STOICHIOMETRY

Week 2

PFREE 3 Term 2 Cycle 2

Leilani L. Crucero RCh

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 STOICHIOMETRY

Outline

• Empirical and Molecular Formula

• Chemical equations and Reactions

• Mass and Mole Relationships in Chemical Reactions

• Different Types of Chemical Reactions

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Week 2: Stoichiometry

The Mole Concept

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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
The Mole Concept Week 2: Stoichiometry

The Mole (mol): A unit to count numbers of particles

Dozen = 12

Pair = 2

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as

many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00
grams of 12C

1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023

Avogadro’s number (NA)
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The Mole Concept Week 2: Stoichiometry

Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of any substance in grams

1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g

1 12C atom = 12.00 amu

1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C

1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
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 One Mole of:

C S

Hg

Cu Fe
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Average atomic mass (6.941)

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The Mole Concept Week 2: Stoichiometry

How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?

1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K

8.49 x 1021 atoms K

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 How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?

1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O

1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms

1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H

1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms

72.5 g C3H8O x x x =
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms

5.82 x 1024 atoms H

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The Mole Concept Week 2: Stoichiometry

Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of

the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.

1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu

For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu

1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2
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Week 2: Stoichiometry

2.1 Empirical and Molecular

Formula

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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Empirical and Molecular Formula Week 2: Stoichiometry

A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of

each element in the smallest unit of a substance (true
formula)
An empirical formula shows the simplest
whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance

molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O
N2H4 NH2
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Empirical and Molecular Formula Week 2: Stoichiometry

Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that has the following
percent composition by mass:
K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.

1 mol K
nK = 24.75 g K x = 0.6330 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
nMn = 34.77 g Mn x = 0.6329 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1 mol O
nO = 40.51 g O x = 2.532 mol O
16.00 g O
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Empirical and Molecular Formula Week 2: Stoichiometry

Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

nK = 0.6330, nMn = 0.6329, nO = 2.532

0.6330 ~
K: ~ 1.0
0.6329
0.6329
Mn : = 1.0
0.6329
2.532 ~
O: ~ 4.0
0.6329

KMnO4
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Empirical and Molecular Formula Week 2: Stoichiometry

Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula

Molecular formula can be obtained from the empirical formula if the

molar mass or the molecular weight of the substance in question is given.

The subscripts in the molecular formula are always whole number

multiples of the subscript in its corresponding empirical formula. This
whole number multiple, n, is a ratio of the molecular weights of the
molecular formula and the empirical formula

Molecular weight This “n” is then multiplied to all

n = subscripts in the empirical formula
Empirical formula weight to obtain the molecular formula.

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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Empirical and Molecular Formula Week 2: Stoichiometry

Check your understanding

Cyclohexane, a commonly used organic solvent, is 85.6% C and 14.4% H

by mass and has a molar mass of 84.2 g/mol. What is its molecular
formula? (C = 12.01 g/mol, H = 1.01 g/mol)

5 minutes

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Week 2: Stoichiometry

2.2 Chemical Reactions

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Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or more new
substances is a chemical reaction

A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during

a chemical reaction

reactants products

3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O

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Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Combination/Synthesis – two or more substances react to

form a single product
2. Decomposition – a compound undergoes a reaction to
produce two or more products

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Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

3. Single Replacement – one member (atom) in a compound

is replaced by another reactant (usually in elemental form)

A + BC  AC

The replacement of an element by another depends on the

element’s activity (ability to react / ability to lose or gain
electron). If A has a higher activity than B, then A will replace
B. Otherwise, there will be no reaction.

Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq)  ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

(Zinc is higher in activity than hydrogen)

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Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

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Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

4. Double Replacement/Metathesis – there is an exchange of

members in the two compound reactants

AB + CD  AD + CB

The two cations in the reactant side will exchange anions

with each other, to form new compounds in the product.

ZnCl2 (aq) + 2 HBr (aq)  ZnBr2 (aq) + 2 HCl (aq)

(Zinc and hydrogen exchange partner anions)

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Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

5. Combustion – a reaction where fuel combines with oxygen

to form carbon dioxide and water; burning

Fuel + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + H2O

If the fuel contains carbon, then the product contains carbon

dioxide. If the fuel however is only hydrogen, then the
product is only water. At this point, we will consider
combustion reactions to be complete reactions.

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O(g)

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Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left
side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the
right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C 2 H 6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas

(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of each
element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not
change the subscripts.

2C2H6 NOT C4H12

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Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

Balancing Chemical Equations

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one
reactant and one product.

C 2 H 6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O

2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO2 by 2

on left on right
C 2 H 6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O

6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C 2 H 6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 25
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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

Balancing Chemical Equations

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more

reactants or products.

C 2 H 6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7

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2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

on left (2x2) (3x1) on right

C 2 H 6 + 7 O2 2CO2 + 3H2O remove fraction

2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
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Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

Balancing Chemical Equations

5. Check to make sure that you have the same number of

each type of atom on both sides of the equation.

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

4 C (2 x 2) 4C
12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2)
14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6)
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

Check your understanding

Balance the following chemical reactions. (10 minutes)

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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

Writing a complete chemical reaction

1. A chemical reaction must have correct chemical

formula of all the reactants and products

1. A chemical reaction must be balanced.

1. The states of the reactants and products must be

indicated (i.e. (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, (g) for gas,
or (aq) for aqueous)

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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

Convert the following descriptions into balanced chemical

reactions, and, indicate their type.

Solid zinc metal reacts with sulfuric acid to form hydrogen gas
and an aqueous solution of zinc sulfate

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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

Convert the following descriptions into balanced chemical reactions,

and, indicate their type.

Solid zinc metal reacts with sulfuric acid to form hydrogen gas
and an aqueous solution of zinc sulfate

Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  H2 (g) + ZnSO4 (aq)

Single Replacement

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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Chemical Reactions Week 2: Stoichiometry

Convert the following descriptions into balanced chemical

reactions, and, indicate their type.

2. When solid potassium nitrate is heated, it decomposes to

form solid potassium nitrite and oxygen gas

2KNO3 (s)  2KNO2 (s) + O2 (g) (decomposition)

3. Octane, C8H18, burns completely in air to form carbon dioxide

gas and water vapor.

2C8H18 (l) + 25O2 (g)  16CO2 (g) + 18H2O (g) (combustion)

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Week 2: Stoichiometry

2.3 Mass and Mole

Relationships in Chemical
Reactions

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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

If a ham sandwich (S) is made up

of 2 slices of bread (B), and 1
slice of ham (H), then,

2B + H  S

1. How many sandwiches can you make if there are 6 slices of bread?
2. How many slices of ham would you need to make 5 sandwiches?
3. How many slices of bread would you need if you have 7 slices of ham?
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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of
moles of the sought quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units 35
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Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

Methanol burns in air according to the equation

2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what
mass of water is produced?
grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O
molar mass coefficients molar mass
CH3OH chemical equation H2O

1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O

209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O

235 g H2O
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Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

The fermentation of glucose, C6H12O6, produces ethanol,

C2H5OH, and carbon dioxide, CO2:

C6H12O6  C2H5OH + CO2

(i) How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced

when 0.330 mol of glucose reacts in this fashion?
(ii) How many grams of glucose are needed to form
2.00 mol of ethanol?
(iii) How many grams of carbon dioxide form when 2.00 g
of ethanol are produced?

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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

If a ham sandwich (S) is made up

of 2 slices of bread (B), and 1
slice of ham (H), then,

2B + H  S

1. If you have 5 slices of ham and 9 slices of bread, how many sandwiches can
you make?
2. Which ingredient will limit the number of sandwich formed?
3. Which ingredient was supplied in excess?
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Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

Limiting Reagent:
Reactant used up first in
the reaction.

2NO + O2 2NO2

NO is the limiting reagent

O2 is the excess reagent

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Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

Limiting Reagent:

1. is the reactant that is totally consumed in a

chemical reaction

2. determines the extent and yield of the chemical

reaction

1. is the reactant that will give the lowest amount of

product that will form

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Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

In one process, 124 g of aluminum is allowed to react with 601 g of ferric oxide
to form aluminum oxide and iron.

a. What is the limiting reactant in the reaction?

b. How many grams of aluminum oxide forms?

Solution

1. Write the balanced chemical reaction. 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

2. In solving for (a), remember that the limiting reactant will give the lowest
quantity of the product. We calculate the amount of product formed if we
use 124 g of Al, and 601 g ferric oxide, separately.

g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3

g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al2O3 g Al2O3

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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

In one process, 124 g of aluminum is allowed to react with 601 g of ferric oxide
to form aluminum oxide and iron.

a. What is the limiting reactant in the reaction?

b. How many grams of aluminum oxide forms?

Solution

1. Write the balanced chemical reaction. 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

2. In solving for (a), remember that the limiting reactant will give the lowest
quantity of the product. We calculate the amount of product formed if we
use 124 g of Al, and 601 g ferric oxide, separately.
1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 101.96 g Al2O3
124 g Al x x x = 234 g Al2O3
26.98 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3

1 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Al2O3 101.96 g Al2O3

601 g Fe2O3 x x x = 383 g Al2O3
159.86 g Fe2O3 1 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Al2O3 42
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Selected Topics in Chemistry 1
Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

In one process, 124 g of aluminum is allowed to react with 601 g of ferric oxide
to form aluminum oxide and iron.

a. What is the limiting reactant in the reaction?

b. How many grams of aluminum oxide forms?

Solution

1. Write the balanced chemical reaction. 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

2. In solving for (a), remember that the limiting reactant will give the lowest
quantity of the product. We calculate the amount of product formed if we
use 124 g of Al, and 601 g ferric oxide, separately.
1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 101.96 g Al2O3
124 g Al x x x = 234 g Al2O3
26.98 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3
Since aluminum (Al) gives a lesser quantity of product, it is the limiting reactant.
And, because the limiting reactant also dictates the yield of the reaction, the
amount of aluminum oxide that forms is 234 g. 43
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Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

Reaction Yield

Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would

result if all the limiting reagent reacted.

Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained

from a reaction.

Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield
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Mass and Mole Relationships Week 2: Stoichiometry

Sample Problem:

When benzene (C6H6) reacts with bromine (Br2),

bromobenzene (C6H5Br) is obtained along with HBr.

a) If 30.0 g of benzene reacts with 65.0 g of bromine,

what is the theoretical yield of bromobenzene?

a) If the actual yield of bromobenzene is 42.3 g, what is

the percentage yield?

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