LESSON 2: BLOOD DONATION AND DONOR SELECTION

BLOOD DONATION

Definition 4 TYPES OF BLOOD DONATION

• A personal person voluntarily 's blood drawn and used for transfusion
• Involves collecting blood from a donor so it can be used to treat someone else 1. Directed
2. Allogenic
DONOR 3. Autologous
- A person where the blood originated from 4. Apheresis
- The person who donated the blood needed for transfusion

RECEPIENT
- A person who needs blood transfusion
- A person who will receive the blood that was donated by the donor
4 TYPES OF BLOOD
DONATION
DIRECTED ALLOGENIC

• Blood is intended for the use of specific patient • Whole Blood Donation
• A donation in which the recipient chooses the donor • Blood donated is intended for the use of general patient population
• Blood from directed donors is no safer than from the volunteer blood supply • Example: Mass Blood Donation
BECAUSE it is from a family member

AUTOLOGOUS APHERESIS

• Blood donated by the owner for future use • A type of blood donation in which specific component of blood is only
• “Donor patient” extracted and the remaining components are returned to the donor
• Ex. Prior to scheduled surgery blood from the patient will be collected hence • 2 to 3 hour's
they can also be a donor • Separation of components is based on specific gravity or weight

CENTRIFUGATION
METHODS
INTERMITTENT FLOW CENTRIFUGATION CONTINUOUS FLOW CENTRIFUGATION (CFC)
(IFC)

• Blood is processed in batches or cycles (Passes)
Ø Draw - Full blood is drawn with a pump
Ø Spin - Components are centrifuged
Ø Dwell and Surge - Separation of desired and undesired components
Ø Return - Reinfusion of undesired components
• The process of withdrawal processing and reinfusion of the blood is
performed simultaneously in a continuous manner
• 2 venipuncture sites are needed
NOTE:
• The First Venipuncture Site is used to withdraw blood
• Second Venipuncture Site is used to reinfuse the other components that
are not needed

TYPES OF APHERESIS

• Plateletpheresis
• Plasmapheresis
• Leukapheresis
• Erythrocytapheresis
• HPC Pheresis

TYPES OF BLOOD DONORS

VOLUNTARY, NON-REMURATED PROFESSIONAL / COMMERCIAL

• Donates on his own free will without receiving any payments • Donates blood for the sake of money

Alvarado, Ma. Kim Djanel P.

BLOOD BANKING LAB
 FAMILY / REPLACEMENT WALK – IN DONOR

• Donates blood for somebody in the community • More common in allogenic donations
• Allows family and friends to make donations to replace blood that was utilized
by you

WALKING DONOR

• Waiting for the signal to donate, they already passed the screening test
• For patient who needs fresh blood

STEPS IN BLOOD DONATION

DONOR RECRUITMENT & REGISTRATION

Information Gathered:
• Name (first, last, middle initial)
• Date and time of donation
• Address
• Contact information
• Gender
• Age or date of birth
DONOR SELECTION & SCREENING

Medical History Interview 3. PULSE RATE

• Done by Physician - 50 TO 100 Beats per Minute
• It is essential to ensure the benefit of both donor and recipient
• In a form of questionnaires: 4. BLOOD PRESSURE
Ø Questions to protect the donors - Systolic Pressure: 90 to 160 mmHg
Ø Question to protect the patient - Diastolic Pressure: 60 to 100 mmHg

Medical History Interview Includes: SEROLOGICAL TESTING / BLOOD PROCESSING

• Travel - ABO / RH - Antibody Screen - HBsAg - Anti-HBc - Anti-HCV
• Drug Intake - Anti-HIV 1/2 – Anti-HTLV - Syphilis - Malaria
• Date of Previous Donation
• Previous Transfusion / Transplantation
• Sexual Partners
Hereditary

• Physical Examination (done by physician)

1. AGE & WEIGHT

A. AUTOLOGOUS
• NO AGE REQUIREMENT
• NO WEIGHT REQUIREMENT

B. ALLOGENIC
• > 16 OR 17 YEARS OLD
• 50 / 110 lbs (450 mL)

2. TEMPERATURE
• 37.5°C / 99.5°F

NOTE:
• 18 below must have parental consent
• 65 above must have physicians consent

BLOOD EXTRACTION / BLEEDING

• Done in 15 to 30 minutes

NOTE: Be alert for the donor’s reaction/s

Alvarado, Ma. Kim Djanel P.

BLOOD BANKING LAB
 MILD DONOR REACTIONS MODERATE DONOR REACTIONS SEVERE DONOR REACTIONS

• Syncope • Reactions seen under the mild category in • Convulsions

• Nausea or Vomiting addition to loss of consciousness • Marked hyperventilation
• Hyperventilation • Decreased pulse rate • Epilepsy
• Twitching or Spasms • Hyperventilation
• Convulsions • Drop in systolic pressure to 60 mmHg
• Sweating
• Dizziness
• Anxiety or Nervousness
• Palpitations
• Pallor
BLOOD STORAGE

• FIRST IN, FIRST OUT (because every blood component has their own expiration date)
• A loss of viability and function associated with certain biochemical change that happens when blood is stored in vitro
• Decrease Glucose, ATP, Sodium, pH, WBC and 2,3-DGP
• Increase Plasma Hemoglobin, Potassium, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Ammonia

BLOOD COMPONENTS STORAGE TEMPERATURE

WHOLE BLOOD, RBC 1-6 °C, < - 65 °C
PLASMA -18°C, -65°C
PLATELETS 20-24 °C “With Constant Agitation”
GRANULOCYTES, LEUKOCYTES 20-24 °C

DEFERRAL

• Prevention of the donor from donating

Ø Permanent
Ø Indefinite
Ø Temporary

PERMANENT

• Prospective donor will never be eligible to donate blood for someone else
• May be eligible to donate autologous blood only
• May result from testing performed on previous donation

SITUATIONS THAT ARE SUBJECTED FOR PERMANENT DEFERAL:

• Donor states that he or she has Hepatitis C
• Donor received cells tissues or organs from a non-human / animal source (Porcine Heart Valves and Porcine Insuline)
• Anyone diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or variant CJD
• After cessation of Tegison (etretinate) intake
• Donors with a positive HBsAg
• Clinical history or diagnosis of viral hepatitis at age 11 or later
• People receiving human growth hormone
• History of dura matter transplant / graft
• Severe liver, cardiac or lung disease

TEMPORARY

• Unable to donate blood for a limited period of time

Alvarado, Ma. Kim Djanel P.

BLOOD BANKING LAB
 SITUATIONS THAT ARE SUBJECTED FOR TEMPORARY DEFERAL:
• Donor has received a blood transfusion, deferral for 12 months from date of transfusion
• Donor received vaccination for yellow fever the fair for two weeks from date of vaccination

FOR THREE YEARS DEFERRAL:

• After cessation of Soriatane (Aciretin) intake usually given for severe psoriasis
• An immigrant or refugee who was lived longer than 5 consecutive years in countries considered malaria-endemic
• Individuals who have been a resident of non-endemic countries for less than 3 consecutive years
• Individuals who have traveled to an area where malaria is endemic after departure from the malaria endemic area
• A prior resident of malaria endemic country returns to a malaria endemic area after residents for 2 years consecutively in a non-endemic country
• Those who have had diagnosis of malaria three years after becoming a symptomatic

FOR ONE YEAR DEFERRAL:

• After Hepatitis B immune globuline (HBlg) administration
• After Therapeutic Rabies Vaccination
• Rape victim's
• Tattoos, Permanent make-up, Ear and Body Piercings
• Incarceration in jail for more than 72 hours
• Transfusion of blood components
• History of syphilis or gonorrhea
• A woman receiving a transfusion during pregnancy
• Experimental medication or unlicensed (experimental) vaccine (associated with research protocol)
• Received transplant of human tissues (organs, tissue, bone marrow transplant, or bone or skin graft)
• Came in contact with someone else’s blood or accidental needle stick
• After sexual contact with:
Ø A person with clinical or laboratory evidence of HIV infection or who is at risk for infection
• A prostitute or anyone else who takes money or drugs or other payments for sex
• Anyone who is a past or present IV drug abuser
• Any person with hemophilia or any related blood disorder who has received factor concentrates
• Women who have had sex with men who have had sex with another man
• Sex with another male may donate whole blood if they have not had sex with another male in the past years
• Sexual contact or living with a person (close contact) with hepatitis

FOR TWO MONTHS DEFERRAL:

• Recent blood donation

FOR ONE MONTH DEFERRAL:

• German measles (rubella) vaccination
• After cessation of the drug Isotretinoin (Accutane) for acne treatment
• After cessation of the drug Finasteride (Proscar) for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia
• After cessation of the drug Propecia (Finasteride) for baldness

FOR SIX WEEKS DEFERRAL:

• Following delivery of baby (AABB) in the Philippines ( 9 months after childbirth)
• Termination of pregnancy

FOR TWO WEEKS DEFERRAL:

• After vaccination with Oral Polio, Measles (rubeola), Mumps or Yellow Fever, or for two weeks after immune reaction to smallpox vaccination
• After cessation of Plavix (Clopidogrel Bisulfate) or Ticlid (Ticlopidine) intake to reduce AMI and Stroke

FOR 48 HOURS DEFERRAL:

• Full blood donation deferred after hemapheresis
• Cessation of aspirin and piroxicam intake
• Cessation of Feldene intake for mild to moderate arthritis pain

FOR 12 HOURS DEFERRAL:

• After alcohol intake
Alvarado, Ma. Kim Djanel P.
BLOOD BANKING LAB
FOR 4 HOURS DEFERRAL:
• After smoking

INDEFINITE

• Unable to donate blood for someone else for an unspecified period of time due to current regulatory requirements
Ø Person receiving bovine insulin as treatment for diabetes
Ø Anyone who is a blood relative of someone diagnosed with CJD or vCJD
Ø Family history of Chagas disease or Babesiosis
Ø Person with clinical or laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection
Ø Donors with evidence of past or present non-prescription drug use
Ø Donor reacted positively for anti-HBc on more than one occasion
Ø A donor with a positive HBC nucleic acid testing (NAT)
Ø History of bleeding problems following surgery, invasive dental procedures, cuts, abrasions
Ø Disease of the blood such as Hemophilia, Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Polycythemia
Ø History of receiving clotting factors concentrates
Ø Donors who indicates having had sex with a person who was born in any of the African Countries

Alvarado, Ma. Kim Djanel P.

BLOOD BANKING LAB