Job #9

To study the bending behavior of wooden beam and to determine modulus

of elasticity and modulus of rupture of wood.

9.1Apparatus:

 1000 KN UTM
 Deflection Gauge
 Wooden Beam
9.2Objectives:
 To study bending or flexural behavior of wooden beam
 To determine modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of wood.

9.3 Related Theory:

9.3.1 Shear Force:

A force which tends to slide one part of section against the adjacent part acting normal to the
longitudinal axis and tangentially to the cross section is called shear force.

9.3.2 Bending Moment:

Algebraic sum of all the moments located between a cross section and one end of the structural
member.
Bending moment that bends beam convex downward is positive and one that bends beam
convex upward is negative.

9.3.3 Elastic Curve:

The deflected shape of longitudinal axis of beam is called elastic curve.

9.3.4 Modulus of Elasticity:

It is the ratio of unit stress to unit strain and it is determined as the slope of the straight line
from zero to proportional limit from stress strain diagram. Modulus of elasticity is given by
following relation:
σ= EԐ
where σ = Stress

E = Mod. Of Elasticity

Ԑ = Strain

9.3.5 Modulus of Rupture:

Maximum tensile/bending stress that can be developed in a beam before failure or it is the
energy absorbed per unit volume when the specimen is loaded from zero to failure load.

9.3.6 Difference between Modulus of Toughness & Modulus of Rupture:

Modulus of toughness can be determined by tension or compression test however modulus of

rupture is only determined for members subjected to bending.

9.3.7 Flexural Formula:

The relationship between flexural stress and bending moment is expressed by flexural
formula and is given as
σ = My/I----------------(1)

Where,

σ= Flexural stress

M=Bending moment at a particular section

Y=Distance of fiber from neutral axis

I=Moment of inertia

9.3.8 Types of Failure:

9.3.8.1 Shear Failure is the one generated at support and cause diagonal cracks.
9.3.8.2 Flexural Failure is the one generated at the center and cause vertical cracks.
9.3.8.3 Flexural Shear Failure is the one generated between support and center
and cause the cracks which are vertical from the bottom and diagonal from
the top.
9.4 Loading Arrangement:

We want such type of loading arrangement that can produce pure moment zone so that failure
is only due to moment not due to combine effect of moment and shear. This can only be
achieved by two point loading arrangement.

9.4.1 Two Point Loading:

Two equal loads acting at the equal distance from the support is called as two point loading
system. In this system, the shear force acting between two loads is zero and bending moment
between the loads is constant.

Fig 5.1: Shear force and bending moment diagram for two point loading
9.5 Procedure:
 Measure length, width and depth of beam.
 Mark the points on the beam showing position of support, point loads and deflection
gauge.
 Set specimen in the machine according to two point loading.
 Select suitable loading interval and apply loading gradually at approximate 0.5 to 6
tons.
 At approximate 0.5 tons remove the deflection gauge and keep on applying load until
beam fails.
 Note the failure load and calculate modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture.

9.6 Precautions:
 Apply the load gradually so that we can see deflection against each reading easily.
 Remove the gauges before the failure load otherwise they may get damaged.
 Stay away from the machine otherwise particles may hurt you.
9.7 Measurements:
BENDING TEST OF WOODEN BEAM
PERPENDICULAR TO GRAINS
Wooden Length Width Height ("a")
Size (mm) (mm) (mm) Value
(mm)
510 53 54 50
Least Count of Deflection Gauge (0.01mm)

9.8 Observations and calculations

9.8.1 Bending test of Wooden Beam When Load is Prependicular

Sr. Deflection Gauge Deflection

Load
No. Reading (mm)
KN N
1 1 1000 2 0.02
2 2 2000 8 0.08
3 3 3000 30 0.3
4 4 4000 52 0.52
5 5 5000 80 0.8
6 6 6000 104 1.04
7 7 7000 127 1.27
8 8 8000 153 1.53
9 9 9000 182 1.82
10 10 10000 209 2.09
11 11 11000 240 2.4
12 12 12000 268 2.68
13 13 13000 300 3
14 14 14000 330 3.3
15 15 15000 362 3.62
16 16 16000 397 3.97
17 17 17000 458 4.58
18 18 18000 530 5.3
19 19 19000 608 6.08
20 20 20000 820 8.2
9.9 Plotting of Graph:
Draw graph between Load and Deflection and get [P’/D] value from the graph that is the
slope of the straight line.

Load - Defelction Graph

30

25 y = 2.5883x + 3.6927

20
Load

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Deflection

9.9.1 Load Deflection Graph of wooden Beam

Modulus of Rupture = 19.41

Modulus of Elasticity = 3.02

9.10 Comments:
9.11 Applications:
Job#10
To determine the shear force and bending moment in a statically
determinate beam and comparison of experimental and theoretical results.

10.1Objective:
Measurement of shear force and bending moment in a beam from which comparison with
theoretical values can be made.

10.2Apparatus:
10.2.1 ST3112 Shear Force and Bending Moment Apparatus:

Fig 7.2.1 Shear force and bending moment apparatus with description of parts

The beam has two parts with one part having ball bearings travel on vertical surface of the
other part, an overhung spring balance for measuring the shear force and an underhung spring
balance for measuring bending moment are provided. The beam rests on two roller supports.
Load hangers and weights slide along the beam. It is to be used with ST305 Universal Base
Frame or ST300 Universal Structural Frame (separately supplied).

10.3Theory:
10.3.1 Internal Loads

The design of a structural member requires an investigation of the forces acting within the
member which are necessary to balance the force acting externally to it. There are four types
of internal loadings that can be resisted by a structural member.
10.3.1.1 Axial Force

This force acts along the member’s longitudinal axis, and passes through the centroid or
geometric center of the cross-sectional area.

10.3.1.2 Shear Force

10.3.1.3 Bending Moment

When an external moment is applied perpendicular to the axis of a member, the internal
distribution of stress is directed perpendicular to the member’s cross-sectional area and varies
linearly from a “neutral” axis passing the member’s centroid. The resultant moment of this
stress distribution is called the “bending moment”.

10.3.1.4 Torsion Moment

An external torque tends to twist a circular member about its longitudinal axis. It causes an
internal distribution of stress which varies linearly when measured in a radial direction. The
resultant torque of this stress distribution in called the “torque” or “torsional moment”.

10.4 Shear Force

10.4.1 Sign Convention

Before presenting a method for determining the shear force as a function of x and later
plotting these functions, it is necessary to establish a sign convention so as to define
“positive” and negative shear force acting in the beam. The sign convention to be adopted
here is illustrated in Fig. 2-1.

On the left-hand face (L.H.F.) of a beam segment, the positive internal shear force V acts
downward. On the right-hand face of a beam segment, the positive internal shear force V acts
upward.

10.5 Bending Moment

Members that are slender and support loadings that are applied perpendicular to their
longitudinal axis are called beams. They are classified as to how they are supported for
example, a simply-supported beam, cantilevered beam and overhanging beam.
When the applied loads act on along a beam, an internal bending moment that varies from
point to point along the axis of the beam is developed.
To determine the internal moment in the beam, one way is to express internal moment as
function of the arbitrary position x along the beam’s axis. This moment function can then be
plotted and represented by graph called moment diagram. Before finding the moment
function, we must know step to do as follows:
 Fig 7.4.1: Shear force sign convention and shear joint

Fig 7.5: Bending moment sign convention

The sign convention to be adopted here is illustrated in Fig. 2-3 on the left-hand face (L.H.F)
of a beam segment, the internal moment M acts counterclockwise. In accordance with
Newton’s third law, a bending moment must act clockwise on the right-hand face (R.H.F) of
a segment.
Procedure for analysis:
1. Draw a free-body diagram of the beam and sum moment of the force system about a
support. The reaction can determined at the other support.
2. Cut on the left-hand face and draw a free-body diagram of the left-hand face of beam, the
internal moment acting on it must be counterclockwise.
3. Sum moment of the force system about left-hand face, the internal moment function can be
determined at the left-hand face.
4. Plot moment function.

10.6 External Loads

Loads acting on a segment normally are separated to be three types as follows:

10.6.1 Point load

Fig 10.1: Point load

10.6.2 Unifor
m load

Fig 10.2: Uniformly distributed load

10.6.3 Linearly increasing uniform load:

Fig 10.3: Linearly increasing uniform load

10.7 Centroid of Load

10.7.1 Uniform load

The uniform load on a segment is rectangular, so the centroid of uniform load is at mid-
length.
 Fig 7.7.1: Centroid of uniform load

Fig 10.4: Centroid of linearly increasing uniform load

10.8 Supports

In general, we use three types of supports; each type has different number of acting reactions.

10.8.1 Simple support

The symbol of simple support is

Fig 10.5: Simple support

There are two reactions on it, one is vertical and the other is horizontal reaction. There is zero
moment at this support.

10.8.2 Roller Support

The symbol of roller is

Fig 10.6: Roller support

There is only one vertical reaction action on it.
10.8.3 Fixed support

The symbol of fixed support is

Fig 10.9: Fixed support

There are three types of reactions acting on it. These reactions are vertical reaction, horizontal
reaction and moment reaction.

10.9 Samples of Various Loads Acting on a Beam

10.9.1 Concentrated load

Fig 10.10: Point load on beam and free body diagram of segment x
Fig 7.9.2: Free body diagram of segment x

Fig 10.11: Moment diagram

10.9.2 Uniform load

Fig 10.12: Free body diagram for whole span and segment x

Fig 10.13: Moment diagram

Fig 10.4: Linearly varying uniform load on beam AB

Fig 10.14: Free body diagram

Fig 10.15: Free body diagram of segment x

 Fig 10.16: Moment diagram
10.10 Hinges

When two parts of segments are connected by a hinge, they become a beam where the joint
can be free. The internal moment at hinge will be zero.

7.10 How to Apply Moment in Beam to ST3112

Fig 10.17: ST 3112 Shear force and bending moment apparatus

Referring to Fig, when the external loads are applied on a beam, the beam will try to bend at
the hinge. The external moment is transferred to tension from underhung balance multiplied
by
100 mm where the distance from the hinge to underhung balance is. To be clear of this
concept, the left segment must be drawn as a free-body diagram as shown in Fig. 2-25.

Fig 10.18: Free body diagram

Fig 10.19: Schematic diagram for shear force and bending moment apparatus
10.10 Test procedure:

10.1.1 Shear Force

 Place ST3112 on ST305. Adjust both columns on ST305 base frame with 700 mm
interval or in range 0-700 mm.
 Put the underhung spring balance in place to keep two segments of the beam together and
place the beam with both ends on simple supports.
 Adjust the support height until the beam is level, not sliding sideway.
 Place the overhung spring balance in place and adjust both underhung and overhung
spring balances again until the beam is straight and level.
 Record tare reading from overhung spring balance reading.
 Apply weights on the weight hanger to positions along the beam and adjust both
underhung and overhung spring balance so that the beam reaches horizontal level and
straight again.
 Record the overhung spring balance readings, positions and applied weights on data sheet
supplied.
 The measured shear value is equal to the value obtained from the overhung spring balance
minus the tare value.
 Repeat the experiment at least three times and use the average measured value to compare
with the theoretical value on data sheets supplied.

Note: Net reading = Actual reading - Tare Reading

10.1.2 Bending Moment

 Place ST3112 on ST305. Adjust both columns on ST305 base frame with 700 mm
interval or in range 0-700 mm.
 Put the underhung spring balance in place to keep two segments of the beam together
and place the beam with both ends on simple supports.
 Adjust the support height until the beam is level, not sliding sideway.
 Place the overhung spring balance in place and adjust both underhung and overhung
spring balances again until the beam is straight and level.
 Read underhung spring balance reading as tare reading.
 Place load W1 = 400 g, W2 = 200 g and W3 = 300 g on each load hanger and hang
them on the position at 100mm. 500 mm. and 650 mm. on beam.
 Adjust both underhung and overhung spring balance so that the beam reaches
horizontal level and straight again.
 Record the underhung spring balance readings, positions and applied weights on data
sheet supplied.
 Repeat the same process, weights and position at least 3 times.
 Repeat the same process and weights at L1 = 100 mm. L2 = 400 mm. and L3 = 550
mm.
 Repeat the same process with W1 = 400 g, W2 = 200 g and W3 = 400 g, L1 = 100
mm. L2 = 400 mm. and L3 = 550 mm.

Note: Net reading = Actual reading - Tare Reading

10.11 Observations and calculations:

10.11.1 Observations and calculations for Shear Force

and Bending Moment:

Location
Weight Overhung spring Average Percentage
of load Theoretical
Case (g) balance reading measured Difference
(mm) Shear (N)
(N) shear (N) (%)
W₁ W₂ L₁ L₂ Tare Acutal Net
Shear 500 400 300 400 10.3 20.1 9.8 9.8 -0.42 2433
Force 500 400 300 400 10.2 20.3 10.1 10.1 -0.42 2505
Bending 250 450 350 550 8.82 12.74 3.92 3.92 0.78 403
Moment 250 450 350 550 8.79 12.73 3.94 3.94 0.78 405

10.12 Comments:

10.13 Applications: