SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY,
AND SOCIETY

PROBLEMS
OF THE MODERN
WORLD
GROUP 6: BULACAN, CAÑAS, CABUG, CARZON, CASTILLOTE
 CONTENT
01 INTRODUCTION

02 OVERPOPULATION

03 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

04 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND HOMOPHOBIA

05 CONFLICT AND WAR

06 GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION

07 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Around the world, we experience different
modern problems as we continue to grow
in numbers and our resources become
scarce. As a result, we have health,
education, environment, and economic
instability.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2023

AGENDA BY UNITED NATIONS
 OVERPOPULATION
Definition Sonia Madaan (n.d.) Overpopulation is
the state whereby the human
population rises to an extent
exceeding the carrying capacity of the
ecological setting.

Joseph Bish (2020) a situation in which

the Earth cannot regenerate the
resources used by the world’s
population each year.
THE STATISTICS
1. World
2. Asia
3. Philippines
WORLD STATISTICS
LARGEST COUNTRIES
BY POPULATION
PHILIPPINE POPULATION STATISTICS
 CAUSES OF OVERPOPULATION
UNDERUTILIZED
CONTRACEPTION
FALLING LACK OF
MORTALITY FEMALE
RATE EDUCATION
 Migration and
Progress in food
urban
production
concentration

CAUSES OF OVERPOPULATION
 CAUSES OF OVERPOPULATION

BIRTH AND DEATH

IMBALANCE
FALLING MORTALITY RATE
The primary cause of
population growth is an
imbalance between births
and deaths. The infant
mortality rate has
decreased globally, with 4.1
million infant deaths in 2017
compared to 8.8 million in
1990, according to the
World Health Organization
(WHO).
 CAUSES OF OVERPOPULATION

SAFE SEX!
UNDERUTILIZED CONTRACEPTION
The global fertility rate has fallen
steadily over the years, down from
an average of 5 children per
woman in 1950 to 2.4 children per
woman today, according to the UN
Population Division. Getting more
women access and agencies to
utilize family planning methods
could go a long way in flattening
the population curve.
 CAUSES OF OVERPOPULATION

LACK OF FEMALE EDUCATION

Although female access to
education has increased over
the years, the gender gap
remains. If increased female
education can delay or
decrease fertility and provide
girls with opportunities beyond
an early marriage, it could also
help to mitigate current
population trends.
 CAUSES OF OVERPOPULATION

PROGRESS IN FOOD PRODUCTION

Scientific research and
technological improvements
saw more efficient agricultural
production, resulting in year-
round crops, more resistant
seeds, pesticides, and so on….
Improvements In fishing and
livestock methods also
contributed to the provision of
more food with which to
nourish the population.
 CAUSES OF OVERPOPULATION

MIGRATION AND URBAN

CONCENTRATION
In certain countries, the
impact of migration and
accumulation of the
population in cities was very
important, not only with
respect to demographic
growth, but also in relation to
wealth generation.
WHY IS
OVERPOPULATION
A PROBLEM?
 EFFECTS

01 02 03

ECOLOGICAL INCREASED HIGHER RISK

DEGRADATION CONFLICTS OF
DISASTERS
AND
PANDEMICS
 WHAT SHOULD WE DO?

The combined efforts of spreading knowledge about family

planning, increasing agency among women, and debunking
widely held myths about contraception will measurably
change the trajectory of the world’s population.

With a global community of 8 billion people,

we need a more equitable, flourishing world
for all people and all ecosystems.
Environmental
Degradation
An alarming issue in the planet
Environmental
Degradation
Environmental degradation is an
increasingly pressing issue that affects us all.
It is caused by a variety of factors, ranging
from human activities to natural disasters,
and its effects can be devastating.

LEARN MORE
What causes environmental
degradation?

?
The Underlying
Social Factors
Causes of
Environmental
Degradation
Economic Factors
Environmental changes may be driven by
many factors including economic growth,
population growth, urbanization,
intensification of agriculture, rising energy use
and transportation. Poverty still remains a
Institutional Factors
problem at the root of several environmental
problems.

LEARN MORE
SOCIAL FACTORS

poverty

Poverty is a major contributor to environmental degradation.

People living in poverty often experience hunger and food
insecurity, which leads to over-exploitation of natural
resources. For example, trees are frequently harvested to
turn into charcoal, a product that can be sold for quick cash.
This can lead to deforestation, air pollution, and other
unsustainable practices that have a negative impact on the
environment.

LEARN MORE
SOCIAL FACTORS

population

Population impacts on the environment primarily

through the use of natural resources and
production of wastes and is associated with
environmental stresses like loss of biodiversity, air
and water pollution and increased pressure on
arable land.

LEARN MORE
SOCIAL FACTORS

urbanization

Such rapid and unplanned expansion of cities has

resulted in degradation of urban environment. It
has widened the gap between demand and supply
of infrastructural services, thus depleting the
precious environmental resource base of the
cities.

LEARN MORE
ECONOMIC FACTORS

deforestation

Deforestation is the permanent destruction of

forests in order to make the land available for other
uses. It is one of the leading causes of
environmental degradation because it reduces
biodiversity, disrupts the water cycle, and
contributes to climate change.

LEARN MORE
ECONOMIC FACTORS

market
failure
To a large extent, environmental degradation
is the result of market failure, that is, the non
existent or poorly functioning markets for
environmental goods and services.

LEARN MORE
ECONOMIC FACTORS

economic
development
The level and pattern of economic
development also affect the nature of
environmental problems.

LEARN MORE
ECONOMIC FACTORS

transportation

Transport activities have a wide variety of

effects on the environment such as air
pollution, noise from road traffic and oil spills
from marine shipping.

LEARN MORE
INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS

environmental
laws
The weakness of the existing system lies in the
enforcement capabilities of environmental
institutions, both at the center and the state.
There is no effective coordination amongst
various department/institutions regarding
integration of environmental concerns at the
inception/planning stage of the project.
LEARN MORE
 Strategies For Maintaining
Environmental Health

Strategies 01 Strategies 02 Strategies 03

REGENERATIVE FARMING TREE PLANTING COMMON SENSE
Violence
Against
Women
'any act of gender-based
violence that results in, or is
likely to result in, physical, sexual
or psychological harm or
suffering to women, including
threats of such acts, coercion or
arbitrary deprivation of liberty,
whether occurring in public or in
private life.' UN Declaration on the Elimination of
Violence Against Women
 Violence against women is
both a consequence of and a
cause of inequality between
men and women. As well as
being a health problem of
epidemic proportions, it's also
a human rights problem of
equal severity. Depending on
the violation, it can deprive a
woman of
her right to health and physical and mental integrity
her right to be free from torture, inhuman and degrading
treatment
her right to life.
Violence against women has been
accepted and even condoned
throughout history. More than
2,000 years ago, Roman law gave
a man life and death authority
over his wife. In the 18th Century,
English common law gave a man
permission to discipline his wife
and children with a stick or whip
no wider than his thumb. This "rule
of thumb" prevailed in England
and America until the late 19th
century.
Many feminists claim violence against
women is the result of a deeply entrenched
patriarchal culture that encourages and
rewards male domination. They say that in a
patriarchal culture, men are more likely to
use violence to keep their dominant
position. While society claims to abhor
violence, we often make heroes of men who
are aggressive. In the culture of masculinity,
heroes are often predicated on some kind
of violent action. The traditional model of
masculinity encourages men to exude an
aura of daring and aggression.
Types of
Violence
Against
Women
Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is violence that occurs
within the private, domestic sphere,
generally between individuals who are
related through blood or intimacy.
Domestic violence is not confined to
women, for example it also includes child
abuse and elderly abuse in the domestic
sphere.
Domestic Violence
Domestic violence violence can include acts of
physical violence such as slapping, chocking or
burning, sexual violence including spousal
rape, psychological violence such as fear by
intimidation or forced isolation, and economic
violence by maintaining total control over
financial resources, withholding access to
money, and/or forbidding attendance at
school or employment, among others.
Sexual any sort of harmful or unwanted sexual

violence behavior that is imposed on someone. It

includes acts of abusive sexual contact,
forced engagement in sexual acts,
attempted or completed sexual acts with a
woman without her consent, sexual
harassment, verbal abuse, threats, exposure,
unwanted touching, incest, and others.
 Sexual Violence
SEXUAL HARRASSMENT RAPE
any non-consensual vaginal, anal or
may involve any conduct of a
oral penetration of a sexual nature of
verbal, nonverbal or physical nature,
the body of another person with any
including written and electronic
bodily part or object, including through
communications. It can take a
the use of physical violence and by
variety of forms – from looks and
putting the victim in a situation where
words though to physical contact of
they cannot say no or complies
a sexual nature.
because of fear.
CORRECTIVE RAPE
a form of rape perpetrated
against someone on the basis of
their sexual orientation or gender
identity. It is intended to force the
victim to conform to
heterosexuality or normative
gender identity.
SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN
CONFLICT
violation of the human rights of
women in situations of armed
conflict, such as systematic rape,
sexual slavery and forced
pregnancy, as well as forced
sterilization, coercive/forced use of
contraceptives, female infanticide
and prenatal sex selection.
Femicide
Femicide is the intentional killing of a woman or a girl because
she is a woman or a girl. The gender-related motivation of the
killing may range from stereotyped gender roles, discrimination
towards women and girls, to unequal power relations between
women and men in society.

Gender-related killings of women and girls

(femicide/feminicide) are the most extreme and brutal
manifestation of violence against women. They can take
happen in private and public spheres, and within different
contexts of perpetrator–victim relationship. They include for
instance cases with previous record of physical, sexual, or
psychological violence/harassment, killings occurring in
situation of trafficking in persons, forced labour or slavery; or
killings where the body of the victim is disposed of in a public
space.
Female genital
mutilation
Female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to all procedures
involving partial or total removal of the female external
genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for
non-medical reasons. It is most often carried out on
young girls between infancy and age 15.

FGM has no health benefits and can lead to serious,

long-term complications and even death. Immediate
health risks include hemorrhage, shock, infection, HIV
transmission, urine retention and severe pain.
Psychological impacts can range from a girl losing trust
in her caregivers, to longer-term feelings of anxiety and
depression.
Female genital
mutilation
In adulthood, girls subjected to FGM are more likely to
suffer infertility or complications during childbirth,
including postpartum haemorrhage, stillbirth and
early neonatal death.

Numerous factors contribute to the persistence of the

practice. Yet in every society in which it occurs, FGM is
an expression of deeply rooted gender inequality. In
every form in which it is practiced, FGM is a violation of
girls’ and women’s fundamental human rights,
including their rights to health, security and dignity.
VAW in The Philippines
STANDARDS ADHERENCE

Violence against women (VAW) appears as one of the

country’s pervasive social problems. According to the 2022
National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) conducted
by the Philippine Statistics Authority, 17.5% of Filipino women
aged 15-49 have experienced any form of physical, sexual,
and emotional violence from their intimate partners. As of
2021, there were 8,399 reported cases of physical violence,
1,791 on rape, and 1,505 on acts of lasciviousness.
VAW in The Philippines
STANDARDS ADHERENCE

According to Republic Act 9262 or the Anti-Violence Against Women

and their Children Act of 2004, VAW is “any act or a series of acts
committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former wife,
or against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or
dating relationship, or with whom he has a common child, or against
her child whether legitimate or illegitimate, with or without the family
abode, which result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual,
psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of
such acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty.”
The social The social context in which violence against women arises is

context characterised by gender inequality and many other

intersecting forms of inequality and oppression.

for Gender inequality is where women and men do not have

violence equal social status, power, resources or opportunities, and

against
their voices, ideas and work are not valued equally by society.
Gender inequality provides the underlying conditions for

women violence against women. It exists at many levels in our society

– from how we view and value men and women, to economic
factors like the pay gap between men and women, to family
and relationship roles and expectations. There is a strong and
consistent association between gender inequality and
violence against women.
 Driver 1: Condoning of violence against women

Driver 2: Men’s control of decision-making and

limits to women’s independence in public and
private life

The Driver 3: Rigid gender stereotyping and dominant

gendered
forms of masculinity

drivers of Driver 4: Male peer relations and cultures of

violence masculinity that emphasize aggression,

dominance and control
During the Spanish occupation, women were
unable to execute their rights and were
restricted by certain norms and expectations in
society. Filipino women were not allowed to
share their ideas nor participate in the decision-
making process. They tilled the land with their
husbands as peasants for pittance. Women
stayed as inferior to men and were
discriminated against not only by men, but by
the very institutions they belonged to in society
(i.e. family, Church, community). While Filipino
men were also considered as peasants or low-
lives, Filipino women under the Spanish
occupation were far inferior to peasants—they
were arguably seen as slaves. Aside from the
discrimination, some Filipinas were violated by
parish priests as many young women were
often raped or sexually abused in beaterios.
 With the Spaniards taking control of all
aspects of Philippine society, the identity of
the Filipino woman as a woman of strength
and power was soon forgotten. The Spaniards
created a new image of the ideal Filipino
woman. The ideal Filipino woman was
someone who was overly religious,
submissive, and obedient. While men were
given the opportunity to study, women were
forced into learning religion and home-
making. A Filipina was to become one of two
things: a nun or a wife. The real Filipina was
replaced by the ideal woman (the "Maria
Clara") dictated by the Spaniards. Women
were no longer allowed to hold high ranking
positions in society and as mentioned earlier,
were banned from participating in public and
political events.
Americans were forced to burn
barrios as there was too much
insurgent activity. They resulted
to torturing men and women alike
in hopes that they could provide
the information they needed.
During the war, the Americans did
not spare women and as such,
Filipino women were raped (for
information), physically hurt, or
killed.
Women were still discriminated against. An
instance of such discrimination was evident
in public schools as the teachers did not care
nor support the idea of gender equality. Even
though women were allowed to vote, the
society still preferred male candidates and
did not allow women to run for public office.
Filipino parents were also led to believe that
sending their daughters to secondary and
tertiary levels of education was a waste. This
was because the Filipino woman during the
American occupation was largely dependent
on her husband. Her status in life was solely
reflected by the image of the man that she
would wed. While women were given the
right to education, women were forced to fit
into the roles of a daughter and a wife.
During the Japanese occupation, Filipino
women were greatly abused and violated.
At this particular time in history, Filipino
women were threatened and forced to
labor as "comfort women." Countless
accounts and testimonies of women tell the
horrific stories of how Filipino women were
grabbed off the streets and "taken to
Japanese military camps. In these camps,
the women were sexually abused and raped
usually by a group of Japanese soldiers. The
Filipino women were subjected to other
kinds of violence and trauma, particularly
from confinement, starvation, and
maltreatment. In some cases, the Japanese
went as far as killing women who fought
back or escaped.
HOMOPHOBIA
WHAT IS HOMOPHOBIA?
Homophobia, culturally produced fear of or prejudice against
homosexuals that sometimes manifests itself in legal restrictions
or, in extreme cases, bullying or even violence against
homosexuals.

Homophobia the fear or dislike of someone, based on prejudice

or negative attitudes, beliefs, or views about lesbian, gay or bi
people. This can also include denying somebody’s lesbian, gay, or
bi identity or refusing to accept it. Homophobia may be targeted
at people who are, or who are perceived to be, lesbian, gay or bi.
WHAT EVERYDAY HOMOPHOBIA
LOOK LIKE
‘Joking’ that something (an action, an item, a person) perceived to be
negative in some way is ‘gay’ (e.g., ‘that’s so gay’).
Someone complementing another person of the same gender and then
assuring them that ‘don’t worry, I’m not gay,’ implying that that would be
negative/bad.
Assuming that someone is in a heterosexual relationship (e.g., asking a
woman ‘so do you have a boyfriend/husband?’) is an example of a
heteronormative stereotype.
‘Oh, you don’t look like you’re gay/a lesbian/bi/queer’ – this is based on
damaging stereotypes about LGBT+ people, and wrongly implies you can
‘tell’ someone’s sexual orientation by their appearance.
Suggesting LGBT+ people are sexually ‘deviant’ or dangerous based on or
because of their sexual orientation or gender identity
‘It’s just a phase’ – saying this dismisses and undermines someone’s
experiences and/or feelings about their own sexuality and identity, which
can be upsetting. Some people do feel that sexuality and gender is fluid,
but this does not make it ok to dismiss someone else’s sexual orientation
as a ‘phase.’
HISTORY
Although little is known about premodern women’s sexualities, it is largely
believed that the sexual desire of one man for another was an acceptable,
often venerated form of love in ancient cultures. Intolerance toward
homosexual behaviour grew particularly in the Middle Ages, especially
among the adherents of Christianity and Islam.

To understand the wider cultural impact of homophobia, awareness of the

general societal consesus of the nature of homosexuality is necessary. In
Western cultures in the later 19th century, some psychologists began to
view homosexuality as more than a temporary behaviour, understanding
that it was immutable. As industrialization brought migration from rural to
urban areas, the greater density of people in cities permitted same-sex
attracted individuals to organize (initially under the cloak of anonymity),
which ultimately led to greater visibility and the scientific study of
homosexuality. In 1905 Sigmund Freud popularized the erroneous notion
that homosexuality was the product of a child’s upbringing, writing, “The
presence of both parents plays an important part. The absence of a strong
father in childhood not infrequently favours the occurrence of inversion.”
 CAUSES OF HOMOPHOBIA
Colonialism: In conquering native societies around the world, colonialists enforced the belief and practice
that monogamous, heterosexual relationships were the only acceptable type.
Religion: Numerous monotheistic religions have texts that speak out against same-gender relationships, and
followers of those religions sometimes use those texts as "proof" that their God does not accept LGBTQIA+
identities.
Fear of the unknown: It's easy to be scared of something you aren't familiar with. Sometimes, people are
homophobic because they have never interacted with an LGBTQIA+ individual and don't realize that they're
far more similar than they are different from one another.
Lack of acceptance of your own identity: Homophobia can be internalized if a person doesn't want to
accept their own identity or seeks to protect themself from homophobia by targeting more visible LGBQ
people
Lack of education: Studies have shown that the more people are educated about LGBTQIA+ people, the less
likely they are to fear or have negative attitudes toward them.
HOW HOMOPHOBIA MANIFESTS ITSELF
HOW
Inhibits the ability of heterosexuals to
form close, intimate relationships with
members of their own sex, for fear of

HOMOPHOBIA
being perceived as LGBTQ+.
Perpetuates negative stereotypes and
myths by reinforcing a silence, erasure

HURTS US ALL
and a lack of accurate, reliable
information about LGBTQ+ persons and
issues.
Locks people into rigid gender-based
roles and stereotypes that inhibit
appearance, behaviour, creativity and
self-expression.
Is often used to stigmatize heterosexuals,
those perceived or labeled by others to
be LGBTQ+, children of LGBTQ+ parents,
parents of LGBTQ+ children and the
friends of LGBT's.
HOW
Compromises human integrity by
pressuring people to treat others badly,
actions that are contrary to their basic

HOMOPHOBIA
humanity.
Results in the invisibility or erasure of
LGBTQ+ lives and sexuality in school-

HURTS US ALL
based sex education discussions, keeping
vital information from students. Such
erasures can kill people in the age of
AIDS.
Is one cause of premature heterosexual
involvement, which increases the chances
of teen pregnancy and the spread of
sexually transmitted diseases. Young
people, of all sexual identities, are often
pressured to become heterosexually
active to prove to others that they are
“normal”
HOW
Discourages all people from developing
an authentic self-identity and expressing
their own uniqueness.

HOMOPHOBIA
Inhibits appreciation of other types of
diversity, making it unsafe for everyone
because each person has unique traits

HURTS US ALL
that are not considered mainstream or
dominant. We are all diminished when any
one of us is demeaned. By challenging
homophobia and heterosexism, people
are not only fighting oppression for
specific groups of people but are striving
for a society that accepts and celebrates
the differences in all of us.
HOMOPHOBIA IN THE PH
The Philippines is known to be one of the most LGBT-friendly countries in Asia,
despite its deeply entrenched Catholic culture. The vast majority of Filipinos – 73
percent – declared that “society should accept homosexuality”, according to
findings from “The global divide on homosexuality” survey by the nonpartisan Pew
Research Center. The survey, published in 2013, covered seven countries from the
Asia-Pacific region: Philippines, South Korea, China, Malaysia, Indonesia and
Pakistan (listed in order from most to least gay-friendly). Although 80 percent of
Filipinos were Catholic, they seemed to be exceptionally tolerant towards gay
people.

LGBT people have carved out their own space in the country’s churches, even taking
up key roles in spreading the faith. As Catholicism worldwide seeks to reconcile its
difficult relationship with sexual orientation and gender expression, this devoutly
Catholic Southeast Asian country is an embodiment of both conflict and harmony
between doctrinaire teachings on identity and modernity.
HOMOPHOBIA IN THE PH
With over 1.2 billion members worldwide, the Roman Catholic Church has
enormously influenced modern life, laws, and customs. But LGBT rights
in Catholic countries have faced strong pushback from conservatives,
who cite Bible verses and Church documents to assert their opposition
to homosexuality and support their rigid insistence that there are only
two genders.

Around the world, conservative Catholics and other fundamentalist

groups have been lobbying against LGBT rights. In the Philippines, a law
against discrimination has been languishing in Congress for 20 years. It
has support from devout Catholic senators who see equal rights as an
extension of the faith, but has run up against determined opposition.
HOMOPHOBIA IN THE PH
Some cities have enacted their own anti-discrimination ordinances in the
meantime. Absence of these laws can prove to be deadly. Little to no data is
available on hate crimes in the Philippines, but data collated by Transgender
Europe’s Trans Murder Monitoring project show that at least 77 murders of
trans and gender-diverse people took place between 2008 and September
2021. (The report warns that many hate crimes remain undocumented and that
the actual number may be much higher.) One of the most notorious cases
involved a U.S. Marine who killed a transwoman in 2014. He was later pardoned
by President Rodrigo Duterte.
For more than two decades, a bill that would criminalize discrimination based
on one’s sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, or sex
characteristics (SOGIESC) has languished in the Philippines’ Congress. Year
after year, it’s practically become an annual tradition for legislation on the
matter to be reintroduced and rejected, leaving LGBT people in many parts of
the country with no legal recourse when they’re discriminated against.
HOMOPHOBIA IN THE PH
But the bill faces steep political resistance, particularly from Christian
fundamentalists who, despite constituting a minority of the population
compared to the Philippine’s overwhelming Catholic majority, represent a
potent political force in the country: megachurches have galvanized fiercely
loyal followings and fostered political power through electoral
endorsements and the fielding of their own candidates.

Two of the most vocal figures in the legislative efforts to block the bill are
father and son duo Eddie and Joel Villanueva—a representative and senator,
respectively. The elder Villanueva, who is also the founder of the Jesus is
Lord megachurch, has describe the bill as “imported,” saying it doesn’t
represent Filipino values, while the younger Villanueva has accused the bill
of being a precursor to “same-sex marriage.”
PROBLEMS OF THE MODERN WORLD

CONFLICT & WAR

 DEFINITION
CONFLICT refers to a state of discord or disagreement between
individuals, groups, communities, or nations arising
from incompatible goals, interests, values, or
perceptions.
WAR
DEFINITION
a state of organized, armed conflict
between sovereign states, nations, or
distinct political entities, typically
involving the use of military force to
achieve strategic objectives, such as
territorial expansion, regime change, or
the imposition of ideology.
TYPES OF CONFLICT
TYPES OF CONFLICT

STATE-BASED NON-STATE ONE-SIDED

CONFLICT CONFLICT VIOLENCE
 STATE-BASED CONFLICT
Takes place between two states
(inter-state conflict), or between
one state and one or more rebel
groups.

also referred to as “armed

conflict”, as opposed to non-state
conflict, in which none of the
warring parties is a government.
NON-STATE CONFLICT
fought between two organized,
armed actors, of which neither is
the government of a state.

It is a dispute that occurs within

the boundaries of a single state
or country, involving non-state
actors rather than sovereign
states.
 ONE-SIDED VIOLENCE
perpetrated by an organized
armed group, either a state’s
military forces or an armed group,
against civilians.

Typically involves a perpetrator

engaging in acts of violence,
repression, or coercion against a
largely defenseless or non-
combatant population.
KEEP IN MIND:

CONFLICT AND WAR ENCOMPASS A

SPECTRUM OF VIOLENT DISPUTES BETWEEN
INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS, OR NATIONS,
CHARACTERIZED BY HOSTILITY,
AGGRESSION, AND THE USE OF FORCE TO
ACHIEVE POLITICAL, SOCIAL, OR ECONOMIC
OBJECTIVES.
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
OF CONFLICT & WAR
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

TERRITORIAL POLITICAL RESOURCE

DISPUTE INSTABILITY SCARCITY
 TERRITORIAL DISPUTE
a disagreement between two or
more states about which state
exercises sovereignty over a
certain part of territory. These
disputes often arise due to
historical grievances, competing
claims to territory, boundary
ambiguities, resource exploitation,
or geopolitical interests.
 SOUTH CHINA SEA

EXAMPLE
As early as the 1970s, countries began to claim islands and
various zones in the South China Sea, such as the Spratly
Islands, which possess rich natural resources and fishing
areas.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY

a crisis situation within the

country that can be caused by a
variety of reasons: government
incompetence, economic
problems, high crime rates, and
so on.
 PHILIPPINES

EXAMPLE experienced significant political instability in recent years,

marked by a series of crises stemming from economic
mismanagement, corruption, and authoritarian governance.
 RESOURCE SCARCITY

When resources become scarce, it

can lead to economic hardship,
social inequality, and political
instability, ultimately fueling
conflicts over access, control, and
distribution of these resources.
 WATER SCARCITY
The Middle East and North Africa is the world's most water-
EXAMPLE scarce region. Due to population growth, unsustainable
water management, rapid economic growth, and ongoing
conflicts, water scarcity in the region is likely to worsen.
A conflict is a fight between armed troops.
War is the hostility towards other parties
issued officially by governments/states.
Conflicts are part of war, though not every
war sees actual conflict, nor is every conflict
connected to war.
— Save the Children Fund UK
Government
Corruption
Definition
Government corruption happens when officials entrusted
with power use that power for their own personal benefit,
instead of acting in the public's interest. It's a misuse of
authority for private gain.
Corruption erodes trust, weakens democracy, hampers
economic development and further exacerbates
inequality, poverty, social division and the environmental
crisis.

source:www.transparency.org
 Can Can involve Happens in Adapts
happen anyone the
anywhere shadows
in business, politicians,
thrives in secrecy, to different
aided by contexts and
government, the government professionals like
courts, the media, officials, public changing
bankers and lawyers
and in civil servants, business who help hide stolen circumstances. It
society, as well as people or money through can evolve in
across all sectors members of the complex financial response to
systems and changes in rules,
from health and public. anonymous
education to legislation and
companies. This
infrastructure and enables corrupt even technology.
sports. officials to launder
their illegal gains and
avoid getting caught.

source:www.transparency.org
Causes:
Weak Institutions and Lack of Transparency:
- When governments are secretive in their
decision-making and lack strong institutions
(like a free press or an independent
judiciary), it creates opportunities for
corruption to flourish. Unclear rules and a
lack of oversight make it easier for officials
to abuse their power.

Low Pay and Poor Economic Conditions:

- In some cases, government officials might
be underpaid, making them more susceptible
to bribes. Additionally, widespread poverty
can create an environment where people are
desperate and more likely to participate in
corrupt activities.
Causes:
Accountability Issues and Impunity: If there's a
low chance of getting caught or punished for
corruption, it becomes more tempting. This can
be due to weak law enforcement or a culture
where corruption is tolerated.

Cultural and Societal Factors: In some societies,

there might be a greater acceptance of using
personal connections or bribes to get things
done. This can create a normalized environment
for corruption.

Greed and Lack of Ethics: Ultimately, some

people are simply motivated by personal gain
and are willing to break the rules to get ahead.
 Statistics
Least Corrupt Countries in 2023 : Denmark(90), Finland(87), New
Zealand(85), Norway(84), Singapore(83), Sweden(82), Switzerland(82),
Netherlands(79), Germany(78), Luxembourg(78), Ireland(77)

Most Corrupt Countries in 2023 : Somalia(11), Venezuela(13), Syria(13),

South Sudan(13), Yemen(16), Nacaragua(17), North Korea(17), Haiti(17),
Equatorial Guinea(17), Turkmenistan(18), Libya(18) and Tajikistan(20),
with the Philippines(34) ranking 115th out of 179 countries(previously
116th).

source:www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023
Pork Barrel Scam(2013)
This massive corruption scandal
involved the misuse of government
funds intended for development
projects. Senators and representatives
allegedly diverted billions of pesos to
fake non-government organizations
(NGOs) controlled by them or their
allies.
After effects: Public outrage,
impeachment proceedings against a
Senator, and a strengthened anti-pork
barrel fund law. However, the issue of
misuse of funds continues to be a
concern.
Marcos Regime Ill-gotten Wealth
(ongoing):

The Marcos family, who recently

returned to power, was accused of
amassing vast wealth through
corruption during the Ferdinand Marcos
Sr. dictatorship (1965-1986). Efforts to
recover these ill-gotten riches are
ongoing, with some critics arguing a lack
of progress.
CONCLUSION

Science, technology, and societal values

are all tangled together. Science offers
understanding of complex problems like
overpopulation and environmental damage.
Technologies can be solutions, like
contraception or renewable energy, but
also create new issues. Ultimately, solving
these challenges requires a complex
approach that considers scientific
solutions, technological advancements, and
the lens of societal values to ensure these
tools are used for good.
-END-