FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLAN

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Figure 1: Fiber Optic Transmission System Diagram

The design approach illustrated in Figure 1 outlines a structured method for organizing and
setting up a network infrastructure, particularly an SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) ring
for Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). The initial step, "Locate BTS," entails pinpointing BTS
within a 2km range around Biñan, Laguna, with distances between each BTS determined
using Google Earth Pro. Following this, in the "Select BTS site location" phase, SIx BTS
sites are identified for connection in an SDH ring, emphasizing the need to maintain
consistent distances between them. The third phase involves site investigation, where the
chosen BTS locations are physically visited. Coordinates are mapped using Google Maps,
and distances between sites are calculated by measuring the actual path length. In the
fourth phase, the design focuses on the FOC (Fiber Optic Cable), calculating traffic,
channel needs, and E1 loading based on the network setup. The most suitable SDH
transmission system, such as STM-1, STM-4, or STM-16, is selected. The final phase
involves equipment selection, where appropriate equipment aligned with the design is
chosen, and the power budget is also determined

FIBER OPTIC CABLE DESIGN

The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) ring topology is a network configuration used in
telecommunications to create a resilient and fault-tolerant network infrastructure. In an SDH
ring topology, data is transmitted in a ring-like structure where each node (or network
element) in the ring is connected to two adjacent nodes, forming a continuous loop.

1. Ring Structure: The SDH ring consists of multiple nodes or stations connected in a
closed-loop configuration. Data travels in both clockwise and counterclockwise
directions around the ring.
2. Protection: One of the key features of an SDH ring is its self-healing capability. If
there's a failure or a break in the ring at any point, the data can be rerouted in the
opposite direction to maintain network connectivity. This ensures high reliability and
minimal downtime.
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TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

3. Multiple Channels: SDH supports multiple channels of data transmission, known as

Virtual Containers (VCs) or Synchronous Transport Modules (STMs). These
channels can carry different types of traffic, such as voice, data, and video, at
various data rates.
4. Synchronization: As the name suggests, SDH is synchronous, meaning it uses a
common clocking mechanism to synchronize data transmission across the network.
This ensures that data arrives at its destination in the correct order and without
errors.
5. Flexibility: SDH offers flexibility in terms of capacity and scalability. As network
requirements grow, additional capacity can be easily added by multiplexing more
channels onto the existing infrastructure.

The basic concept of the nodes' physical arrangement is crucial. It outlines the actual
connections between devices within a network. For instance, in a bus topology, each device
connects to a single shared cable, while in a star topology, all devices connect to a central
hub. The physical layout of the nodes significantly influences the network's cost, reliability,
and performance.

The second principle focuses on the logical arrangement of nodes, which indicates the
order in which data moves between them. This might not correspond to the physical setup.
For example, in a ring topology, data circulates in a circular manner, even if the devices are
not physically arranged in a circle. The network's speed and efficiency are influenced by
this logical structure.

The third principle concerns the method of data transfer. Data can be directed to a specific
node through unicasting, or it can be broadcasted to all nodes simultaneously. The
network's bandwidth and the rate of data collisions are affected by the chosen data transfer
method.

The fourth principle, deals with the data transmission protocol. This outlines the rules for
data formatting, transmission, and communication between devices. The network's security
and compatibility depend on the protocol being used.

The fifth principle addresses the network's scalability, referring to its ability to grow and
accommodate more devices. A scalable network is designed so that adding or removing
devices does not hinder its performance.

The sixth principle is about the network's fault tolerance. This indicates the network's ability
to continue functioning even if some of its components fail. Networks with high fault
tolerance incorporate redundancy, ensuring that there are alternative data transfer routes in
case of failures.

Each of these principles: physical arrangement, logical structure, data transfer method,
transmission protocol, scalability, and fault tolerance play a vital and interconnected role in
shaping a network's functionality, adaptability, and reliability. These principles are not
isolated considerations but rather essential components that network designers and
administrators must carefully balance and integrate to create robust, efficient, and resilient
networks.
 FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLAN
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Figure 2: Fiber Optic Cable SDH Ring Design

Figure No. 2 illustrates a ring network topology comprising six Base Transceiver Stations
(BTS) designated as A to F, each located in different areas of Biñan, Laguna. Starting with
BTS A in Zapote, Biñan, Laguna, it is 1,083 meters away from BTS B situated in Santo
Nino, Biñan, Laguna. From there, BTS B connects to BTS C, located 1,595 meters apart in
Santo Tomas, Biñan, Laguna. The sequence continues with BTS C linking to BTS D, 1,367
meters away in Biñan, Laguna, BTS D connecting to BTS E at a distance of 1,997 meters in
Zapote, Biñan, Laguna, and BTS E to BTS F, 1,310 meters apart in Zapote, Biñan, Laguna.
Finally, BTS F reconnects to BTS A, 1,163 meters away, completing the ring. In this
topology, each BTS is directly linked to two others, facilitating efficient data transmission
and communication.

The distances between each pair of connected BTS range from 1,083 to 1,997 meters. This
design provides redundancy, enabling the network to operate even if one link fails,
enhancing its reliability. The exact distances between the BTS are significant when
considering signal strength and latency in the network. Moreover, this topology offers
scalability and flexibility, allowing for easy expansion by adding more BTS Additionally, the
network's architecture supports load balancing, ensuring optimal performance by
distributing data traffic evenly across all connections. Monitoring and managing the network
become more manageable due to its structured and interconnected nature.
 FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLAN
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

E1 / Bandwidth (Mbps) Loading

No. of
Subscriber
BTS GSM GSM 3G HSPA WiMax LTE Broadband
Location
Sites 900 1800 (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps)

A 10 13 100 20 40 120 40 Zapote, Biñan, 14,684

Laguna
B 15 10 120 23 40 100 43 Santo Nino, Biñan, 7,736
Laguna
C 10 15 100 20 30 120 40 Santo Tomas, 55,649
Biñan, Laguna
D 13 10 120 15 40 150 43 Biñan, Laguna 7,103

E 10 10 100 15 33 150 40 Zapote, Biñan, 14,684

Laguna
F 10 10 100 20 40 100 40 Biñan, Laguna 7,103

Total 68 68 640 113 223 740 246 106,959

In Zapote, Biñan, Laguna, the first location, there are 14,684 subscribers assigned to site A.
Santo Nino, Biñan, Laguna, the subsequent location, houses 7,736 subscribers. Site C,
situated in Santo Tomas, Biñan, Laguna, serves 55,649 subscribers. Biñan, Laguna is
home to site D, with 7,103 subscribers, while Zapote, Biñan, Laguna, has another 14,684
subscribers. The final location, site F, located in Biñan, Laguna, caters to 7,103
subscribers. Altogether, there are 106,959 subscribers across six BTS sites in this area.
Each BTS site, starting with BTS A, has a coverage radius of two kilometers, with a
minimum distance of 750 meters required between two neighboring BTS sites. The traffic
generated per subscription is 0.04 erlang. Utilizing Erlang B distribution, a 5% grade of
service is necessary to maintain the network's performance standards.

A base transceiver station, commonly known as a BTS site, serves as a facility equipped
with communication equipment and antennas. These components are essential for
facilitating wireless communication between various devices and the cellular network
infrastructure. BTS sites play a crucial role in providing the necessary coverage and
capacity to enable customers to make phone calls, send text messages, and access mobile
data services seamlessly.

The "radius of coverage" refers to the maximum distance that a wireless signal from a base
station or transmitter can effectively travel. This radius determines the area within which
devices or users can receive strong and reliable signals for communication. Optimizing this
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TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

coverage radius is vital for ensuring that the network can serve a broader user base and
provide consistent service quality across different areas.

In telecommunications, the erlang unit is a measure used to gauge the average rate of
resource utilization over a specific period. This measurement helps operators understand
the traffic load on their network, indicating the number of concurrent conversations or the
volume of data being transmitted. Monitoring erlang values assists in capacity planning and
network optimization to ensure efficient resource allocation and optimal network
performance.

Another important metric in telecommunications is the grade of service (GoS). GoS

represents the probability, usually expressed as a percentage, that a user might encounter
issues such as dropped calls or network access failures due to congestion or insufficient
capacity. A higher GoS indicates better service reliability and customer satisfaction, while a
lower GoS may result in poor user experience and higher churn rates. In summary, BTS
sites are critical components of the cellular network infrastructure, providing the coverage
and capacity required for wireless communication services. Understanding and optimizing
factors like coverage radius, erlang traffic measurements, and grade of service are
essential for maintaining a high-performing and reliable mobile network that meets the
needs of its users.

NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Table 2: European Standard data rates, channel capacities, and time slots for
various E-carrier levels

Level Data Rate Channel Time Slots

(Mbps) Capacity
E1 2.048 30 32
E2 8.448 120 128
E3 34.368 480 512
E4 139.264 1920 2048
E5 565.992 7680 8192

Table 3: Speed hierarchies in SDH

 FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLAN
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Table 4: BTS Sites E1/Bandwidth Loading

E1 / Bandwidth (Mbps) Loading

No. of
Subscriber
BTS GSM GSM 3G HSPA WiMax LTE Broadband
Location
Sites 900 1800 (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps)

A 10 13 100 20 40 120 40 Zapote, Biñan, 14,684

Laguna
B 15 10 120 23 40 100 43 Santo Nino, Biñan, 7,736
Laguna
C 10 15 100 20 30 120 40 Santo Tomas, 55,649
Biñan, Laguna
D 13 10 120 15 40 150 43 Biñan, Laguna 7,103

E 10 10 100 15 33 150 40 Zapote, Biñan, 14,684

Laguna
F 10 10 100 20 40 100 40 Biñan, Laguna 7,103

Total 68 68 640 113 223 740 246 106,959

Computation for Individual E1 Loading for BTS A

Network Loading
GSM900 10𝐸1
GSM1800 13𝐸1
3G 100𝐸1
= 49𝐸1
2.048
HSPA 20𝐸1
= 10𝐸1
2.048
WiMax 40𝐸1
= 20𝐸1
2.048
LTE 120𝐸1
= 59𝐸1
2.048
Broadband 40𝐸1
= 20𝐸1
2.048
Total 181 𝐸1
Required STM - 4
Transmission System
 FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLAN
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Computation for Individual E1 Loading for BTS B

Network Loading
GSM900 15𝐸1
GSM1800 10𝐸1
3G 120𝐸1
= 59𝐸1
2.048
HSPA 23𝐸1
= 11𝐸1
2.048
WiMax 40𝐸1
= 20𝐸1
2.048
LTE 100𝐸1
= 49𝐸1
2.048
Broadband 43𝐸1
= 21𝐸1
2.048
Total 185 𝐸1
Required STM - 4
Transmission System

Computation for Individual E1 Loading for BTS C

Network Loading
GSM900 10𝐸1
GSM1800 15𝐸1
3G 100𝐸1
= 49𝐸1
2.048
HSPA 20𝐸1
= 10𝐸1
2.048
WiMax 30𝐸1
= 15𝐸1
2.048
LTE 120𝐸1
= 59𝐸1
2.048
Broadband 40𝐸1
= 20𝐸1
2.048
Total 178 𝐸1
Required STM - 4
Transmission System

Computation for Individual E1 Loading for BTS D

Network Loading
GSM900 13𝐸1
GSM1800 10𝐸1
3G 120𝐸1
= 59𝐸1
2.048
HSPA 15𝐸1
= 7𝐸1
2.048
WiMax 40𝐸1
= 20𝐸1
2.048
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TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

LTE 150𝐸1
= 74𝐸1
2.048
Broadband 43𝐸1
= 21𝐸1
2.048
Total 204 𝐸1
Required STM - 4
Transmission System

Computation for Individual E1 Loading for BTS E

Network Loading
GSM900 10𝐸1
GSM1800 10𝐸1
3G 100𝐸1
= 49𝐸1
2.048
HSPA 15𝐸1
= 7𝐸1
2.048
WiMax 33𝐸1
= 16𝐸1
2.048
LTE 150𝐸1
= 74𝐸1
2.048
Broadband 40𝐸1
= 20𝐸1
2.048
Total 186 𝐸1
Required STM - 4
Transmission System

Computation for Individual E1 Loading for BTS F

Network Loading
GSM900 10𝐸1
GSM1800 10𝐸1
3G 100𝐸1
= 49𝐸1
2.048
HSPA 20𝐸1
= 10𝐸1
2.048
WiMax 40𝐸1
= 20𝐸1
2.048
LTE 100𝐸1
= 49𝐸1
2.048
Broadband 40𝐸1
= 20𝐸1
2.048
Total 168 𝐸1
Required STM - 4
Transmission System
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TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Overall Loading
BTS Loading
A 181 𝐸1
B 185 𝐸1
C 178 𝐸1
D 204 𝐸1
E 186 𝐸1
F 168 𝐸1
Total 𝟏, 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟗 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔

TRAFFIC AND NUMBER OF TRUNK

Definition of Traffic & Trunk

Traffic: Traffic in a telecommunications network refers to the amount of data or messages
transmitted over the network during a specific period. It can be measured in terms of bits
per second (bps), packets per second (pps), or other relevant metrics. Traffic can be
categorized into different types, such as voice, video, and data, depending on the nature of
the communication.

Trunk: A trunk in a telecommunications system is a communication channel or link that is

used to carry multiple signals simultaneously between switching centers or nodes. Trunks
are typically used to connect different parts of a network, such as a private branch
exchange (PBX) to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), or between different
nodes within a network. Trunks can be physical (e.g., T1/E1 lines) or virtual (e.g., SIP
trunks) and are designed to handle high volumes of traffic efficiently.

Calculating traffic and trunk requirements is essential for designing and managing efficient
telecommunications and networking systems. Traffic calculations help in capacity planning,
resource allocation, Quality of Service (QoS) management, cost optimization, and
performance monitoring.They assist in determining the network's ability to handle the
expected volume of data, voice, or video traffic and in optimizing network configurations to
improve efficiency and user experience. On the other hand, trunk calculations are crucial for
determining the optimal number and capacity of trunks needed to support the expected
traffic volume and growth. They ensure efficient utilization of resources, optimal trunk
sizing, load distribution, cost-efficiency, and resilience. Proper trunk sizing and distribution
help in reducing congestion, improving reliability, and providing resilience and redundancy
by planning for backup trunks and failover mechanisms. Overall, ongoing traffic and trunk
capacity planning and management are essential for scaling the network infrastructure in
line with growing traffic demands and adapting to changing business requirements.

The objective of analyzing network traffic is to gain insights from the patterns of data flow,
aiding teams in detecting and addressing security or performance issues within the
network. Given the variability in network traffic patterns, this analysis is essential. A trunk
serves as a physical communication link, like an optical fiber or wire, designed to carry
multiple signals simultaneously. Trunks facilitate network connectivity between two
locations.
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TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

E1 / Bandwidth (Mbps) Loading

No. of
BTS GSM GSM 3G HSPA WiMax LTE Broadband Subscriber
Location
Sites 900 1800 (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps)

A 10 13 100 20 40 120 40 Zapote, Biñan, 14,684

Laguna
B 15 10 120 23 40 100 43 Santo Nino, Biñan, 7,736
Laguna
C 10 15 100 20 30 120 40 Santo Tomas, 55,649
Biñan, Laguna
D 13 10 120 15 40 150 43 Biñan, Laguna 7,103

E 10 10 100 15 33 150 40 Zapote, Biñan, 14,684

Laguna
F 10 10 100 20 40 100 40 Biñan, Laguna 7,103

Total 68 68 640 113 223 740 246 106,959

Given:
Grade of Service (GoS) = 5%
Traffic generated per subscriber = 0.04 erlang

Calculation for BTS A (No. of Subscribers = 14,684)

𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔
𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑦 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 (𝐵𝐻𝑇) = (0.04 ) 𝑥 14,684 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 587.36 𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟

Calculated Number of Channels: 573 channels

Calculated Busy Hour Traffic (BHT) = 587.36 erlangs
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TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

The analysis for BTS A outlines the method for determining the peak hour traffic and the
necessary channels for BTS A, catering to 14,684 subscribers. The computed traffic of
587.36 Erlangs for BTS A indicates the volume of calls during the busiest hour, based on
an average traffic of 0.04 erlang per subscriber. The identified requirement of 573 channels
corresponds to the number of channels needed to handle this traffic level while maintaining
the target Grade of Service (GOS) of 5%.

Calculation for BTS B (No. of Subscribers = 7,736)

𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔
𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑦 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 (𝐵𝐻𝑇) = (0.04 ) 𝑥 7,736 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 309.44 𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟

Calculated Number of Channels: 307 channels

Calculated Busy Hour Traffic (BHT) = 309.44 erlangs

The evaluation for BTS B details the approach used to calculate the peak hour traffic and
the required channels for BTS B, serving 7,736 subscribers. The calculated traffic of 309.44
Erlangs for BTS B represents the number of calls during the busiest hour, considering an
average traffic of 0.04 erlang per subscriber. The determined need for 307 channels aligns
with the number of channels required to manage this traffic volume while upholding the
desired Grade of Service (GOS) of 5%.

Calculation for BTS C (No. of Subscribers = 55,649)

𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔
𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑦 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 (𝐵𝐻𝑇) = (0.04 ) 𝑥 55,649 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 2,225.96 𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟
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TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Calculated Number of Channels: 2,132 channels

Calculated Busy Hour Traffic (BHT) = 2,225.96 erlangs

The assessment for BTS C describes the method employed to determine the peak hour
traffic and the necessary channels for BTS C, accommodating 55,649 subscribers. The
computed traffic of 2,225.96 Erlangs for BTS C indicates the volume of calls during the
busiest hour, based on an average traffic of 0.04 erlang per subscriber. The identified
requirement of 2,132 channels corresponds to the number of channels needed to handle
this level of traffic while maintaining the targeted Grade of Service (GOS) of 5%.

Calculation for BTS D (No. of Subscribers = 7,103)

𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔
𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑦 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 (𝐵𝐻𝑇) = (0.04 ) 𝑥 7,103 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 284.12 𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟

Calculated Number of Channels: 283 channels

Calculated Busy Hour Traffic (BHT) = 284.12 erlangs
 FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLAN
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

The analysis for BTS D outlines the approach used to calculate the peak hour traffic and
the required channels for BTS D, serving 7,103 subscribers. The calculated traffic of 284.12
Erlangs for BTS D represents the number of calls during the busiest hour, considering an
average traffic of 0.04 erlang per subscriber. The determined need for 283 channels aligns
with the number of channels required to manage this traffic volume while upholding the
desired Grade of Service (GOS) of 5%.

Calculation for BTS E (No. of Subscribers = 14,684)

𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔
𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑦 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 (𝐵𝐻𝑇) = (0.04 ) 𝑥 14,684 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 587.36 𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟

Calculated Number of Channels: 573 channels

Calculated Busy Hour Traffic (BHT) = 587.36 erlangs

The evaluation for BTS E describes the method employed to determine the peak hour traffic
and the necessary channels for BTS E, catering to 14,684 subscribers. The computed
traffic of 587.36 Erlangs for BTS E indicates the volume of calls during the busiest hour,
based on an average traffic of 0.04 erlang per subscriber. The identified requirement of 573
channels corresponds to the number of channels needed to handle this level of traffic while
maintaining the targeted Grade of Service (GOS) of 5%.

Calculation for BTS F (No. of Subscribers = 7,103)

𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔
𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑦 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 (𝐵𝐻𝑇) = (0.04 ) 𝑥 7,103 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 284.12 𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟
 FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLAN
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2: NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Calculated Number of Channels: 283 channels

Calculated Busy Hour Traffic (BHT) = 284.12 erlangs

The assessment for BTS F outlines the approach used to calculate the peak hour traffic and
the required channels for BTS F, serving 7,103 subscribers. The calculated traffic of 284.12
Erlangs for BTS F represents the number of calls during the busiest hour, considering an
average traffic of 0.04 erlang per subscriber. The determined need for 283 channels aligns
with the number of channels required to manage this traffic volume while upholding the
desired Grade of Service (GOS) of 5%.

REFERENCES

Andrew Z. (n.d.). Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/SDH

Diogo A.B. Fernandes and Pedro R.M. Inácio. (2015). Modeling and Simulation of

Computer Networks and Systems

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128008874000109

Garry K. (n.d.). What is trunk and what is trunking in networking?

https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/trunk
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Hossein A. (2022). What Is Network Traffic Analysis? Definition, Importance,

Implementation, and Best Practices

https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/networking/articles/network-traffic-analysis/

Lauren B. (2024). What Is Network Traffic? https://www.ninjaone.com/it-hub/it-service-

management/what-is-network-traffic/

Margaret R. (2023). Network Topology

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5538/network-topology

Prepared:

CAPITO, EMMANUEL JOSEPH D.

Project Member
Date: _______________

GRATE, LAWRENCE C.
Project Member
Date: _______________

LONGALONG, SYLAS JOUSH A.

Project Member
Date: _______________

Evaluated:

RHODONELLE S. DUATIN
Project Leader
Date: _______________