry
Trigonometry, as the name might suggest, is all about triangles. More specifically,
trigonometry is about right-angled triangles, where one of the internal angles is 90°.
Trigonometry is a system that helps us to work out missing or unknown side lengths or angles
in a triangle.
Right-Angled Triangles: A Reminder
A right-angled triangle has a single right angle. By definition, that means that all sides
cannot be the same length. A typical right-angled triangle is shown below.
Important Terms for Right-Angled Triangles

The right angle is indicated by the little box in the corner.

The other angle that we (usually) know is indicated by θ (theta).
The side opposite the right angle, which is the longest side, is called the hypotenuse.
The side opposite θ is called the opposite.
The side next to θ which is not the hypotenuse is called the adjacent.

Six Trigonometric Functions

In Geometry Trigonometric Functions we saw that there are 3 basic trigonometric ratios. We
will now be adding the reciprocals of those ratios to create a total of 6 trigonometric ratios.

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How many trig ratios?

So, how many ratios pertaining to the sides of the triangle are possible? Let's take a
look:

If we flip these three

What possible ratios
ratios over, we have
of the sides exist?
three more:

Naming the 6 ratios:

The first three ratios established above have specific "names" (sine, cosine and tangent).
These are referred to as the basic trigonometric functions.

Sine (sin) Cosine (cos) Tangent (tan)

The second three ratios established above also have specific "names" (cosecant, secant, and
cotangent). These three ratios are referred to as the reciprocal trigonometric functions.

Cosecant (csc) Secant (sec) Cotangent (cot)

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Notice that these three new ratios are reciprocals of the ratios of the basic trigonometric
functions.
Applying a little algebra shows the connections between these functions.

Applying this connection will create some basically used statements about trigonometric
ratios:

Reciprocal Functions Relationships

Trigonometric functions work ONLY in right triangles!

Given the triangle shown at the right, express

the exact value of the six trigonometric
functions in relation to theta.

Solution: Find the missing side of the right triangle using the Pythagorean Theorem.
Then, using the diagram, express each function as a ratio of the lengths of the sides.
Since the question asks for the "exact" value, do not "estimate" the answers.

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Be careful not to jump to the

conclusion that this is a 3-4-5 right
triangle. The 4 in on the hypotenuse
and must be the largest side.

Assume 0º < θ < 90º.

Solution: This is an easy problem to solve. Since cosine and secant are reciprocal
functions, simply invert (or take the reciprocal of ) 12/13.

Assume 0º < θ < 90º.

Solution: Draw a diagram to get a better understanding of the given information.

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Since sine is opposite over hypotenuse, position the 2 and

the 3 accordingly in relation to the angle theta. Now,
since cosine is adjacent over hypotenuse, position these
values (the 3 should already be properly placed). Be sure
that the largest value is on the hypotenuse and that the
Pythagorean Theorem is true for these values. (If you are
not given the third side, use the Pythagorean Theorem to
find it.)
Now, using your diagram, read off the values for the secant and the cotangent.
Secant:

The values of trigonometric ratios of angles differ from the special angles can be
found using a scientific calculator. For example, to find sin 70° , press sin key then press 7
and 0 keys to get 0.9396262. therefore,

sin 70° = 0.93969262

Example:
Use the Calculator to find;
a. sin 50° b. cos 43° c. tan 85°

Solutions:
a. Press sin key, then press 5 and 0 keys to get 0.766044443.
sin 50° = 0.766044443

b. Press cos key, then press 4 and 3 keys to get 0.731353701.

cos 43° = 0.731353701

c. Press tan key, then press 8 and 5 keys to get 11. 4300523.
tan 85° = 11. 4300523

Summary

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Important Terms for Right-Angled Triangles

The right angle is indicated by the little box in the corner.

The other angle that we (usually) know is indicated by θ (theta).
The side opposite the right angle, which is the longest side, is called the hypotenuse.
The side opposite θ is called the opposite.
The side next to θ which is not the hypotenuse is called the adjacent.

Lesson 2
The Law of Sines and Cosines

Access and Process

The Law of Sines states that In any given triangle, the ratio of the length of a side
and the sine of the angle opposite that side is a constant.

The following figure shows the Law of Sines for the triangle ABC

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Note:
1. the law of Sines cam also be written in the reciprocal form.
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

2. the Law of sines can also take several forms.

b sin A a sin B a sin C
a= b= c=
sin B sin A sin A

c sin A c sin B b sin C

a= b= c=
sin C sin C sin B
3. When the two angles of a triangle are given along with one side, we first find the third
angle and then use the Law of Sines to find the order two sides.
4. The law of Sines can be used in solving a triangle when we know any of the
following:
a. One side and two angles (ASA or AAS) or
b. Two sides and an angle opposite one of these sides (SSA).

Example
Solve the triangle shown in the figure below.
A
59.1° c=?
b = 11.5 in

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C 45. 1° B
a=?

Solution:
This is an example of ASA case.
The third angle of the triangle is
B = 180° - (A + C)
= 180° - (59.1° + 45. 1°)
= 75.8°

Solve for a and c:

a b c b
= =
sin A sin B sin C sin B
a 11.5 ° c 11.5 °
= =
sin 59.1° sin 75.8° sin 45.1 ° sin 75.8°
11.5° sin 59.1 ° 11.5° sin 45.1°
a= c=
sin 75.8 ° sin 75.8°
11.5(0.556577) 11.5(0.889097)
a= c=
0.391054 0.391054
6.122347 10.2246155
a= c=
0.391054 0.391054
a ≈ 15.66 c ≈ 26.15

Example 2:
In (triangle) ABC, A = 63°, B = 79°, and a = 12 in. Find the lengths of the other two
sides and the measure of the third angle C.
A
63° c=?
b=?
C 79° B
a= 12

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Solution:
This case is an example of AAS.
Find the third angle, B.
C = 180° - (A + B)
= 180° - (63° + 79°)
= 38°
Find b and c.
b a c a
= =
sin B sin A sin C sin A
a sin B a sin C
b= c=
sin A sin A
12sin 79 ° 12sin 38 °
= c=
sin 63 ° sin 63 °
12(0.981627) ¿
= ¿ c = 12(0.615661)¿ 0.891007 ¿ ¿
0.891007 ¿
¿ 7.387932
= 11.779644 ¿ 0.891007 = ¿
0.891007 ¿
b ≈ 13.22 in. c ≈ 8,29 in.

Law of Cosine

For any triangle:

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a, b and c are sides.

C is the angle opposite side c

Note: The Law of Cosine is used in involving triangles when

a. Two sides and the included angle (SAS),
b. Three sides (SSS)

Example 1:
Solve (triangle) ABC if b = 7.98 in, c = 10 and A = 100.67°.

A
100.67° c = 10
b = 7.98 in

C B
a=?

Solution:
Find a.
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA

a = √ b2 +c 2 – 2 bc cosA

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a = √ (7.98)2 +(10)2 – 2 ( 7.98 ) ( 10 ) cos 100.67 °

= √ 63.68+100 – 159.6 (−0.185152)

= √ 163.68+29. 55
= √ 193.23
a = 13.9 in.
Solve for B Solve For C.
b a
= C = 1800 – (100.670 + 34.340)
sin B sin A
b sin A
Sin B = = 1800 – 135.01
a
7.98 sin100.67 °
= = 44.990
13.9
7.98(0,982710)
=
13.9
7.84
=
13.9
Sin B = 0.564
B = 34.340. (press sin, then press 0.564 to get 34.340)

Example 2
A triangle plot of has sides a = 3m, b = 8m, and c = 9m. Find the measure of the
angles of the triangular lot.
the triangle shown in the figure below.
A
c = 9m
b = 8m

C B
a = 3m
Solution:
Find the measure of the angle opposite the longest side.
Solve for C. Solve for B

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2 2 2
a +b + c c a
cos C = =
2 ab sin C sin A
2 2 2
a +b −c a sin C
C = Cos-1( ) Sin A =
2 ab c
2 2 2
3 + 8 −9 3 sin100 °
= Cos-1( ) =
2(3)(8) 9

9+64+ 81 3(0.984808)
= Cos-1( ) =
48 9
2.9546424
C = 1000 =
9
= .3283
A = 190 (press sin-1 key, then press
0.3283 to get 190.)
Solve for A.
B = 1800 – (A + C)
= 1800 – (190 + 1000)
= 1800 – (1190)
B = 610

Summary

The Law of Sines states that In any given triangle, the ratio of the length of a side and the
sine of the angle opposite that side is a constant.

The following figure shows the Law of Sines for the triangle ABC

Note:
1. the law of Sines cam also be written in the reciprocal form.

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a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

2. the Law of sines can also take several forms.

b sin A a sin B a sin C
a= b= c=
sin B sin A sin A

For any triangle:

a, b and c are sides.

C is the angle opposite side c

Note: The Law of Cosine is used in involving triangles when

a. Two sides and the included angle (SAS),
b. Three sides (SSS)

Reference

Orlando A. Oronce and Marilyn O. Mendoza , E-Math Worktext in Mathematics,

REX Printing Company. Inc., 84-85 P. Florentino St., Sta. Mesa Heights, Quezon City,
Copyright 2019
https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/trig-sine-law.html

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